EXHIBIT 11.-REFERRAL OF ATS CONDITIONS TO IRAC, AND FCC STATEMENT AT IRAC MEETING INTERDEPARTMENT RADIO ADVISORY COMMITTEE, Washington, D.C. (Attention of Mr. C. R. Kirkevold, Executive Secretary). MARCH 24, 1965. GENTLEMEN: I refer to certain applications of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the use of frequencies in the 4- and 6-GHz bands in its applications technology satellite program (doc. 8303/1-2.3.6/4.9.1). The attached correspondence completed the coordination in this matter. There is no policy objection to the approval by the IRAC of the applications in question, subject to the conditions listed in the letter of the DTM to NASA dated March 19, 1965. Sincerely, W. E. PLUMMER, Director, Frequency Management Division. STATEMENT OBTAINED FROM MR. WATKINS, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS ITEM 15-APRIL 13, 1965 With regard to condition 3 in Mr. O'Connell's letter to Mr. Webb, the text of which is identical with No. 3 of Chairman Henry's letter to Mr. O'Connell, I wish to state for the record that the phrase "administrative traffic" was used in the sense of distinguishing such traffic from experimental transmissions, and not, as is sometimes the case when discussing military communications, "administrative traffic" in contradistinction "operational traffic." EXHIBIT 12.-NASA ACCEPTANCE OF ORIGINAL CONDITIONS FOR ATS OPERATION Mr. JAMES D. O'CONNELL, Director, Telecommunications Management, Office of Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. O'CONNELL: This is in reference to your letter of March 19, 1965, to Mr. James E. Webb regarding the NASA applications for the frequency complement required in the applications technology satellite (ATS) program. The NASA field center responsible for the ATS program has been advised of the conditions under which it may proceed with its program and has been directed to conduct these operations in accordance with these stipulations. Sincerely yours, EARL D. HILBURN, Deputy Associate Administrator. EXHIBIT 13.-FCC CLARIFICATION OF POSITION ON USE OF ATS FREQUENCIES, AND DTM REVISION OF CONDITIONS TO NASA FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, Mr. JAMES D. O'CONNELL, DEAR MR. O'CONNELL: This is with further reference to the Commission's letter of March 1, 1965, regarding the use of frequencies in the non-Government bands 3700-4200 and 5925-6425 megacycles per second by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in support of the applications technological satellite (ATS) program. It appears that some question has arisen regarding the third condition suggested by the Commission; namely, NASA shall not use any of the ATS satellites for handling administrative traffic of NASA or the communications traffic of any other U.S. agency. The purpose of this letter is to confirm and reiterate the statement made by the Commission's representative at the IRAC meeting of April 13, 1965; namely, that in using the term "administrative traffic" in this connection the Commission intends to suggest that NASA should use the ATS satellites only for the transmission of experimental traffic related to the ATS program and should not handle any of its administrative or operational traffic. The Commission recognizes that at times special circumstances may arise when other means of communications are not readily available and it may be necessary to use the ATS satellite for such purposes. The condition we suggested was not intended to apply to such special one-shot circumstances nor to prevent the use of the ATS satellite to handle the traffic then involved. If you concur in the foregoing, it would be appreciated if you advise NASA accordingly to prevent any misunderstanding in the future. Yours sincerely, E. WILLIAM HENRY, Chairman. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, Hon. JAMES E. WEBB, Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DEAR MR. WEBB: I refer to my letter of March 19, 1965, which indicated my intent to approve the applications of NASA for the use of frequencies in the 4- and 6-gigahertz bands for its ATS programs, subject to certain conditions set forth in the letter. One of those conditions (No. 3) would preclude NASA from using the ATS satellites to handle its administrative traffic. I am in receipt of a letter from the Federal Communications Commission which referred to the above-mentioned condition and expressed its view that the exclusion of NASA administrative traffic should be construed to include the exclusion of operational traffic as well. Since such was also my own view in the matter, it was arranged that the IRAC action should include a clarification of condition "3" to that effect. The text as it has been amended reads as follows: "NASA shall not use any of the ATS satellites for handling operational or administrative traffic of NASA or the communication traffic of any other U.S. agency." Sincerely, J. D. O'CONNELL. EXHIBIT 14.-ARTICLE EXCERPTED FROM TELECOMMUNICATIONS REPORTS OF MAY 3, 1965 NASA WILL BE ABLE TO CONTINUE USING 4 AND 6 GC Bands for ATS PROGRAM, BUT SUBJECT TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS, O'CONNELL TELLS WEBB AFTER REVIEW Continued use of frequencies in the 4- and 6-gigacycle bands by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for its Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) program will be allowed, subject to certain conditions, following a review of the situation by James D. O'Connell, Director of Telecommunications Management in the Executive Office of the President, and the FCC, it was learned Friday, April 30. NASA's frequency requirements for the ATS program and the possibility of any adverse effects or potential interference due to the use of the same frequency bands (3700-4200 and 5925-6425 megacycles) by the Communications Satellite Corp. as manager for the international