their being destroyed. If you proceed to build houses the land selected for them, that many of them, after and clear lands on a large scale on first arrival, it rarely succeeds so well; for the price of labour is so high, and the difficulty of getting persons to work, added to the great expense of providing food for increased numbers, until produced from your own land, ought in every instance to induce caution in laying out money; but a crop of potatoes, with fodder for a cow, is the first object, and this may be accomplished the first year, if you arrive early. The second you will be enabled to supply your family with the necessaries of life from your own grounds; and the third year you may find yourself possessed of a yoke of oxen, a cow or two, and a year-old calf, a couple of pigs, poultry, &c., abundance of provisions for your family, and fodder for your cattle. The Irish and Scotch peasantry know well how to value the economy of a milch cow; every new settler ought to strive to obtain one as soon as possible, taking care to provide a sufficiency of fodder for the long winter. Cattle require a little salt in the Canadas. It is not considered necessary to go farther into the details of the first settlement, as on all these points you will be guided by your own observations on the spot, and the advice you will get from the local agents and superintendents. ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF THESE COUNTRIES BY SETTLERS. struggling for years, abandoned their farms, and removed to other places. Clearing land is laborious work. The first thing we do is to underbrush it; that is, cut the young trees and bushes close to the ground, and put them together in large heaps. The best time for underbrushing is when the leaves are on, or before the snow falls; for when the snow is on the ground, we cannot conveniently cut the bushes low; we then cut the trees down. The small branches are thrown upon the brush heaps, and the truuks are cut into logs of about twelve feet each: good straight logs of oak, ash, cedar, and some other kinds, are reserved to be converted into rails. The cutting of the timber is called chopping, and is mostly performed in the winter, as we have then most leisure: when the brush heaps are sufficiently dry, they are set on fire. Logging next commences. "Wolves are numerous, and are very destructive to sheep, and occasionally to young cattle. I have heard of their attacking travellers; but upon inquiring into these reports, have always found them mere fabrications, though I know two instances when travellers on horseback have seen wolves in the middle of the road, and after trying in vain to frighten them away, or urge theit horses forward, have been obliged to turn back. I have met them when travelling alone and unarmed through the woods, but never was even menaced by them. In We quote the following letter from Upper Canada, winter, when oppressed with hunger, they are most dan from the United Service Journal: " Dear You wish me to give you some account of Canada, and I will endeavour to do so; and if the little that I have to say on the subject does not tend to instruct, it will, I hope, serve to amuse you, and enable you to form correct ideas of this remote but interesting corner of the world. I may not possess extensive information upon every subject connected with Canadian affairs, nor do I wish to tire you with lengthened or studied details. Having resided many years in Upper Canada, and circumstances having cbliged me to consider it my adopted country and home, I have grown imperceptibly attached to the rough life of a woodsman; but I will endeavour to divest myself of prejudice, and hope to be able to present you with a plain unembellished account. 66 gerous. The wild-cat, or cat-a-mount, in figure bears a strong resemblance to the domestic cat, except in its tail, which is not above two inches in length, and tipped with black, as are also the ears; it is of the same colour as the wolf, and appears to be quite as large and power. ful, though shorter in the legs: they climb to the tops of the tallest trees with facility, and are said to be very fierce: they destroy sheep and other domestic animals. We have also beavers, racoons, martens, and many other animals. Our woods abound with deer, hares, partridges, pigeons, and many other kinds of game. There are a great variety of ducks in our rivers and marshes; and here, in the western district, we have wild turkeys and quails; our rivers and lakes are equally well supplied with fish." garter snakes, copper-head snakes, and blowing adders These reptiles are only to be found in particular districts, and with common precautions little danger may be expected from them. This letter goes on to describe a number of snakes Emigrants coming to Canada generally entertain very which are found in Canada, such as the water-snakes erroneous opinions; their information having been col- which some suppose to be venomous; two kinds of rat lected from the writings of people who have little know-tlesnakes, which are both very dangerous: there are also ledge of the country, or are governed by interested