. 1. The Caucasian variety includes all Europeans, with the exception of the Laplanders, and the inhabitants of the western and northern parts of Asia. They have the face oval; facial angle eighty-five degrees; forehead high, and expanding cheeks, colored red hair long, brown, but varying from white to black.

2. The Mongolian variety inhabits eastern Asia, Finland, and Lapland, in Europe; and includes the Esquimaux of North America. They have a broad and flat olive colored face, with lateral projections of the cheek bones; facial angle seventy-five degrees; oblique and narrow eyes; hair hard, straight, black; beard thin.

3. The Ethiopian variety, inhabiting the middle parts of Africa, are black in a greater or less degree, with black woolly hair, jaws projecting forward, thick lips, and flat nose; facial angle seventy degrees.

4. The American variety, comprising all the aboriginal Americans, except the Esquimaux, are mostly tan or reddish copper-colored, with prominent cheek bones, short forehead, flattish nose, straight, coarse hair, and thin beard.

5. The Malayan variety includes the inhabitants of the islands in the Indian Ocean, and Polynesia. They are of a brown color, from a clear mahogany, to the darkest clove or chesnut brown, with thick, black, bushy hair, a broad nose, and wide mouth.

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In considering the peculiarities which distinguish man from the brute creation, his capability of inhabiting every climate, and sustaining every degree of heat and cold, deserves to be noticed. While the geographical range of most animals is extremely limited, the physical and intellectual powers of man enable him to create a climate of his own in every degree of latitude and while the Indian of Canada may sleep upon the snow with impunity with the thermometer at forty degrees below zero, the natives of of a vertical sun, with the thermometer above one hundred degrees. And as the physical powers and intellectual resources of man enable him to occupy the whole surface of the globe, his capacity of living on every species of food renders him, in the widest sense of the word, omnivorous. The continued use of animal food is as natural and wholesome to the inhabitants of the Arctic regions, where it is impossible to raise vegetables, as a mixed diet is to the Englishman; and vegetable food within the tropics is necessary from the exuberance of this part of the creation, and the comparative scarcity of those gregarious animals on which man subsists in other latitudes.

There are many causes which contribute to the producing of an apparent variety, between the different nations of the globe. Climate, food, manners, and customs, produce not only a difference in sentiment, but even in the external form of a different people.

In examining the surface of the earth, and beginning our inquiries from the north, we find in Lapland, and in the northern parts of Tartary, a race

of small-sized men, whose figure is uncouth, and whose physiognomy is as wild as their manners are unpolished. Though they seem to be of a degenerate species, they yet are numerous, and the countries they occupy are extensive.

The LAPLANDERS, the Danes, the Swedes, the Muscovites, the inhabitants of Nova Zembla, the Samoyedes, the Ostiacs of the old continent, the Greenlanders, and the savages to the north of the Esquimaux Indians of the new continent, appear to be of one common race, which has been extended and multiplied along the coasts of the northern seas, and over deserts considered as uninhabitable by every other nation. In these countries, the visage is large and broad, the nose is flat and short, the eyes are of a yellowish brown inclining to black, the eyelids are drawn towards the temples, the cheek bones are extremely prominent, the mouth is very large, the lower part of the countenance is very narrow, the lips are thick and turned outward, the voice is shrill, the head is bulky, the hair is black and straight, and the skin is tawny. The Laplanders are small in stature, and, though meagre, they are yet of a squat form. In general, their size is about four feet, nor do the tallest exceed four feet and a half; and among these people, if there is any difference to be found, it depends on the greater or less degree of deformity.