consortium for the Early Bird communications satellite system were the subject of a recent hearing and additional study by Mr. O'Connell's office (Telecommunications, January 18). While ATS was in the research stage, the 4- and 6-gigacycle bands have been used, and consideration had to be given to what might be involved in a switch to the 7- and 8-gigacycle bands when the program moved out of this phase. Among factors that had to be considered was the possibility that continuing the ATS in the 4- and 6-gigacycle bands might represent a risk to optimum and full use of those bands for commercial purposes. Also considered were potential specific arrangements which could be made for operating the NASA ATS program so as to prevent objectionable interference with the commercial utilization. During the course of the review, it was pointed out that frequencies for the ATS program had been selected before the existence of any specific commercial development. NASA also pointed out that ATS hardware is well along in development, and extensive arrangements have been made with interested foreign nations so that they could experiment with ground station equipment which they have or are completing. As a result, it was concluded that any change in the ATS frequency bands now would represent large costs and substantial loss of time, in addition to making it expensive or impracticable for the foreign nations to participate in the experimental program. A determination was made that it would be highly undesirable to make any frequency changes in the ATS at the present time, but it was stated that use of the bands by the ATS will be such as to preclude interference with commercial satellite systems. In a letter to NASA Administrator James Webb, reporting on the results of the studies by the DTM and FCC, Mr. O'Connell said that "considering all the circumstances the ATS project should proceed in the 4- and 6-gigacycle bands as recommended by NASA," but subject to these five conditions: "(1) The authority to use the frequencies is limited to the five satellites planned for the project; (2) the project should remain a truly experimental one under the sole control and use of NASA throughout its life; (3) the satellites should not be used to handle administrative or operational traffic; (4) harmful interference should not be caused to nongovernment operations in those bands; and (5) any follow-on research should have the capability of accomplishment in either the 4- and 6-gigacyle bands or in other appropriate bands as the facts then indicate." As a result, NASA will not be able to make any operational use of the ATS satellites, as was done with Syncom III last year, and it will not be allowed to use any of the ATS satellites for handling traffic in its NASCOM network. EXHIBIT 15.-NASA ACCEPTANCE OF ADDITIONAL CONDITION FOR ATS OPERATIONS Mr. JAMES D. O'CONNELL, Director, Telecommunications Management, Office of Emergency Planning, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. DEAR MR. O'CONNELL: This is in reference to your letter of April 26, 1965, to Mr. James E. Webb regarding the clarification of one of the conditions imposed on NASA's use of the 4-gigacycle-per-second and 6-gigacycle-per-second bands for its ATS program. The additional restriction reflected in this clarification is acceptable to NASA. The field center having responsibility for the program has been advised of this modification and has been directed to conduct all operations accordingly. Sincerely yours, EARL D. HILBURN, Deputy Associate Administrator. APPENDIX 5.-ARTICLE ON MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS EXCERPTED FROM PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERS, MAY 1962 A SUMMARY OF MILITARY COMMUNICATION IN THE UNITED STATES-1860 TO 19621 (J. D. O'Connell, Fellow, IRE, A. L. Pachynski, Senior Member, IRE, and L. S. Howeth * Summary-Military progress in communications in the United States really started back in 1860, and both before and since the birth of the IRE, it has been inextricably a part of the development of the communications industry, national communications policy, the IRE and scientific research and development in this art. The U.S. Navy played a particularly important part in the development of maritime and coastal radio systems and in the development of early radio wireless policy. In both major wars and increasing rapidly since World War II. the requirements of the military services tor communications to keep pace with successive revolutions in speed, scope, range and nuclear power have increased exponentially, and beyond the capabilities of conventional or commercial systems. The vital significance of adequate communications and the part they play in the success of military operations and weapons systems has been consistently undervalued in the past. The cost of undervaluation and unreadiness in communications has been mounting rapidly in step with orders of magnitude increases in nuclear power and speed of delivery. This year marks half a century of phenomenal progress and growth of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Inextricably involved in this half century of progress of the institute of industry and of science have been the military services of the United States. Any attempt to outline the course of U.S. military communications should include another half century of progress because just before and during our Civil War an idea was born which would grow-the first integrated concept of an organized military communications organization. The record of his achievements and thoughts for the future leaves no doubt that Assistant Surgeon, Dr. Albert J. Myer (later Major Myer, first Army Chief Signal Officer; later Brigadier General Myer, promoter of our National Weather Service and international weather reporting) would be at home in the military