melt, sublime, or ignite at temperatures below 1,475° F.

(1) Free drop. A free drop through a distance of 30 feet on to a flat essentially unyielding horizontal surface, striking the surface in such a position as to suffer maximum damage.

(2) Percussion. Impact of the flat circular end of a 1-inch-diameter steel rod weighing 3 pounds, dropped through a distance of 40 inches. The capsule or material shall be placed on a sheet of lead, of hardness number 3.5 to 4.5 on the Vickers scale, and not more than 1 inch thick, supported by a smooth, essentially unyielding surface.

(3) Heating. Heating in air to a temperature of 1,475° F. and remaining at that temperature for a period of 10 minutes.

(4) Immersion. Immersion for 24 hours in water at room temperature. The water shall be at pH6-pH8, with a maximum conductivity of 10 micromhos/cm.

(b) Standards for Type A packaging: (1) Type A packaging must be so designed and constructed that, if it were subject to the environmental and test conditions prescribed in this paragraph:

(i) There would be no release of radioactive material from the package;

(ii) The effectiveness of the packaging would not be substantially reduced; and

(iii) There would be no mixture of gases or vapors in the package which could, through any credible increase of pressure or an explosion, significantly reduce the effectiveness of the package.

(2) Environmental conditions: (i) Heat. Direct sunlight at an ambient temperature of 130° F., in still air. (ii) Cold. An ambient temperature of -40° F. in still air and shade.

(iii) Reduced pressure. Ambient atmospheric pressure of 0.5 atmosphere (absolute) (7.3 p.s.i.a.).

(iv) Vibration. Vibration normally incident to transportation.

(3) Test conditions: The packaging shall be subject to all of the following

tests unless specifically exempted therefrom, and also to the consecutive application of at least two of the following tests from which it is not specifically exempted:

(i) Water spray. A water spray heavy enough to keep the entire exposed surface of the package except the bottom continuously wet during a period of 30 minutes. Packages for which the outer layer consists entirely of metal, wood, ceramic, or plastic or combinations thereof, are exempt from the water spray test.

(ii) Free drop. Between 12 to 22 hours after the conclusion of the water spray test, a free drop through a distance of 4 feet onto a flat essentially unyielding horizontal surface, striking the surface in a position for which maximum damage is expected.

(iii) Corner drop. A free drop onto each corner of the package in succession, or in the case of a cylindrical package onto each quarter of each rim, from a height of 1 foot onto a flat essentially unyielding horizontal surface. This test applies only to packages which are constructed primarily of wood or fibreboard, and do not exceed 110 pounds gross weight, and to all Fissile Class II packagings.

(iv) Penetration. Impact of the hemispherical end of a vertical steel cylinder 11⁄2 inches in diameter and weighing 13 pounds, dropped from a height of 40 inches onto the exposed surface of the package which is expected to be most vulnerable to puncture. The long axis of the cylinder shall be perpendicular to the package surface.

(v) Compression. For packages not more than 10,000 pounds in weight, a compressive load equal to either five times the weight of the package or 2 pounds per square inch multiplied by the maximum horizontal cross section of the package, whichever is greater. The load shall be applied during a period of 24 hours, uniformly against the top and bottom of the package in the position in which the package would normally be transported.

(c) Standards for hypothetical accident conditions of transportation for Type B packagings:

(1) Type B packaging must meet the applicable Type A packaging standards and must be designed and constructed and its contents so limited that, if subjected to the hypothetical accident conditions prescribed in this paragraph, it will meet the following conditions:

(i) The reduction of shielding would not be enough to increase the radiation dose rate at 3 feet from the external surface of the package to more than 1,000 millirem per hour.

(ii) No radioactive material would be released from packages containing Type B quantities of radioactive material. The allowable release of radioactivity from packages containing large quantities of radioactive material is limited to gases and contaminated coolant containing total radioactivity exceeding neither 0.1 percent of the total radioactivity of the package contents nor 0.01 curie of Group 1 radionuclides, 0.5 curies of Group II radionuclides, and 10 curies of Groups III and IV radionuclides, except that for inert gases the limit is 1,000 curies.

(2) Test conditions: The conditions which the package must be capable of withstanding must be applied sequentially, to determine their cumulative effect on a package, in the following order:

(i) Free drop. A free drop through a distance of 30 feet onto a flat essentially unyielding horizontal target surface, striking the surface in a position for which maximum damage is expected.

(ii) Puncture. A free drop through a distance of 40 inches striking, in a position for which maximum damage is expected, the top end of a vertical cylindrical mild-steel bar mounted on an essentially unyielding horizontal surface, the bar shall be 6 inches in diameter, with the top horizontal and its edge rounded to a radius of not more than one-fourth inch, and of such a length as to cause maximum damage to the package, but not less than 8 inches long. The long axis of the bar shall be per

pendicular to the unyielding horizontal surface.

(iii) Thermal. Exposure to a thermal test in which the heat input to the package is no less than that which would result from exposure of the whole package to a radiation environment of 1,475° F. for 30 minutes with an emissivity coefficient of 0.9, assuming the surfaces of the package have an absorption coefficient of 0.8. The package shall not be cooled artificially until 3 hours after the test period unless it can be shown that the temperature on the inside of the package has begun to fall in less than 3 hours.

(iv) Water immersion (fissile radioactive materials packages only). Immersion in water to the extent that all portions of the package to be tested are under at least 3 feet of water for a period of not less than 8 hours.

