of pay, no advancement as far as a young individual coming out of school and college and going into the textile industry.

Senator PASTORE. Even if you had such a young man, there is no place for him to go, is there?

Mr. CUCCIO. That is right.

Mr. STETIN. I might add on this one point, here is one area we are in agreement with the employers. A number of the textile manufacturers have been saying that something must be done to increase the salaries of some of the men coming out of the schools in order to attract young men into supervisory and executive and engineering jobs. We agree with that but we also agree that if it is good for them, then it ought to be good for all the workers because there is no reason why there should be such a wide disparity of an average of about 60 cents an hour between our wages and the wages of the American workers generally.

Now, this was not always so. The spread was not as great as it is today when we had a much greater industry than we enjoy today. I think this is part of the problem that the Federal Textile Development Agency is going to deal with. Why should there have been such a disparity developed in the last 7 years. As the figures have pointed out, the average for the textile worker was $1.19, while the average for the American worker generally was $1.41 or a spread of approximately 22 cents. This was back in 1951. Now, why should the spread today be 60 cents an hour?

Gentlemen, I say one of the reasons is because the employers in the textile industry are so busy fighting organized labor in bringing about the kind of a condition that exists today in the more highly organized sections of American industry, because with organization comes a better atmosphere, a better relationship, yes, you bring about a better degree of cooperation and efficiency. I say we ought to investigate why there has been such a disparity in the wages of textile workers as compared to the wages of other workers in American industry and I do hope this committee will study that problem and come up with some kind of an answer as to what is missing, what is wrong.

Mr. CUCCIO. One more thought, Mr. Chairman, if I may. No matter how much the union in the area has cooperated, and at times we look very bad, we look like the worse type of sellout artist in the company, you agree with the company, you go to the workers and tell them about it while all around us Ford workers, steelworkers, automobile employees, Wright Aeronauticals, maker of parts for planes and motors, are procuring increases, one after the other, while our union has been saying to the textile worker in our union, we have to maintain the status quo. It raises a question-when labor and management cannot solve its problems, then I believe that Government must do something about the textile worker.

Senator PASTORE. All right, gentlemen, how many more witnesses do you have?

Mr. STETIN. We have just a few workers.

Senator PASTORE. All right, if you have brought these people here, they ought to testify.

Mr. STETIN. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF MRS. FRANCES JANICKE

Mrs. JANICKE. My name is Frances Janicke. I live at 164-8th Street, Passaic, and I worked at Forstmann Woolen for 18 years. I got a job in 1940 and I got laid off in 1957, December 4, and it is very hard for me to get a job because I am 61. That is all there is to it. Senator PASTORE. And how long have you worked in the Forstmann mill?

Mrs. JANICKE. Eighteen years, and I am unable to get work.
Senator PASTORE. You have been looking for work?

Mrs. JANICKE. Oh, yes.

Senator PASTORE. And you cannot find any?

Mrs. JANICKE. I made a lot of applications but on account of my age

Mr. STETIN. Did you get any pension?

Mrs. JANICKE. No, I applied some time this week. I will be 62 in December.

Senator PASTORE. You mean for social security?

Mrs. JANICKE. Old age pension.

Senator THURMOND. You mean pension from the company?
Mrs. JANICKE. No, I don't get any pension from the company.
Senator PASTORE. You have been working there since 1940?
Mrs. JANICKE. That is right.

STATEMENT OF VERA MALENDA

Mrs. MALENDA. My name is Vera Malenda from New Jersey. I started with Botany in 1933 and when they closed up, I have been out of work now going on 311⁄2 years. I haven't been able to get a job because the only thing I am qualified for is textile work.

I have tried applying for a job anywhere they would teach me and they said I wasn't qualified. I am only 45 and I can't get a job. Senator PASTORE. You are 45 and can't get a job?

Mrs. MALENDA. They said if you are 35, they won't teach you a new trade. So, I'm out of luck.

Senator PASTORE. You are not married?

Mrs. MALENDA. Yes, I'm married. I have two children. I would like to give them an education as well as I possibly could but I can't do it on my husband's pay.

Senator PASTORE. You mean you and your husband work together to support the family?

Mrs. MALENDA. Yes, sir.

Senator PASTORE. Is your husband working now?