motives: they come full of romantic whimsical notions, but perfectly ignorant of the country they are about to inhabit, and of the trials that await them. On their arrival, they ought to abstain from eating new potatoes, green peas, unripe fruit, &c., or use them in moderation; for many, on their first arrival, are afflicted with dysentery, which, I am confident, is occasioned by the greedi- | ness with which they devour vegetables of every kind, after being confined for a few weeks to the use of salt provisions. Fever and ague are common complaints all over America [in low and swampy localities, not in high and well-drained grounds], but seldom prove fatal. They generally make their appearance in new settlements in four or five years after we have commenced clearing land, rage for one or two years, and then almost wholly disappear. They are probably to be attributed to the foul vapours arising from the decayed stumps and roots of trees and other vegetable substances. Intermittent and other fevers are common in the neighbourhood of large marshes and stagnant ponds. Emigrants ought to avoid such places. "About sixteen years ago a number of families came from Glasgow and its neighbourhood. They were assisted by government, and settled in the district of Bathurst. They were moral and industrious, and an acquisition to the country; at such was the bad quality of acre. The following letters are from a gentleman who settled about a hundred miles west from Toronto. He says"I am installed in about 800 acres of clergy reserves and Canada Company's lands contiguous, and am in treaty for 800 more from private individuals, which, one with another, will cost fifteen shillings currency per The land, besides being bounded by the River Thames, is watered at every half mile by streams running into it, the springs giving the purest water; the land slopes down to the south; and, altogether, is calcu lated to create satisfaction. I have set people to work. to chop, clear, burn, and fit the land in every respect for sowing, for eleven dollars an acre, or £2, 15s. The fencing will cost me at the outside two dollars more per acre, and sowing one dollar and a half, making in all £3, 12s. 6d. My log-house, 34 by 22, and two stories, will give me six good rooms at least for roughing in, and will cost me at the outside, to make it comfortable, not more than £50. In this my friend and I will live during the winter, and until I get things prepared for building. We have every thing as comfortable and good to eat as the most reasonable man could wish; and bar. ring pewter spoons for silver, horn-handled kuives for intelligence lead him into the most advantageous course of operations. ivory, our table would not blush to stand alongside one gradually acquiring the means of a lasting independence, at home. I have made three trips to Toronto since our along with all the attributes of rural wealth and comfort location, and bought a load of things each time. I must It has been said that gentlemen should not emigrate to make three trips more, most likely before winter, to com- Canada-that it is a country only for working people; plete stores, pick up labourers, and arrange for land. Well, but this idea is quite fallacious. The present is but one with the whole of this hard work, much hard dealing, of many hundreds of gentlemen who, during all their thought, and calculation, I grow more and more enthusi- lives before, had never soiled their fingers with labour astic in favour of the country. Our climate is delightful, and yet we see what is the result. We venture to say and our neighbourhood excellent and obliging. I would that Mr. R. is as active, and puts his hands to as much not for twenty thousand pounds return to Scotland. I dirty and hard work, as would be the case with a persor want not money, but to lead a useful life. Now, Alex-bred to rough country labour; while his education and ander, if you want to buy land for your boys, do it immediately." Here the writer enters into private details, so we pass on to his next letter. After giving some further account of his operations, he thus proceeds to speak of his toils:-"Riding fourteen miles to get lumber or sawn timber drawn, to ride to measure every cart-load myself, and to do at least one-half of what one at home would find people trustworthy enough to do for him, you will not wonder that the toils of a beginning are as numerous as they are weighty. However, I like the life amazingly. I find at all events some scope for my mind; and if there be difficulties to surmount, there is no little pleasure in overcoming them, and still greater We quote the following from a letter written by a in feeling one's self equal to it. I have just been buy-settler in the township of Nichol, Upper Canada, to a ing a hundred bushels of oats at 114d. a bushel, so you friend in Scotland, and which appeared in the Aberdeen know what oats may be had for; excellent apples 74d. | Herald :per bushel; wheat is high this year-that is, a dollar a bushel; and butcher meat for 24d. and 3d. per lb.; potatoes the same price as oats." In another letter he says-"Since my last, I have removed