In winter the Laplanders clothe themselves with the skin of the rein-deer, and in summer with the skins of birds. To the use of linen they are utter strangers. The women of Nova Zembla have their nose and their ears pierced, in order to have them ornamented with pendants of blue stone; and, as an additional lustre to their charms, they also form blue streaks upon their forehead and chin. Those of Greenland dress themselves with the skin of the dog-fish: they also paint the visage with blue and yellow colors, and wear pendants in the ears. They all live under ground, or in huts almost entirely covered with earth, and with the bark of certain trees, or the skins of certain fishes; and some form subterranean trenches, by which one hut communicates with another, and by which, during the winter months, they enjoy the conversation and society of their neighbors. A continued darkness for several months, obliges them to illuminate their dreary abode with lamps, which they keep alive with that very train oil they use as drink. Under all these hardships they are subject to few diseases, and live to a prodigious age. So vigorous indeed are the old men, that they are hardly to be distinguished from the young. The only infirmity they experience, and it is an infirmity common to them all, is that of blindness. Dazzled as they perpetually are, by the strong reflection of the snow in winter, and enveloped in clouds of smoke in autumn and spring, rarely, when advanced in years, are they still found to retain the use of their eyes. The TARTAR Country, taken in general, comprehends the greatest part of Asia, and in fact extends from Russia to Kamtschatka. All the Tartar nations have the upper part of the visage very large and wrinkled, even

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while yet in their youth. Their nose is short and flat, their eyes are little, and sunk in the head; their cheek bones are high; the lower part of their visage is narrow; their chin is long and prominent; their teeth are long and straggling; their eyebrows are so large as to cover the eyes; their eyelids are thick; their face is broad and flat; their complexion is tawny; and their hair is black. They have but little beard, have thick thighs, and short legs, and, though but of middling stature, they yet are remarkably strong and robust. The ugliest of them are the Calmucks, in whose appearance there seems to be something frightful. They are all wanderers; and their only shelter is that of a tent made of hair or skins. Their food is horseflesh and camel-flesh, either raw, or a little sodden between the horse and the saddle. They eat also fish dried in the sun. Their most common drink is mare's milk, fermented with millet ground into meal. They all have the head shaved, except a tuft of hair on the top, which they let grow sufficiently long to form into tresses on each side of the face. The women, who are as deformed as the men, wear their hair, which they bind up with bits of copper, and other ornaments of the same nature.

Some travellers tell us, that the limbs of the CHINESE are well proportioned, that their body is large and fat, their visage large and round, their eyes small, their eyebrows large, their eyelids turned upwards, their nose short and flat; that, as for their beard, which is black, upon the chin there is very little, and upon each lip there are not more than seven or eight prickles: that those who inhabit the southern provinces of the empire are more brown and tawny than the others; that, in color, they resemble the natives of Mauritania, and the more swarthy Spaniards; but that those who inhabit the middle provinces are as fair as the Germans.

Le Gentel assures us, that the Chinese women do every thing in their power to make their eyes appear little, and oblong; that, for this purpose, it is a constant practice with the little girls, from the instruction of the mother, forcibly to extend their eyelids; and that, with the addition of a nose thoroughly compressed and flattened, of ears long, large, open, and pendant, they are accounted complete beauties. He adds, that their complexion is delicate, their lips are of a fine vermilion, their mouth is well proportioned, their hair is very black; but that, by the use of paint, they so greatly injure their skin, that before the age of thirty they have all the appearance of old age.

So strongly do the JAPANESE resemble the Chinese, that we can hardly scruple to rank them in the same class. They only differ from them in being more yellow, or more brown. In general, their stature is contracted, their face as well as their nose is broad and flat, their hair is black, and their beard is little more than perceptible. They are haughty, fond of war, full of dexterity and vigor, civil and obliging, smooth-tongued, and courteous, but fickle and vain. With astonishing patience, and even almost regardless of them, they sustain hunger, thirst, cold, heat, fatigue, and all

other hardships of life. Their ceremonies, or rather their grimaces, in eating, are numerous and uncouth. They are laborious, are very skilful artificers, and, in a word, have nearly the same disposition, the same manners, and the same customs as the Chinese.

One custom which they have in common, and which is not a little fantastic, is, so to contract the feet of the women, that they are hardly able to support themselves. Some travellers mention, that in China, when a girl has passed her third year, they break the foot in such a manner, that the toes are made to come under the sole; that they apply to it a strong water, which burns away the flesh; and, that they wrap it up in a number of bandages, till it has assumed a certain fold. They add, that the women feel the pain of this operation all their lives; that they walk with great difficulty; and that their gait is to the last degree ungraceful. Other travellers do not say that they break the foot in their infancy, but that they only compress it with so much violence as to prevent its growth; but they unanimously allow, that every woman of condition, and even every handsome woman, must have a foot small enough to enter, with ease, the slipper of a child of six years old.

