ized administrator of the common thought. Webster divined clearly the attitude of the President's mind, and appears to address himself to it directly in the exposition of the nature of constitutional liberty contained in his speech on the Presidential Protest. "Liberty," he urged, in memorable language, “is only to be preserved by maintaining constitutional restraints and divisions of power. Nothing is more deceptive or more dangerous than the pretence of a desire to simplify government. The spirit of liberty is indeed a bold and fearless spirit, but is also a sharpsighted spirit. It demands checks; it seeks for guards; it insists on securities. It will not permit power to overstep its prescribed limits, though benevolence, good intent, and patriotic purpose come along with it." But the idea of institutional liberty, as thus expressed, while incorporated into our institutions, was so far from having been assimilated by the mind of Jackson that he habitually and sincerely acted upon a very different conception, which became more intense after the ratification of his course implied in his re-election. Jackson was consistent in his adherence to his far better and not less favorite ideas of economy and of "simplicity" in government, and doubtless his loyalty to these was a source of much of his power with the masses. His "plain system was earnestly carried out. His vetoes of bills for internal improvements saved the Government from great expenditures. He was devoted to the reserved rights of the states, yet no less concerned for the Union when its existence seemed to him to be actually endangered. Jackson was thus a man of fixed ideas in certain directions; not as to these, at least, the instrument of others' views operating through his prejudices and passions. The enthusiasm of a Cobbett would hardly claim for General Jackson the possession of a many-sided intellect, and in no instance of his life was action ever "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought." But in regard to many matters, and after a vigorous fashion of his own, he would appear to have done his own thinking. Benton describes those members of Congress who "confided in the sagacity and provident foresight of Jackson," as "by no means inconsiderable, either in number or judgment." Parton credits him with a "swift intuition." Data seem to be wanting for a full and conclusive judgment as to what Jackson "was," since his public papers were inspired rather than actually composed by him, while there is reason to believe that his public acts frequently reflected directly the motives and purposes of others who possessed his confidence. Yet certain massive lineaments of mind and character seem to stand out distinguishably, accounting for some part, at least, of the wonderful influence which this man exercised upon his time. Deduct ing all that must evidently be deducted from the popular contemporary estimate of his greatness, the colossal figure, though shattered and diminished, is not wrecked. While some parts of Professor Sumner's criticism of a once popular idol may seem to be conducted in an iconoclastic spirit, any exceptions which may reasonably be taken will not materially affect the force of the illustration afforded of the evils inevitable upon intrusting to unskilled hands the highest political powers. The unique value of this book, however, is found in its philosophical exhibition of the forces, political, economic, and social, which influenced the political development of the period referred to, and its explanation of the tortuous ways of party by the interworking of these forces, modified by the aims and efforts of individuals. New light is thus cast upon more than one unclear passage in our history. And the book is one which will effectually serve the cause of education in political and economic science, to the advancement of which Professor Sumner has so ably and variously contributed by tongue and pen. GEORGE B. NEWCOMB 1 Andrew Jackson as a Public Man: What he was, what chances he had, and what he did with them. By William Graham Sumner, Professor of Political and Social Science in Yale College. [American Statesmen Series.] 16m0, pp. 402. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. THE CONFEDERATION PERIOD.-In a lecture before the Rhode Island Historical Society on this period of the Republic, Professor Gammell, after tracing the course of Alexander Hamilton, says: "In its political aspects it is the dreariest period of American history. It fully justifies the words of Mr. Hamilton, 'A nation without a national government is an awful spectacle.' But the political condition of a people is always a reflection of their moral and social condition, and the testimony of contemporaries abundantly proves how true this was of the confederation period. Washington writes of it thus: From the high ground we stood upon, from the plain path which invited our footsteps, to be so fallen, so lost, is really mortifying; but virtue, I fear, has, in a great degree, taken its departure from our land, and the want of a disposition to do justice is the source of the national embarrassments.' This certainly was not the heroic age of American