to my new residence; and although, as I said before, I have to break my neck to get a view of the heavens overhead, get the cramp in my fingers from milking the cow in these cold mornings, follow the trail of my oxen when they stray, and be alternately plasterer, glazier, slater, delver, and chopper, so that my hands have become as hard as elm, and their shape like bullock's lights, with Bologna sausages for fingers-I am, for all this, as pleased as Punch, and even get fat on it. Indeed, I may say, I have been indefatigable since my adoption of my new calling; so that, if I don't succeed in establishing some degree of order, and management, and evidence of prosperity, 'twill neither be for want of activity, decision, good humour, nor system." It is clear that this is the sort of person for a Canadian life. Again, in January, 1834, he says "I rise every morning at five o'clock, and awake the household; and while the servants are managing the breakfast, so as to get all comfortably over by daylight, I light the fire in our room, for I exact no service not absolutely necessary. I don't mean what you call necessary at home, but things of far lower estimate. My shoes, for instance, which are somewhat of the thickest, are well greased twice a week, instead of being blackened, which is very well for walking the streets, but of wondrous little use here. I have cut down twenty acres since my last, and am continuing the good work. We muster in all seven axes, and get through about an acre a day; but as other matters interfere to take off my hands, I find I cannot average more than about twelve acres a month. I see by my account with the bank that they have credited me with ; and as money currency goes as far here as money sterling does in England, I calculate I am a gainer of rather more than a fifth by the transfer. That, with the high rate of interest, the cheapness of living, and exemption from taxes, makes me at least three times as rich a man as I was at home." By the next letter, we find the writer equally pleased with the country both as to soi! and climate, and also for its healthiness. He had now a good deal cleared, and was burning off his timber from twenty-five acres for spring crop. He had rented all that he had cleared to a farmer from Scotland for a third of the crop, and was Those who cannot immediately purchase land in Canada, sometimes put in grain along with that of any neighbouring farmer, and receive a share of the crop. "This being the case with me this year," says a writer of a letter dated January, 1834, "one of my neighbours puts in two fields with me-one of rye, of which he does all the work except half the harvesting, affords half the seed, and gets half the crop: another of peas, of which he does all the work, affords all the seed, and gets twothirds of the crop." "From the experience of myself and friends, I give my plain candid opinion on this matter, when I say to the emigrant newly come among us, beware of attempt ing to clear more than you have a rational prospect of finishing in time for the season of sowing or planting. Two acres well cleared are worth five acres indifferently finished; and if you can set about it by the first or second week in July, you may get two acres nearly ready to receive fall wheat. Should you attempt seven acres, unless you have a strong force and plenty of dollars, it is ten to one but you will fail of being ready in time; and if the spring be as backward as I have seen it, you would be too late for cropping them. Now, if you can get two or two and a half acres sown with fall wheat the first autumn you are in the woods, and get half an acre cleared for potatoes by the 15th or 20th of May, which may be quite practicable, and perhaps another half acre cleared for turnips by the 20th of June, I maintain there is a rational prospect of your eating the produce of your own farm during the second year of your settlement, and have as much as bring you to the next crop; but bear in mind, that during the first year you must buy in your provisions, or work for them. Go on clearing for fall wheat during the summer, and perhaps you may get four or five acres ready by the second autumn; and if you can get the stubble burned off when your first crop of fall wheat grows, by the 20th or 25th of May next year you may get in a crop of barley without ploughing, and timothy-grass seed grown along with it, to give you a crop of hay during the third year. If you can get another acre or so cleared for potatoes, you will have some of them to dispose of after supplying yourself; and where turnips and potatoes grew the previous year, you may get spring wheat or oats sown the next. This may be a rational prospect of the fruits of your industry at the end of your third autumn or second harvest, and thus you may begin to feel yourself in a thriving way. This, however, brings me to speak upon the next matter for the emigrant's consideration-live-stock. If he can possibly afford it, he must endeavour to procure a cow to begin the world with. During the summer months a cow gets her meat in the forest without costing the owner a farthing for keep; and