LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS OF HIGHLY FOLDED AND DIS- Typical Rock-structures in Regions of Mountain-uplift-General Structure of Mountains of Upheaval-Primeval Coincidence of Un- derground Structure and External Configuration-Relatively weak and strong Structures—Stages in the Erosion of a Mountain-chain- Forms assumed under Denudation-Ultimate face of Mountain-chains. LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS OF HIGHLY FOLDED AND DIS- Structure and Configuration of Plateaux of Erosion-Forms as- sumed under Denudation-Mountains of Circumdenudation-His- tory of certain Plateaux of Erosion-Southern Uplands and Northern LAND-FORMS IN REGIONS AFFECTED BY NORMAL FAULTS Normal Faults, general features of-Their connection with Folds -Their origin-How they affect the Surface-Faults of the Colorado region, and of the Great Basin—Depression of the Dead Sea and the Jordan-Lake Depressions of East Africa-Faults of British Coal- fields-Bounding faults of Scottish Highlands and Lowlands-Fault- Plutonic and Volcanic Rocks-Deformation of Surface caused by Intrusions-Laccoliths of Henry Mountains-Volcanoes, Structure and Form of—Mud-cones — Geysers-Fissure-eruptions - Volcanic Plateaux-Denudation of Volcanoes, etc., and resulting features. Geological action of existing Glaciers-Evidence of Erosion- Origin of the Ground-moraine: its independence of Surface-moraines -Infraglacial smoothing and polishing, crushing, shattering and plucking-Geological action of Prehistoric Glaciers-General evi- LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY GLACIAL ACTION (continued). 232 Former Glacial conditions of Northern Europe-Extent of the old Inland Ice-Glacial character of Boulder-clay-Central Region of Glacial Erosion and Peripheral Area of Glacial Accumulation-Fluvio- glacial deposits-Loess, origin of its materials-Glaciation of North America-Modifications of Surface produced by Glacial Action. LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY OLIAN ACTION Insolation and Deflation in the Sahara-Forms assumed by Gran- itoid Rocks and Horizontal and Inclined Strata-Reduction of Land- surface to a Plain-Formation of Basins-Dunes of the Desert- Sand-hills of other regions-Transport and Accumulation of Dust— Loess, a dust deposit-Lakes and Marshes of the Steppes. LAND-FORMS MODIFIED BY THE ACTION OF UNDER- Dissolution of Rocks-Underground Water-action in Calcareous lands—Karst-regions of Carinthia and Illyria—Effects of Superficial and Subterranean Erosion-Temporary Lakes-Caves in Limestone -Caves in and underneath Lava-"Crystal Cellars "-Rock-shelters Form and general trend of Coast-lines-Smooth or Regular Coasts -Influence of Geological Structure on various forms assumed by Cliffs-Cliffs cut in Bedded and in Amorphous Rocks-Sea-caves— Flat Coast-lines and Coastal Plains-Indented or Irregular Coasts— General trends of Coast-lines determined by form of Land-surface- Plains of Accumulation and of Erosion-Plateaux of Accumulation and Erosion-Hills and Mountains: Original or Tectonic, and Sub- sequent or Relict Mountains-Valleys: Original or Tectonic, and LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 4. FIGURE I. Section of Horizontal Strata 2. Section across an Anticline. 3. Section across Normal Anticlines and Synclines. Section across Anticlines and Synclines with Inclined Axes II. 12. Map of an Island composed of Dome-shaped Strata. 7. Section across a series of Alluvial Terraces 8. Section and Bird's-eye View of Colorado Plateau (Powell) 9. Diagrammatic Section across Colorado Plateau 10. Diagrammatic Section showing Stages of Erosion by a River cutting through Horizontal Strata (after Captain Dutton). Section across Suderoe (Faröe Islands) on a true scale 13. Section through the Island shown in Fig. 12 15. Enlarged section of a portion of the Island shown in Fig. 12 16. Diagram Map of Plateau of Erosion 51 54 58 62 69 74 74 75 77 78 23. Escarpment Hills and Synclinal Hill 24. Section across West Lomond Hill and the Ochils 25. Synclinal Valley, West of Green River (Powell) 26. Anticlinal Ridge, Green River Plains (Powell). 27. Isoclinal Folds FIGURE 31. Reversed Fault 32. Single Thrust-plane 33. Section across Coal-basin of Mons (M. Bertrand) 34. Section from Quinaig to Head of Glenbeg (Geol. Survey) 35. Synclinal Double-fold 36. Anticlinal Double-fold 37. Diagram of Mountain Flexures 38. Diagram of Anticlinal Mountains 39. Synclinal Valley shifting toward Anticlinal Axis Section across the Swiss Alps (A. Heim). 40. 42. Section across the Schortenkopf, Bavarian Alps (E. Fraas) 43. Section across the Kaisergebirge, Eastern Alps (E. Fraas) 44. Section across the Val d'Uina (Gümbel) 46. Section across the Northern Limestone Alps (E. Fraas) 47. Section across the Diablerets (Renevier). 48. Section across Dent de Morcles (Renevier) 49. Inversion and Overthrust in the Mountains South of the Lake of 114 50. Symmetrical Flexures of the Jura Mountains 115 53. Section across part of the Middle Carpathians (Vacek) 51. Section across Western part of the Jura Mountains (P. Choffat) 55. Unsymmetrical Folds, giving rise to Escarpments and Ridges 56. Structure of the Ardennes (after Cornet and Briart). 57. Diagrammatic Section across a Plateau of Erosion 58. Section across portion of Southern Uplands, showing Old Red Sandstone resting upon Plain of Erosion 59. Section from Glen Lyon to Carn Chois (Geol. Survey) 60. Section of Normal Fault. 61. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Downthrow Side 62. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Upcast Side 63. Faults in Queantoweep Valley, Grand Cañon District (Dutton) 64. Ranges of the Great Basin (Hinman, after Gilbert: length of section, 120 miles) 65. Section from the Mediterranean across the Mountains of Palestine to the Mountains of Moab (after M. Blanckenhorn). 66. Section across the Vosges and the Black Forest (after Penck) 54. Section across the Appalachian Ridges of Pennsylvania (H. D. Rogers) |