(d) It is not necessary to actually conduct the tests prescribed in this section if it can be clearly shown, through engineering evaluations or comparative data, that the material or item would be capable of performing satisfactorily under the prescribed test conditions. § 146.19-30 Contamination control.

(a) Removable radioactive contamination shall not be considered as significant if the average amount of radioactive contamination which can be removed by wiping the external surface of the package with an absorbent material, as measured on the wiping material, does not exceed:

(1) 10- curie per square centimeter beta-gamma (2,200) disintegration/min. per 100 square centimeters) and 10-23 curie per square centimeter alpha (220 distintegrations/min. per 100 square centimeters) for all contaminants except natural or depleted uranium and natural thorium, or

(2) 10-10 curie per square centimeter beta-gamma (22,000 disintegrations/ min. per 100 square centimeters) and 10- curie per square centimeter alpha (2200 disintegrations/min. per 100 square

centimeters) where the only contaminant is known to be natural or depleted uranium or natural thorium.

(b) Each hold, compartment, or deck area used for the transportation of low specific activity radioactive materials as a full load under the provisions of this subpart must be surveyed with appropriate radiation detection instruments after each use. Such holds, compartments, or decks must not again be placed in service until the radiation dose rate at any accessible surface is not more than 0.5 millirem per hour, and there is no significant removable radioactive surface contamination.

(a) Packages or containers bearing the Radioactive white or Radioactive yellow labels shall be kept separated from living accommodations and from spaces that may be continually occupied by persons, except those exclusively reserved for couriers specially authorized to accompany such shipments. Packages bearing the Radioactive yellow label shall be separated from persons and undeveloped photographic and radiographic films in accordance with Table 146.10-35. (Mail bags shall be assumed to contain undeveloped film and separated from radioactive materials as for film.) The sum of the transport indexes for the shipment is the arithmetic total of the transport indexes of each package as stated on the label.

(b) The number of packages bearing the Radioactive-Yellow label shall be so limited that the sum of the transport indexes does not exceed 200 in any one ship unless authorized by the Commandant. In addition to complying with the segregation distance in paragraph (a) of this section, no single group of packages shall have a total Transport Index of more than 50 and each such group shall be handled and stowed not closer to any other group than 20 feet. The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to low specific activity materials as defined

in § 146.19-1 in a compact stack nor need they apply in case of a full load where the consignor has the exclusive use of the whole vessel, providing that the transport indexes of Fissile Class II packages aboard the vessel do not exceed 50.

(c) Packages of radioactive materials which are significant heat sources shall not be overstowed with any other cargo. If stowed below decks the hold or compartment in which stowed must be ventilated.

(d) For radioactive materials shipments requiring supplementary operational procedures, the package shall be stowed in an accessible location and the necessary operational instructions furnished to the vessel's master.

(e) Fissile Class III shipments shall be separated by at least 20 feet from other packages bearing Radioactive-Yellow labels during handling and stowage.

(f) All containers of radioactive materials shall be carried by the handles when handles are provided.

(g) When "On deck in open" stowage is permitted for any substances by § 146.19-100, it shall apply only to the substances when packaged in authorized, waterproof packagings.

(h) No person shall remain unnecessarily in a hold or compartment or in the immediate vicinity of a deck cargo space containing radioactive materials. The shipper shall furnish the carrier with such information and equipment as is necessary for the protection of the carrier's employees, stevedores, or other persons engaged in the handling of such cargo. In no instance shall any person who must necessarily remain in a hold, compartment, or deck cargo space containing radioactive material be exposed to a total of more than 100 millirem in any 7-day period: Provided further, That a maximum whole body dose of 500 millirem per year is not exceeded. The radiation level in any space or area on board continuously occupied by passengers, crew, or shipments of animals shall not exceed 0.5 millirem per hour at any time during transportation.

tive material from entering the body through contact, inhalation, or ingestion. No person shall be allowed to handle the material or to remain in the vicinity until qualified personnel are present to supervise. In any incident in which radioactive materials are involved in fires or are damaged, the shipper and the District Commander of the U.S. Coast Guard, or his authorized representative, having supervision over the port or place where the vessel is located or bound, shall be notified immediately. (b) Holds and compartments used for the transport of low activity materials as § 146.19-100 Table Classification:

Radioactive..... Stowage:

Cargo vessel

"On deck protected."
"On deck under cover."
"Tween decks readily accessi-
ble."

Outside packaging:

Authorized for Type A quantities in normal form or special form (See Note 1):

Metal packaging (DOT-6L,
6M).

Metal drums (DOT-5B, 5D,
6A, 6B, 6C, 6J, 6K, 6L, 6M,
17C, 17H, 42B, 42C).
Fiber drums (DOT-21C).
Wooden boxes (DOT-14, 15A,
15B, 15C, 15D, 19A, 19B).
Fiberboard boxes (DOT-12

series) 200-lb. test minimum. Cylinders (DOT-3, 4 scries). Metal-encased shielded packaging (DOT-55).

Type A general package (DOT-
7A).

Foreign-made packagings
bearing the symbol "Type
A," for export and import
shipments only.

Authorized for Type B quanti

ties in normal form or special form (see Note 2): Metal packaging (DOT-6L, 6M).

Radioactive devices. Radioactive materials, small quantities.