for the other six months straw and turnips will be advantageous; but tops of trees, felled down for the purpose, seem to be the food they are instinctively inclined to prefer. The last of course costs the farmer the trouble of chopping them down; but as he may be engaged doing so for the purpose of clearing, he thus kills two dogs with one bone.' Clearing can scarcely be carried on without the assistance of a yoke of oxen; but unless the emigrant can buy food for them, I would not recommend him to purchase these during the first autumn, but rather hire a man and a yoke to assist him when and where necessary; and he may have some more encouragement to buy a yoke during the following year, with the prospect of having some food growing for them. You will understand that I have been writing about the bush farming, as it is called, and taking it for granted that I am addressing an intending emigrant who is possessed of a moderate supply of money. In fact, supposing he had a considerable amount with him, still he will be nothing the worse for adopting the plan I have laid down. Were it possible to get a small cleared farm to commence upon, it would perhaps be more advantageous to the emigrant. "I now finish my letter by giving my opinion on the subject as a whole. If a man have firmness, patience, and fortitude, combined with perseverence and prudence, he will in the course of a few years be quite comfortable -I might say independent-even supposing he set himself down in the bush at a considerable distance from neighbours; but if he could get the chance of a farm with four or five acres cleared upon it, I would recommend him to fix upon such in preference to one completely wild, unless he is careless of what sort of neighbours he may be likely to have about him." Another letter, dated from Fort Erie, says" Wheat is selling here for 5s. per bushel; oats, 1s. 3d. per bushel; butter, 6d. per lb.; eggs, 6d. per dozen; beef, 24d. to 3d. per lb. Servant's wages, £2 to £2, 10s. per month, with board. Tea, 3s. per lb.; green tea, 4s. 6d. Potatoes are selling at 1s. per bushel; 350 bushels constitute an average crop per acre. "A farmer can settle here in style with £500, and keep as good a table as any of our lairds; but of course must attend to his business and keep at home, as servants here are much less to be depended on than they are in Scotland. I have seen a few persons in the ague, but they seem to think little about it; those on Lake Erie are more liable to it than those on the lower lake." Extract from a letter dated Sandwich, Western District, Upper Canada, which appeared in the Inverness Courier: "In this district, after mature consideration, I have finally settled. Having at a very early period been colonized by the French, and since that time vastly improved by its numerous proprietary, it has all the commercial | advantages of the mother country, with infinitely greater capabilities of supplying the raw materials. The fertility of our soil is even here proverbial, and our produce superior in quality; so much so, that our wheat is uniformly a shilling ahead of any other. Along the sides of the isthmus on which we are planted (for, with the Lake St. Clair on the one hand, and Erie on the other, it almost is such) there is ready and cheap conveyance by steam; while the Thames, a noble and majestic stream that intersects the interior, opens up the inland parts. Not even a tree is felled in the remotest parts of the country but may be conveyed by water to market. That of Detroit, on the American side, is flocked to from all parts of the Union and of the British possessions; and, both from the numbers that attend, and the quality of the articles produced, is among the best in the country. There is abundance of woodcocks, snipes, and deer, in the district. "But what chiefly fixed my determination was the salubrity of the climate, which, compared with that of Lower Canada, and most parts of Upper, is immeasurably superior. 6 country along its banks studded with cultivated farms, and closely shaded behind with the tall trees of nature's growth,' waving their majestic foliage to the breeze of heaven, and seeming to court the hand of man to remove them from the situations in which they have so long flourished untouched; were you to meet the steamboats as they ply their course upwards-their decks crowded with emigrants, driven perhaps from the land of their fathers, and now come to seek a home beyond the western wave,' you would, as I have often done, heave a sigh for the wretchedness in other climes that here might be relieved-for the starving inmates of many a hovel that here might have plenty and to spare.' 