communication world of today. Aggressively seizing upon every available technical capability of his time, he stimulated the development of the Beardslee portable electromagnetic telegraph, mobile telegraph wagons, observation balloons for combat surveillance, and an overall communication system with flags and torches. He organized, innovated, trained, administered, promoted, and, most important of all, lit a flame of military interest in the art of communication and endowed an organization with the spirit to keep this flame burning through the years. During this war period the U.S. Navy was also making strides in communication: the two services in an early effort of joint service coordination adopted for the first time the same system of flag and torch signaling and, for a time, instruction in this common system was included in the course at both Annapolis and West Point. The end of the Civil War brought military reaction and decimation of budgets and personnel-elimination of the concepts of research and study of improved 1 Received by the IRE Jan. 29, 1962. Lieutenant General, U.S. Army (Ret.); General Telephone and Electronics Laboratories, Menlo Park, Calif. 3 Major General, U.S. Air Force (Ret.); Lenkurt Electric Co., San Carlos, Calif. 4 Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.), Box 381, Morris Street, Oxford, Md. services "an army should be prepared to fight and not play around in a laboratory." To do both was not considered necessary or practical. But despite apathy and resistance on the part of both military and civilian leadership— typical of the national attitude when not confronted by crises, there was, none the less, continued effort and accomplishment-the linkage of the western Army posts with telegraph communication; the initiation of weather reporting from Army stations; the formation of the weather service and international weather reporting; hazardous polar exploration as part of the International Polar Year, 1882-83-significant contributions from military communication beginnings to the progress of a growing nation. In world communications, the British with great vision and initiative pushed the extension of submarine cable service to most major world ports, thereby linking the British Empire and facilitating their world trade. The U.S. Navy was quick to use this service in keeping naval units informed and coordinated. But in the wars that followed, the U.S. Navy was the first to learn the problems and penalties of dependence on a communication system operated under foreign control. On inauguration day, March 4, 1897, during the traditional drive from the Capitol to the White House, Mr. Cleveland was prophetic to McKinley; "I am deeply sorry, Mr. President, to pass on to you a war with Spain. It will come within 2 years. Nothing can stop it." 5 Sparked by the President's interest, the two military services had an opportunity for advance planning and although still unready in communications when the war came, performed prodigies of recruitment, organization and operations. Receiving orders on April 9, 1898, Capt. C. F. Goodrich, U.S. Navy, within 30 days not only organized but had in operation a coast signal system of 230 stations connected to telephone and telegraph systems and equipped with telescopes and binoculars. Thus began a span of years of war emergency in U.S. military communications which educated the services in broader requirements both for communication to theaters of war beyond the continental limits of the United States and for the establishment of communication within those theaters. Again the vital need was recognized for better communication for joint Navy-Army operations in Cuba, in the Philippines, and in China. Telegraph and telephone systems were installed by the Army-3,500 miles in Cuba, 6,434 miles in the Philippines where the Signal Corps entered a new field of submarine cable laying and operation (1,326 miles). Both systems were turned over later to commercial use. During this same period, on May 26, 1900, Congress acted to bring the isolated settlements in Alaska into electrical communication with the United States by charging the Army Signal Corps with construction and operation of such a system. Construction started at Valdez within 3 months and was completed by October 1904, to include 2,650 miles of submarine cable and wireless systems and 1,400 miles of landlines. Growth and modernization have been continuous to this day, with recent great achievement by the U.S. Air Force and the communications industry in extending communication to the rugged extremities of this great northern State to link the northern radar outposts. These were important beginnings-important as a backdrop of understanding for what was to come and, doubtless, essential to recognition in the military services of the communication requirements of the future. This recognition, however, was never complete or adequate and resistance to change has imposed an endless succession of obstacles to be overcome. Coming on the scene with great publicity and fanfare during this period was the fascinating but mysterious radio wireless. It appears certain that the interest, support, publicity, and promotion given to this infant by the military services advanced in a major way the application of radio to both seagoing and point-to-point commercial radio-telegraph service. Both the Navy and the Army had their service inventors. A brilliant Navy pioneer was Lt. Bradley A. Fiske who early (1884?) recognized the naval need for a signal means independent of fog, darkness, daylight or distance. His studies led him to Professor Dolbear's theories, to Dolbear himself in 1888, and thereafter, to devise a system which did succeed in communication from ship to ship over short distances without wires. Had he the means and the time to 5 D. S. Muzzey, "A History of Our Country." |