Health Service, and to the people in the Public Health Service in the States, all of whom have given so much care and thought to the preparation of this code. Especially, Mr. Chairman, I should like to express appreciation to you in suggesting the code and for the extended and helpful advice you have given as to its preparation. I know I am joined in this by Mr. Perley, Mr. Willcox, and the others who have participated.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Who are those ladies down there who helped with it?

Lieutenant CALHOUN. I think Mrs. Willcox should have particular tribute paid to her and there have been very helpful comments made by some of the administrative people in the Federal Security Agency and in other agencies, not directly connected with the Public Health Service.

It is my hope and belief that this code will be enacted. It would be a landmark in the legislative history of the Public Health Service and it would certainly prove a most useful guide in future legislation, because it would fix in one place in existing law, in an orderly manner, and permit an orderly modification of that existing law with the precision which has not been heretofore possible, and most important it will provide a degree of certainty which has heretofore been seriously lacking in many important details.

Accordingly, the work which this committee has been doing and is still doing, I believe will be of lasting importance and significance. Mr. BULWINKLE. Any questions?

Mr. REECE. How long were you with the Federal Security Agency? Lieutenant CALHOUN. I was with the Federal Security Agency, sir, since the time it was formed. Prior to that I was with the Social Security Board, but it was integrated in the Federal Security Agency under the Reorganization Act.

Mr. REECE. When did you begin to give your attention to the public health laws?

Lieutenant CALHOUN. So far as this particular code is concerned, I think it was about 8 or 9 months ago, Mr. Bulwinkle.

Mr. BULWINKLE. I think it started in January.

Lieutenant CALHOUN. January a year ago.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Yes.

Lieutenant CALHOUN. I believe that is correct.

Mr. REECE. You are satisfied that all of the statutes relating to the Public Health were found and have been considered in connection with the getting up of this bill?

Lieutenant CALHOUN. I would not guarantee it, sir; but I think that the procedure we followed resulted in us having before us everyone that any index that we knew anything about referred to. The Statutes at Large are particularly well indexed, and in going through each one of them, we picked up a great many bits of law that we did not even know existed, before we did it.

Mr. REECE. I am not thoroughly familiar with the procedure, but the legislative provisions which are attached to appropriation bills, are they indexed in such a way so that after a lapse of years they can be located?

Lieutenant CALHOUN. They can be fairly well located in the indexes in the Statutes at Large. You see those bills are set out at length and are fairly well indexed in there by subject matters.

Mr. REECE. That is all.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Mr. Priest.

Mr. PRIEST. I have no questions.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Lieutenant, we thank you very much, sir, for what you have done and appreciate very much and thank you for coming up. Lieutenant CALHOUN. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF DR. OTTERBEIN DRESSLER, D. O., OF THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHY, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Now, Dr. Dressler, we will be glad to hear you. Dr. DRESSLER. My name is Otterbein Dressler, D. O., of the Philadelphia College of Osteopathy, Philadelphia, Pa.

I am professor of pathology, at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathy, and director of laboratories of the Osteopathic Hospital of Philadelphia. Because of the proximity of the Philadelphia College to Washington and since it is representative of the approved institu tions of osteopathy, I was invited by the chairman of the department of public relations of the American Osteopathic Association to present to you a concise picture of the training facilities of our Philadelphia college and hospital so that you might know the type of physician and surgeon that goes out from the institution to assume his place, mayhap in the commissioned Medical Corps of the Public Health Service.

The Philadelphia college and hospital are located at Forty-eighth and Spruce Streets in Philadelphia and represent an investment of more than $1,000,000. They contain completely equipped departments for clinical instruction in neurology, major surgery, gynecology, genitourinary and veneral diseases, eye, ear, nose and throat diseases, pediatrics, X-ray, physiotherapy, chemistry, toxicology, bacteriology, and my own department of pathology. The hospital is approved as an intern-training institution by the Pennsylvania State Board of Surgery, which consists of two doctors of medicine and two osteopathic physicians and surgeons. Our graduates are admissible to take osteopathic or medical, as the case may be, examinations in all the States.