6 Extract of a letter from a mill-wright who left Aberdeen for Zorra, Upper Canada, in 1832, to his friends in Scotland: This is a salubrious climate: nothing beyond some trifling ailments has, ever since we came here, been the matter with any of us. This is a mercy for which we ought to feel thankful, for many of the first settlers were deeply afflicted with fever and ague for nine, ten, or twelve months, during which time they were unable to do any thing for themselves. I have purchased a farm of about 100 acres, and have got some little stock upon it: we have got two cows, a yoke of oxen, and a year-old steer, three sheep, and a hog. Our cows have been very useful, the one gives us milk in summer, the other supplies us pretty well in winter: our oxen, with a wagon, we got the other day. With such a stock on a farm of 100 acres, with about thirty acres cleared, we get on very comfortably. In a new settlement as this is, far removed from market, it is no easy matter to raise money; but in this respect there is a pros pect of improvement. Now, as to the important ques tion, shall I advise you to follow us? Were I to consult merely my own feelings and comfort, I should say without hesitation-come, come every one of you--come as soon as possible. Here, with hard labour and industry, after three or four years, you might find yourself in pos session of a piece of land, at least fifty acres, which you could call your own; also a yoke of oxen, and cows, &c. upon it, besides other property. Judge if such can he the case where you are. But it cannot be concealed that there are difficulties to encounter, and privations to be endured, which every one has not resolution to face or patience to bear; these especially occur to those who have little or nothing to commence with. Our winter has as yet been just such as yours-very moderate. For some time we had the frost perhaps rather more intense than you ever have it, but it has had no durability; has been, however, easier than usual, and the former was as much severer. The heat of the last summer was fully greater and of longer continuance than usual; and I may say that I have felt neither the heat of summer nor the cold of winter at all insufferable; nay, though both have been stronger than in Scotland, I have felt both more disagreeable there, however it may be accounted for. We have had several slight storms, but none of them has lasted above a week or two. Our cattle here live in summer by ranging the woods; in winter, if scarce of fodder, we can bring them through by chopping down the maple, on the tops of which they seem to fare sumptuously. Making sugar from the maple-tree is here a principal source of gain to the settler. The sugar season begins generally about the middle of March, and lasts about a month. Some will make from ten to twelve cwt. in a season, which can be sold for about £2 per cwt.a good deal of which, however, must generally be taken in goods. Two months hence, we expect to be able to tell you more about it, as we intend to make the most we can of it. It would be desirable if you could send or bring some seeds-an English pint of good potatc oats, barley, a few seeds of the best kinds of potato, some yellow turnip-seeds, early carrots, onions, caraway seed, some greens and cabbage seeds, and a few roots of it strawberries. We have wild gooseberries in the woods, but no garden gooseberries. Some of them you could bring if you come yourself, the others could be packed in a small box." annum. I have bought a pair of oxen, which cost me I will sow the rest with spring crop, say oats and peas. I fear nothing in this country save the heat in summer; but I have been told, if I stand out this summer, I need not be afraid, as the oldest man in the place does not recollect such a warm season. We are at the same distance from church as we were at Cairnhill, and have two schools within two hundred yards of the door. A blacksmith and wright, a saw-mill and brick-work, are all about the same distance. A person here can have every thing as in the old country, if he has money. Wheat is very cheap. The best does not bring more than 3s. 6d. per bushel; but it is expected to rise very soon. The crop of it was excellent this year, as was also the Indian corn. If any of my old neighbours think of coming here, they need not fear of getting a farm, as there are always plenty to sell." Extract of a letter from a gardener who left Aberdeenshire in 1834, to a friend there :-"I got into a very good situation as soon as I arrived in Montreal. I am engaged for one year. My wages are not so high as I expect they will be when I become better acquainted with the climate of the country. Just now I have £40 per annum, and bed, board, and washing. I have three acres of a garden, along with ten acres of apple orchard, to take charge of, and am assisted by two labourers who are constantly with me. The garden is surrounded by high brick walls, covered with peach and nectarine trees. The peaches here grow to a great size, and ripen excel-shall have ready to sow down in the course of ten days. lently in the open air. The grapes bear well on trellises in the garden. I had a fine crop of these, superior to any I ever saw in the houses at home; and the melons are also surpassingly fine. I cut 300 of very fine melons from a small piece of ground not more than 20 feet by 12. Some of them weighed 15 lbs., and most of them from 6 to 7 lbs. They require no attention here whatever. Just sow the seed in the open garden, and keep them clear of weeds, and this is all you have to do. We do not think it worth while to give cucumbers