Mrs. MALENDA. He is working. He is working in a paper mill. He doesn't make much but I have been taking jobs babysitting, anything I can get hold of because as far as getting a job in a different mill, I am not able to.

Senator PASTORE. You need to work to keep your family together? Mrs. MALENDA. Yes, I would like to give them an education.

Senator PASTORE. How old are your children?

Mrs. MALENDA. One is 15 and one 17, both in high school.
Senator PASTORE. Both in high school?

Mrs. MALENDA. Yes, sir.

Senator THURMOND. At what mill did you work?

Mrs. MALENDA. Botany Mills.

Senator THURMOND. And what happened to your job?
Mrs. MALENDA. Well, they closed up.

Senator THURMOND. The entire mill closed down?

Mrs. MALENDA. Yes, sir, and that is the only work I qualify for. Senator THURMOND. And you have not been able to find any textile position anywhere?

Mrs. MALENDA. No, sir.

Senator THURMOND. And you made diligent efforts?

Mrs. MALENDA. I have tried different plants, different mills, that they would teach me the trade. They said I'm too old to start. Once you are past 35, they won't take you. They said there is too much of a risk to teach an older person. For a job they want youngsters.

Senator THURMOND. And too, I guess textile jobs, instead of being increased are being decreased now, too, on account of imports. Senator PASTORE. Thank you very, very much.

Mr. STETIN. Thank you very much.

Senator PASTORE. If this day isn't long enough, we will have to come back some other day. This is good testimony and we do not want to shut anyone off, but will someone who is speaking here for the group of witnesses, please rise to tell me how many more witnesses you have.

(Discussion off the record.)

Senator PASTORE. Now we have Mr. Wesley W. Cook.

Mr. DAVIS. I am going to speak for Mr. Cook.

Senator PASTORE. Are you going to read this statement, sir?

Mr. DAVIS. Senators, I am not going to read it all. I am going to try and hit some of the highlights but I would like for all of it to be entered into the record.

Senator PASTORE. That will be done right now.

Mr. DAVIS. We would also like to supply additional information at a later date which will bring up-to-date some of the things that we have started on this survey, which has not to date been completed, but we hope to have the information to you and documented prior to your final hearing.

Senator PASTORE. All right.

(The material relative to this subject subsequently submitted by the TWUA may be found in the appendix of vol. V of these hearings.) Senator PASTORE. All right, sir; with that understanding, the record will be kept open for you to supply any supplemental data that you desire. You may proceed in any way you like. I am not trying to tell you not to read the statement, but I am merely saying that, if you can be more selective, the statement is going into the record anyway, we would appreciate it.

STATEMENT OF WILLIAM S. DAVIS, INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE, TEXTILE WORKERS OF AMERICA, ACCOMPANIED BY MATHEW K. AMBERG

Mr. DAVIS. My name is William S. Davis, international representative, Textile Workers of America. My home address is 18 North Main Street, Hagerstown, Md. I am appearing here as a substitute for Wesley W. Cook, vice president and director of the synthetics

division of the Textile Workers Union of America. His home address is 58 F Crescent Road, Greenbelt, Md. His office address is 1025 Vermont Avenue, Washington, D. C.

Now, this material, Senators, has been prepared not only because our union has been very concerned about the members of our union who have worked for as many years as our employees here concerned have and then find in their late years of life they are without a job, but also, Senators, we felt that you, too, would be concerned, and we felt you would want the facts to take to other Senators not here on the subcommittee.

This material had been prepared and documented for us by Mathew K. Amberg, who is at my left, and his address is 10 D Southway, Greenbelt, Md.

Senator PASTORE. I am just skimming through it, and I will tell you very frankly, just from a cursory examination, it seems to be a very brilliant piece of work.

Mr. AMBERG. Thank you.

Mr. DAVIS. I want to read part of the first page as background and then I will skip through and tell you what pages I am going to be reading as I go through.

Senator PASTORE. All right, sir.

Mr. DAVIS. This concerns the situation of closing the Roanoke plant, which is a plant owned by the American Viscose Corp.

The city of Roanoke, with a population of 91,921 in 1950 and an estimated 105,000 in 1957, is the third largest city in Virginia and Virginia's largest inland city.