In order to matriculate in the Philadelphia college a student must present credentials showing at least 2 years college training-of course, before the war we encouraged them to take degrees but now just 2 years-in a recognized liberal arts college, showing a specified number of hours training in chemistry (inorganic and organic), physics, biology, and English, and recommended subjects of anatomy, bacteriology, physiology, and modern languages. The collegiate credits in physics, chemistry, and biology must conform to the requirements of the credentials bureau of the Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction and the New York Board of Regents.

In addition, the general character and aptitudes of the student are given consideration in determining his eligibility. Once enrolled he starts in a professional course of 36 months leading to a degree of doctor of osteopathy. The first 2 years in the professional college cover the fundamental sciences, including anatomy, physiology, bacteriology, and so forth. A major portion of the time is spent in practical work in the laboratories. The time of the second year is given over largely to advanced study of the subjects of the first year, particularly pre

ventive medicine and bacteriology, pathology, pharmacology, and physical diagnosis. The last 2 years include the clinical or hospital studies, osteopathic medicine, therapeutics, surgery, obstetrics, and the specialties. With a foundation laid in the fundamental and osteopathic medical sciences, the student works under supervision in the dispensary, wards, and laboratories of the hospital. Senior students extern in the hospital. The entire work of the hospital is so organized that practically all cases entering are considered as potential teaching cases for students of the college. The hours of instruction in this institution parallel the requirements of both the American Osteopathic Association and the American Medical Association.

I have here a compilation of the relative curricula of all of the osteopathic schools and also Harvard Medical School, University of Kansas and Stanford University, which I would like to submit for inclusion at this point, if you please.

Mr. BULWINKLE. All right, sir.

(The compilation referred to is as follows:)

[From the October 1942 Journal of the American Osteopathic Association] *

Dr. DRESSLER. The public-health subject of immunology is projected in didactic and laboratory methods. The principles of infection and defense mechanism are emphasized. The values and shortcomings of the known biologicals are explored. Clinical instruction in the use of the biologicals is given.

At this point I should like to submit for inclusion without reading, this table of how we go about teaching the use of antitoxins and vaccines, and so forth.

Mr. BULWINKLE. Very well.

(The statement requested is as follows:)

Allergy:

(e) Diagnostic tests:

1. Pneumococci typing.

2. Agglutination tests.

3. Precipitin tests.

4. Complement fixation-Wassermann.

5. Flocculation tests-Kahn, etc.

6. Skin tests-Brucellin, Frei, Tuberculin, etc.

(f) Susceptibility tests:

1. Schick.

2. Dick.

Dr. DRESSLER. With regard to tropical diseases, these are considered in the course on public health. Hygiene and sanitation are like

wise studied and emphasized. These subjects are particularly stressed because of the role played by the general practitioner in public health activities and in his capacity as a public health officer. Incidentally, osteopathic physicians are serving on State boards of health in the States of California, Colorado, and Kentucky, and there are a number of osteopathic physicians who are serving as county, city, and town health officers and physicians. Under the subject of preventive medicine are presented the following:

Here I should like to have inserted this list of subjects included in our treatment of preventive medicine.

Mr. BULWINKLE. All right, sir.

(The list of subjects above referred to is as follows:)

1. Communicable diseases:

(a) Specific and general measures of prevention.

2. Insect transmitted diseases.

3. Lower animal transmission diseases.

4. Immunity-heredity-eugenics.

5. Public health measures:

to

Dr. DRESSLER. Further with respect to our hospital, I should like say that since 1919 a school of nursing has been maintained. That school of nursing is accredited by the Board of Registration of Nurses in Pennsylvania and it is listed in the list of schools of nursing by the National League of Nursing Education. Its graduates are serving in the Nurses' Corps of the Army and Navy. Our school of nursing is approved by the Public Health Service for nurses' training and a nurses cadet corps is now in operation there.

Our hospital is an official casualty receiving station under the civilian defense set-up of Philadelphia. It is an authorized Emergency Medical Service depot. It has organized two medical field units which are manned, of course, by osteopathic surgeons. I happen to be a member of the Emergency Medical Service.

Mr. Chairman, I hope this information will be found helpful to the members of the committee. We are grateful to you for this privilege of being heard.

Mr. REECE. If I may revert to the first insert, in the first column is captioned "Recommendations of American Osteopathic Associa

3