garden-room; we sow them about the ditch-sides in the fields, and they produce most abundantly. Gourds come to a great size, some of them weighing 50 lbs. You will not be surprised that we can grow all these things in the open air, when I inform you what degree of heat we have for three months here during the summer. The thermometer stood for three months at 99 degrees all day in the shade, and 86 all night. I thought I would be roasted alive, being obliged to take my bed out of the house, and lie Very little remains now to be said regarding these in an open shed, with nothing on but a single sheet; colonies. In our opinion, the question of emigration is and after all I perspired very freely. The weather is one of a very simple nature, and may easily be solved cooler now, and they tell me that winter will soon be by every thinking person. We have proved beyond the on, and continue for six months, during which all out-possibility of doubt, that British America is a country door work will be suspended. Wheaten bread is very cheap: you can buy a loaf that will weigh 6 lbs. for 8d. Vegetables sell very high in the market: a good cauliflower will bring 8d.; a cabbage 4d. Potatoes, 2s. 6d. per bushel. Barley, 3s. 6d. per bushel. Beef sells at 4d. per lb. Pork, 6d. per lb. Mutton, 34d. per lb. Eggs, 5d. per dozen. We can grow no rye-grass here. Our hay is all made of timothy-grass. We cut it in the morning, and it is ready to be put into the barn in the afternoon. "I would advise no person to come here but such as are able and willing to work; for I can assure you this is no place for idlers. Labouring men's wages in this town are 2s. 6d. currency per day; joiners, 5s. per day; masons, the same; tailors, 7s. 6d. per day; blacksmiths, 4s. 6d. per day. Clothes are remarkably high here. Thirty shillings is charged for making and mounting a dress coat; six shillings for making a pair of trousers. Shoes much about the same price as in Scotland, but not so good." Extract of a letter from a farmer who left the parish of St. Fergus in the summer of 1834, and settled in the township of Whitby, Upper Canada:-"With the advice of Mr. D- and Mr. S, I bought my present farm, which I shall now give you some account of. I have ninety acres of good land, seventy of which are cleared; and on thirty acres of this there never was any crop, and but few stumps to clear off-perhaps not above thirty on each acre. About twenty acres are altogether free of them, and I think I will have the whole cleared this season. I have a good orchard, containing about 140 trees, one-half of which are in full bearing, and the other half planted last year. The barn is good, but the dwelling-house rather indifferent. There are three loghouses on the place, two of which let at £6 each per VOL. II.-87 CONCLUSION. placed in infinitely better circumstances at the present moment than any part of Great Britain and Ireland. We have shown that, in most places, the climate is delightful, and the lands fertile. It is not denied that in many portions of the colonies agues and other local diseases prevail; but it admits of demonstration, that on the whole they are as healthy as these islands. If the inhabitants of the low uncleared lands in North America be liable to agues and fevers, those of this country are, on the other hand, continually liable to colds and consumptions to a degree fully as dangerous; indeed the colds of the island of Great Britain seem to rank as the most destructive of the diseases which affect mankind. Besides, every year the continent of America, as it becomes cleared, is becoming more salubrious, and it certainly possesses extensive tracts of land already fully as healthy and pleasant as any part of England. If it be established that British America is that fertile and promising territory which it is represented to be, the whole of the question of emigration resolves itself into this: are men who are in difficulties in this country willing to undergo the trouble of removing thither, and of exerting themselves for a few years after they arrive? As for the notion which obtains as to the pain of parting with early friends and the place of our birth, that we take to be entirely fallacious. It is the duty of every man to go where his mental and physical properties can be most advantageously exercised. It is a fundamental law of human nature, that mankind nust disperse themselves over the whole earth, to seek out the best means of subsistence and the most agreeable spot for their residence. Had intending emigrants to proceed to a land of barbarians, where neither human nor divine laws were understood or acted upon, and where they had to settle on sterile deserts or burning 3M 2 wildernesses, we might excuse their hesitation to depart | ized by the amount of the produce. In these colonies, moreover, there are no taxes; at least they are so very trifling, that they are not worthy of being classed as taxes. There are also no poor-rates, and no tithes, both of which imposts are severely felt in England. The emigrant will likewise have nothing to annoy him in a political sense; for in Canada he continues to be a British