Roanoke County, whose chief population centers are Roanoke, Salem, and Vinton, had 133,407 people, according to the 1950 census, and an estimated 149,400 in 1957.

The Roanoke standard metropolitan area consists of the entire county, including the city.

Roanoke is located in the Roanoke Valley, between the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies, at the southern end of the Shenandoah Valley. It lies almost exactly midway between New York City and Atlanta.

One of the Nation's fastest growing cities, in 1957, Roanoke celebrated its 75th birthday and its development from the small community then known as Big Lick which in 1882 was given its first push toward importance by the linking there of the Norfolk & Western Railway and the Shenandoah Valley Railroad.

In 1880 there were 669 people living there; in 1890, 16,159. By 1910, Roanoke City had grown to 34,874; its chief industries were the N. & W. Railway offices and shops and the American Bridge & Iron Co. (now the American Bridge division of United States Steel).

The American Viscose Corp. located in Roanoke in 1914; its first Roanoke unit was in operation in 1917 and the second unit in 1919. By 1920, the Roanoke City population had jumped to 50,842 from the 34,000-odd of 10 yearse previous. From then on, until recently, the city and the American Viscose plant grew and lived together.

Many other businesses located in Roanoke, and the N. & W. Railway is a bigger employer in Roanoke than is or was the Viscose plantbut so important has the Viscose plant been that when in 1954 it was announced that General Electric planned to build a plant in Roanoke, a local newspaper exultingly hailed this as the biggest thing to happen to the city since Viscose located there.

Roanoke City is the business, financial, and medical center-not only of Roanoke County but of western Virginia, embracing some 16 Virginia counties in the primary Roanoke newspaper market area and 9 Virginia counties in its secondary market area, and reaching into parts of 3 North Carolina and 4 West Virginia counties adjacent. The leading local newspaper corporation estimates that some 55 percent of Roanoke City department store, apparel, and furniture store sales are made to people who live outside of Roanoke County. Thus, Roanoke merchants dealing in these goods are comparatively insulated from adverse effects of even the most drastic employment cuts in any 1 or 2 or 3 of even the biggest employers in Roanoke. This is all the more true because of the city's diversified employment.

Less than one-third of the work force is in manufacturing.

In September 1958 there were 13,400 employees in manufacturing; 12,500 in trade; 10,950 in service industries; 9,525 in transportation, communications, and public utilities; 3,450 in construction; 2,500 in government; 2,375 in finance, insurance, and real estate; and 200 in other work. Total employees, 54,900.

In 1956 there were an estimated 155 manufacturing establishments employing 15,100 people in Roanoke, according to the 1958 Roanoke City directory. This 15,100 manufacturing employment figure corresponds with that given for November 1956 by the Virginia State Employment Service and represents a high point in that year which started with a low of 13,800.

During November 1956, along with the 15,100 manufacturing employees, there also were 39,350 nonmanufacturing according to the VSES. Of these 39,350 nonmanufacturing workers, 11,700 were in trade; 11,370 were in the VSES category called transportation, communications, and public utilities; and 3,370 in service industries, to name the three largest categories.

The second largest single category in the manufacturing group for November 1956 was what VSES calls chemicals, with 2,290. Food and kindred was highest with 2,370. Usually chemicals ranked first in manufacturing in Roanoke. Now, what VSES calls chemicals consists in Roanoke mainly of-American Viscose. Subtract from the chemicals category the American Viscose workers and those of Stauffer Chemical Co., which supplied Viscose with carbon bisulfide and which depended for its existence on Viscose, and the chemical category consists of perhaps 200 or less.

Similarly, when one looks into the nonmanufacturing category called transportation, communications, and public utilities, one actually is looking at the Norfolk & Western Ry.-with perhaps 7,000 employees in the Roanoke metropolitan area in 1957-and at the electric power, gas, and telephone companies, for the most part. Since the N. & W. shops are in Roanoke, as well as the general offices, and since not only maintenance and repair but also the building of cars and steam locomotives was done there, part of the 11,370 total in this category actually were engaged in manufacturing though not so counted.

While employment at the Roanoke Viscose plant has been sliding off during the past several years, Roanoke's employment picture as a whole has not reflected this but rather has trended upward as company after company located there. In May 1950, there were