history. The age of the early colonists, of Captain John Smith and the settlers at Jamestown, of the Pilgrim Fathers, of Miles Standish and John Eliot and Roger Williams, better deserves the name. And so do those recent days which we all remember, which witnessed the great uprising of the people in defence of the perilled Republic. The astonishing fact is that, with such a government, and with ideas so narrow as its basis, national independence was secured at all, and that, when secured, it was not immediately lost." REPRINTS AVoyage fet out from the Citie of Bristoll at the charge of the chiefeft Merchants and liueth neither is to this action. ister and hath writing to mee fection to Virginia. PON many probable and reasonable inducements, vsed vnto sundry of the chiefest Merchants of Bristoll, by Master Richard Hakluyt Prebendary of Saint Augustines the Cathedrall Church of the said Citie, after diuers meetings and due consultation they resolued to set forth a Voyage for the farther Discouerie of the North part of Virginia. And first they sent the said Master Hakluyt accompanied with M. Salterne yet one Master John Angell, and Master Robert Saltern (which had beene in the said his 2-ale dead Discouerie the yeere before with Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold) to obtaine permisHe is now a Min- sion of Sir Walter Raleigh (which had a most ample Patent of all those parts from both by word and Queene Elizabeth) to entermeddle and deale in that action. Leaue being obtained testified his af of him vnder his hand and Seale, they speedily prepared a small ship called the Speed-well in burthen about fiftie tunnes, manning the same with some thirtie men and Boyes, wherein went for Master and chiefe Commander in the Voyage one M. Pring whose Martin Pring, a man very sufficient for his place, and Edmund Iones his Mate, and East Indies are Robert Salterne aboue mentioned, as their chiefe Agent, with a Barke called the Discouerer, of six and twentie tunnes or thereabout, wherein went for Master William Browne, and Samuell Kirkland his Mate, both good and skilfull Mariners, being thirteene men and a Boy in all in that Barke. The aforesaid ship and Barke were plentifully victualled for eight monethes, and furnished with slight Merchandizes thought fit to trade with the people of the Countrey, as Hats of diuers colours, greene, blue and yellow, apparell of coarse Kersie and Canuasse readie made, Stockings and Shooes, Sawes, Pick-axes, Spades and Shouels, Axes, Hatchets, Hookes, Kniues, Sizzers, Hammers, Nailes, Chissels, Fish-hookes, Bels, Beades, Bugles, Looking-glasses, Thimbles, Pinnes, Needles, Threed, and such like. They set saile from Kingrode the twentieth day of March. Voyage to the in the former Tome. April 10. 1603. They Good place. We set saile from Milford Hauen (where the winds had stayed vs a fortnight, in which space we heard of Queen Elizabeths death) the tenth of April 1603. In our course we passed by the Iles of the Açores, had first sight of the Pike, and afterward of the Iland of Cnerno and Flores, and after we had runne some fiue hundred discouer leagues, we fell with a multitude of small Ilands on the North Coast of Virginia, in the latitude of 43. degrees, the of Iune, which Ilands wee found very pleasant to behold, adorned with goodly grasse and sundry sorts of Trees, as Cedars, Spruce, fishing Pines, and Firre-trees. Heere wee found an excellent fishing for Cods, which are better then those of New-found-land, and withall we saw good and Rockie ground fit to drie them vpon: also we see no reason to the contrary, but that Salt may bee made in these parts, a matter of no small importance. We sayled to the South-west end of these Ilands, and there rode with our ships vnder one of the greatest. One of them we named Foxe Iland, because we found those kind of beasts thereon. So Foxe Iland. passing through rest with our Boates to the mayne Land, which lieth for a good space North-east and South-west, we found very safe riding among them, in sixe, seuen, eight, ten and twelue fathomes. At length comming to the Mayne in the latitude of 43. degrees and an halfe, we ranged the same to the South-west. In which course we found foure Inlets, the most Easterly whereof was barred at the mouth, but hauing passed ouer the barre, wee rann vp into it fiue miles, and for a certain space found very good depth, and comming out againe, as we sailed South-westward, wee lighted vpon two other Inlets, which vpon our search we found to pierce not farre into the Land, the fourth and most Westerly was the best, which we rowed vp ten or twelue miles. In all these places we found no people, but signes of fires where they had beene. Howbeit we beheld very goodly Groues and Woods replenished with tall Okes, Beeches, Pine-trees, Firre-trees, Hasels, Wichhasels and Maples. We saw here also sundry sorts of Beasts, as Stags, Deere, Beares, Wolues, Foxes, Lusernes, and Dogges with sharpe noses. But meeting with no Sassafras, we left these places with all the foresaid Ilands, shaping our course for Sauage Rocke, discouered the yeere Sauage Rocke. before by Captaine Gosnold, where going vpon the Mayne we found people, with People. whom