The MOGULS, (Hindoos,) and the other inhabitants of the peninsula of India, are not unlike the Europeans, in shape and in features; but they differ more or less from them in color. The Moguls are of an olive complexion; and yet, in the Indian language, the word Mogul signifies White. The women are extremely delicate, and they bathe themselves very often: they are of an olive color, as well as the men; and, contrary to what is seen among the women of Europe, their legs and thighs are long, and their body is short.

The inhabitants of PERSIA, of Turkey, of Arabia, of Egypt, and of the whole of Barbary, may be considered as one and the same people, who, in the time of Mahomet, and of his successors, invaded immense territories, extended their dominions, and became exceedingly intermixed with the original natives of all those countries. The Persians, the Turks, and the Moors, are to a certain degree civilized; but the ARABIANS have, for the most part, remained in a state of independence, which implies a contempt of laws.

The EGYPTIAN Women are very brown; their eyes are lively; their stature is rather low; their mode of dress is by no means agreeable; and their conversation is extremely tiresome. But though the women of Egypt are commonly rather short, yet the men are of a good height. Both, generally speaking, are of an olive color; and the more we remove from Cairo, the more we find the people tawny, till we come to the confines of Nubia, where they are as black as the Nubians themselves.

"The women of CIRCASSIA," says Struys, "are exceedingly fair and beautiful. Their complexion is incomparably fine; their forehead is large and smooth; and, without the aid of art, their eyebrows are so delicate, that

they appear as threads of silk. Their eyes are large, soft, and yet full of animation; their mouth is small and expressive of a smile, and their chin, what it ought to be, in order to form a perfect oval. Their neck and breasts are admirably formed; their stature is tall, and the shape of their body easy; their skin is white as snow, and their hair of the most beautiful black."

The TURKS, who purchase a vast number of those women as slaves, are a people composed of many different nations. From the intermixture, during the crusades, of the Armenians, the Georgians, and the Turcomans, with the Arabians, the Egyptians, and even the Europeans, it is hardly possible to distinguish the native inhabitants of Asia Minor, of Syria, and of the rest of Turkey. All we can observe is, that the Turkish men are generally robust, and tolerably well made; that it is even rare to find among them persons either hump-backed or lame; that the women are also beautiful, well proportioned, and free from blemishes; that they are very fair, because they seldom stir from home; and that, when they do go abroad, they are always veiled.

Before the Czar Peter I., we are told, the MuscoVITES had not merged from barbarism. Born in slavery, they were ignorant, brutal, cruel, without courage, and without manners. Men and women bathed promiscuously in bagnios, heated to a degree intolerable to all persons but themselves; and on quitting this warm bath, they plunged, like the Laplanders, into cold water. They are now a people in some degree civilized, and commercial, fond of spectacles, and of other ingenious novelties.

From the regions of Europe and Asia, our attention is now to be directed to a race of people differing more from ourselves in external appearances, than any that has been hitherto mentioned.

In the seventeenth or eighteenth degree of north latitude, on the African coast, we find the NEGROES of Senegal and of Nubia, some in the neighborhood of the ocean, and others of the Red Sea; and after them, all the other nations of Africa, from the latitude of eighteen north, to that of eighteen south, are black, the Ethiopians, or Abyssinians excepted. It appears, then, that the portion of the globe which nature has allotted to this race of men, contains an extent of ground, parallel to the equator, of about nine hundred leagues in breadth, and considerably more in length, especially northward of the equator. Beyond the latitude of eighteen or twenty, there are no longer any negroes, as will appear when we come to speak of the Caffres and of the Hottentots.

By confounding them with their neighbors the Nubians, we have been long in an error, with respect to the color and the features of the ETHIOPIANS. Marmol says, that the Ethiopians, (Abyssinians,) are absolutely black, that their visage is large, and their nose flat; and in this description the Dutch travellers agree with him. The truth, however, is, that they differ from the Nubians, both in color and in features. The skin of the Ethiopians is brown, or olive-colored, like that of the southern Arabians, from whom, it