subject, and can claim all the prerogatives of such a distinction. from their native country; but the case is quite different. To emigrate to Canada, or any other British colony, is simply to remove, as it were, to another part of Great Britain. Distance is nothing; for the removal of a family from the north of Scotland to the south of England would be attended with nearly the same trouble and expense; and in each case the family would find itself surrounded with neighbours equally strange. But to emigrate to Upper Canada with the means of purchasing a tract of land, holds out a much better prospect than to remove from one part of Great Britain to another. In this country it now requires a very great mental and physical effort to obtain a comfortable subsistence. Nearly the whole of the lands and manufactures in the United Kingdom are passing into the hands of capitalists. The rich are becoming very rich, and the poor are sinking deeper and deeper into poverty and wretchedness. The small farmers and tradesmen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, are now placed in that peculiar condition, when emigration to a country less occupied and overdone than their own, is almost imperative; for, looking around on all sides, they see little chance of rising into better circumstances, or of rearing their families in that comfortable and reputable manner which their feel-perienced; and that a great deal will in all likelihood be ings dictate. To such, therefore, British America offers a fair field for removal and settlement. In these countries lands can be had in full possession at an expense of from fifteen to twenty times less than what is paid here by way of annual rent; and it is seen that in a space of from three to five years, the whole cost may be real In short, it appears to us that, excepting the draw. backs attending the first difficulties, there is no substantial obstacle to a very considerable improvement of circumstances. But we entreat all who have any confidence in our advice, not to imagine that these difficulties will be trifling. They will be, on the contrary, of a very serious nature. Let all remember, that they will see a country consisting of extensive dreary forests, interspersed with settlements on the rudest scale; that the roads are generally in a very bad condition; that the cold of winter far exceeds what is generally experienced in Britain; that many of the conveniences of civilized life can with great difficulty be obtained; and, above all, that every one must work hard with his own hands. We tell all, most distinctly, that these things will be seen and ex suffered for some years. Having, however, by patience and enterprise, got over the early difficulties, the settler will unquestionably possess a competence, along with the blessing of mental tranquillity, and be relieved of all fears respecting the rearing of his family in a state of decent independence. EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES. THE United States now occupy the largest portion of the North American continent, and offer a boundless field for the settlement of emigrants. Originally confined to the territory along the shore of the Atlantic, this great republic has extended its influence and power over nearly the whole of the regions spreading westward to the Pacific This vast territory, surpassing in internal resources, and nearly in dimensions, any of the empires of the Old World, extends from the 25th to the 49th degree of north latitude, and from the 67th to the 124th degree of west longitude. It measures in extreme length, from the Pa cific Ocean to the Atlantic, 2780 miles, and its greatest breadth is estimated at 1300 miles. The United States consist of three great natural divi sions the slope from the range of the Alleghany moun tains to the Atlantic, comprehending the oldest settle ments; the valley of the Mississippi, now in the course of settlement; and the slope from the Rocky or Chippewa Mountains towards the Pacific, which is still in a wilder ness condition, and inhabited by Indians. The greatest wonder of this immense country is the valley of the Mis sissippi, which is considered the largest division of the globe of which the waters pass into one estuary. The Atlantic slope contains 390,000 square miles, the Pacific slope about 300,000; but this great central valley con tains at least 1,300,000 square miles, or four times as much land as the whole of England. The valley of the Mississippi, into which the flood of emigration to the states is chiefly directed, is divided into two portions, the upper and lower valley, distinguished by particular fes tures, and separated by an imaginary intersecting line at the place where the Ohio pours its waters into the Mis sissippi. This large river has many tributaries of firstrate proportions besides the Ohio. The chief is the Missouri, which, indeed, is the main stream, for it is not only longer and larger, but drains a great extent of cour try. Its length is computed at 1870 miles, and upon particular course 3000 miles. In its appearance it i turbid, violent, and rapid, while the Mississippi, above it |