we had no long conuersation, because here also we could find no Sassafras. Departing hence we bare into that greate Gulfe which Captaine Gosnold ouer-shot the Great Gulfe. yeere before, coasting and finding people on the North side thereof. Not yet satisfied in our expectation, we left them and sailed ouer, and came to an Anchor on the South side in the latitude of 41. degrees and odde minutes: where we went on Land in a certaine Bay, which we called Whitson Bay, by the name of the Worship- Whitson Bay. full Master John Whitson then Maior of the Citie of Bristoll, and one of the chiefe Aduenturers, and finding a pleasant Hill thereunto adioyning, wee called it Mount Aldworth, for Master Robert Aldworths sake a chiefe furtherer of the Voyage, as M. Aldworth. well with his Purse as with his trauell. Here we had sufficient quantitie of Sassafras. At our going on shore, vpon view of the people and sight of the place, wee thought it conuenient to make a small baricado to keepe diligent watch and ward in, for the aduertizement and succour of our men, while they should worke in the Woods. During our abode on shore, the people of the Countrey came to our men some- The people visit times ten, twentie, fortie or threescore, and at one time one hundred and twentie at once. We vsed them kindly, and gaue them diuers sorts of our meanest MerchanThey did eat Pease and Beanes with our men. Their own victuals were most dize. them. take great de We had a youth in our company that could play vpon a Gitterne, in whose The Sauages homely Musicke they tooke great delight, and would giue him many things, as To- light in musick. bacco, Tobacco-pipes, Snakes skinnes of sixe foot long, which they vse for Girdies, Dances. Weapons. The great vse of Ornaments. The fashion of their Boats. Rozen and Turpentine. Fawnes skinnes, and such like, and danced twentie in a Ring, and the Gitterne in the middest of them, vsing many Sauage gestures, singing Io, Ia, Io, Ia, Ia, Io,: him that first brake the ring, the rest would knocke and cry out vpon. Some few of them had plates of Brasse a foot long, and halfe a foote broad before their breasts. Their weapons are Bowes of fiue or sixe foot long of Witchhasell, painted blacke and yellow, the strings of three twists of sinewes, bigger then our Bow-strings. Their arrows are of a yard and an handfull long not made of Reeds, but of a fine light wood very smooth and round with three long and deepe blacke feathers of some Eagle, Vulture, or Kite, as closely fastened with some binding matter, as any Fletcher of ours can glue them on. Their Quiuers are full a yard long, made of long dried Rushes wrought about two handfuls broad aboue, and one handful beneath with prettie workes and compartiments, Diamant wise of red and other colours. We carried with vs from Bristoll two excellent Mastiues, of whom the Indians were more afraid, then of twentie of our men. One of these Mastiues would carrie a halfe Pike in his mouth. And one Master Thomas Bridges a Gentleman of our company accompanied only with one of these Dogs, and passed sixe miles alone in the Countrey hauing lost his fellowes, and returned safely. And when we would be rid of the Sauages company wee would let loose the Mastiues, and suddenly with outcryes they would flee away. These people in colour are inclined to a swart, tawnie, or Chestnut colour, not by nature but accidentally, and doe weare their haire brayded in foure parts, and trussed vp about their heads with a small knot behind: in which haire of theirs they sticke many feathers and toyes for brauerie and pleasure. They couer their priuities only with a piece of leather drawne betwixt their twists and fastened to their Girdles behind and before: whereunto they hang their bags of Tobacco. They seeme to bee somewhat iealous of their women, for we saw not past two of them, who weare Aprons of Leather skins before them downe to the knees, and a Beares skinne like an Irish Mantle ouer one shoulder. The men are of stature somewhat taller then our ordinary people, strong, swift, well proportioned, and giuen to treacherie, as in the end we perceiued. Their Boats, whereof we brought one to Bristoll, were in proportion like a Wherrie of the Riuer of Thames, seunteene foot long and foure foot broad, made of the Barke of a Birch-tree, farre exceeding in bignesse those of England: it was sowed together with strong and tough Oziers or twigs, and the seames couered ouer with Excellent sweet Rozen or Turpentine little inferiour in sweetnesse to Frankincense, as we made triall by burning a little thereof on the coales at sundry times after our comming home it was also open like a Wherrie, and sharpe at both ends, sauing that the beake was a little bending rounding vpward. And though it carried nine men standing vpright, yet it weighed not at the most aboue sixtie pounds in weight, a thing almost incredible in regard of the largenesse and capacitie thereof. Their Oares were flat at the end like an Ouen peele, made of Ash or Maple very light and strong, about two yards long, wherewith they row very swiftly: Passing vp a Riuer we saw certaine Cottages together, abandoned by the Sauages, and not farre off we beheld |