The houses in which the structures were located were not damaged so as to produce a large debris load on the basement shelters such as the lean-to type shelter.

A concrete room basement shelter which consisted of a long, narrow reinforced room next to a basement stairway was also tested. (See slide No. 9.) If persons had occupied any of the previously

described basement shelters in these tests, they would have survived. Mr. HOLIFIELD. Now, you are speaking of the fact that they would have survived from the standpoint of blast. Do you include also radiological protection?

Mr. SAUNDERS. In these particular tests; yes.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. You do.

Mr. SAUNDERS. So far.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. Now the type of shelter displayed there is a concrete wall type or concrete-block wall type. Is it in a corner of a basement?

Mr. SAUNDERS. It is a reinforced concrete wall structure in the basement located next to the stair well as shown here. This is the way it was tested.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. That would be a comparatively inexpensive type of shelter, taking advantage of your basement location.

Mr. SAUNDERS. Yes, sir.

An increasing number of houses are constructed without basements. For such houses a reinforced concrete shelter built around the bathroom area of a typical frame rambler was designed to withstand 5 pounds per square in. (See slide No. 10.)

SKETCH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BATHROOM SHELTER

The principles, of course, were applicable to any other room in the house. These shelters suffered little or no damage at 2 and 5 pounds per square inch and would have provided protection from blast and missiles.

Family underground shelters tested in previous test series were not damaged. Therefore they were retested at higher load pressures in Operation Teapot which again was in 1955 to obtain response data desired. (See slide No. 11.)

SLIDE NO. 11.-Family underground shelter.

Seven basement exit shelters were tested at pressures of approximately 15 to 45 pounds per square inch. Due to the severe damage in the entrance ways, the shelters would not have provided adequate protection.

FCDA also tested an aboveground dual-purpose family shelter which could be used for utility purposes during peacetime and as a shelter during periods of danger. (See slide No. 12.)

SLIDE NO. 12.-Aboveground dual-purpose family shelter.