DEFINITION A verb (Latin verbum—word) is a word that asserts relation between the subject and the predicate, or denotes some action of the subject. Observation.-A sentence cannot exist without a verb. ADJECTIVE 1. Those three dark-eyed savages live in yonder hut. 2. An honest man's the noblest work of God. 3. This ploughed field will bloom with many varieties of exquisite roses. 4. Dutch cheeses are the favorite relish of English epicures. 5. Every seventh year was held sacred by the Hebrew nation. 6. You two are excused. QUESTION What words in the foregoing sentences limit or describe in some way the objects of thought expressed by the nouns and pronouns? DEFINITION An adjective (Latin ad―to, and jacere—to throw) is a word used to express an idea that limits or describes an object of thought expressed by a noun or pronoun. Observation.-An adjective always belongs to some noun or pronoun. ADVERB 1. He walks very rapidly. 2. He walked backward and forward. 3. The message came too late. 4. He seldom comes back early. 5. Why did you leave the room so suddenly? 6. Speak distinctly and not so rapidly. 7. He worked rapidly but painfully. 8. The fields will soon be ploughed. QUESTION What words in the foregoing sentences express ideas that modify in some way ideas expressed by verbs or adjectives? DEFINITION An adverb (Latin ad-to, and verbum-word) is a word that represents an idea modifying the idea expressed by some verb, adjective, or other adverb. Observation.-Adverbs usually answer the questions how? why? when? where? or to what degree? vote. CONJUNCTION AND PREPOSITION Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to this 1. Carthage and Rome were rival powers. 2. 3. Thus dwelt together in love these simple Acadian farmers, Dwelt in the love of God and of man. I. What words in the foregoing sentences express relation between ideas of equal rank or kind? 2. What words express relation between complete thoughts? 3. What words express relation between ideas of unequal rank or kind? DEFINITIONS A conjunction (Latin con-together, and jugare-to join) is a word that expresses relation between ideas of equal rank or between thoughts. Caution. The teacher should see that the pupil understands the distinction between idea and thought. A preposition (Latin pre-before, and positus-placed) is a word that expresses relation between ideas of unequal rank or kind. OBJECT AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object. The preposition and its object constitute a prepositional phrase. INTERJECTION 1. Alas! we are too late. 2. Oh! where can rest be found? 3. O bosom black as death! QUESTION What words in the foregoing sentences express strong feeling or emotion? DEFINITION An interjection (Latin inter-between, and jectus-thrown) is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion. INDEPENDENT ELEMENT Interjections have no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence, and are said to be used independently. WORDS VARIOUSLY USED The same word may belong to different parts of speech. The part of speech is always determined by the use of the word in the sentence; as, Noun-We shall meet on the full of the moon. Verb The moon fulls on the 15th of the month. Name.. Grade... EXERCISE 3 Classify the italicized words in the following sentences according to the ideas they represent. Note the number of words to be selected. (Deduct two per cent for each error.) 1. Sleep not when others speak, sit not when others stand, speak not when you should hold your peace, walk not when others stop. 2. Read no letters, books, or papers in company; but when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. Come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them, unless desired, nor give your opinion of them unasked; also, look not nigh when another is writing a letter. 3. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive. 4. Undertake not to teach your equal in the art he himself professes: it savors of arrogancy. 5. Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be well decked, if your shoes fit well, if your stockings fit neatly, and clothes handsomely. 6. Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome or not. Give not advice without being asked, and when desired, do it briefly. 7. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly. 8. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise. 9. When you speak of God or his attributes, let it be seriously, in reverence. and obey your natural parents, although they be poor. Honor |