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he has given them an adequate preparation for the understanding of the speech.

ASSIGNMENT OF WORK

The written exercises in this entire lesson should be carefully worked out. Keep copies of the written exercises in your notebook.

First Day.-You have read through the lesson. Now study it again carefully, mastering its contents. Do not attempt any of the exercises until after the second reading.

Second Day.-Write out a short, startling introduction to a speech on one of the following topics:

1. The Rich Man in America.

2. The Practical Influence of the Church on Morality. 3. The United States in Mexico.

4. A Poor Man's Club-the Saloon.

5. Napoleon.

At the same time, keep your introduction of a character to incline the audience favorably toward you.

Third Day.-Write a short introduction on one of the topics

named in the second day's work or on some other topic of interest to you, using the promise-of-gain method of securing attention. State the kind of audience you imagine you are addressing.

Fourth Day.-Reproduce orally the two introductions which you wrote in the second and third days' work. Do it without notes. Do not memorize.

Fifth Day.—Write a full introduction, with all the type parts, for a speech on a subject of interest to you. Use any one of the following suggestions, or you may select a topic of interest to you:

1. The United States ought to pay a sum to Colombia to remove any ill-feeling which may have arisen in connection with the acquisition of sovereignty over the Canal Zone.

2. The Germans who fought in the Civil War.

3. The Freedom of Speech.

4. Patriotism.

5. Any technical subject on which you have special knowledge; the speech to be before a non-specialist, mixed

audience.

With your outline of this introduction before you, develop it orally many times. Indeed, do the planning and oral amplification before you write it out in final form in your notebook.

TEST QUESTIONS

These questions are for the student to use in testing his knowledge of the principles in this lesson. They are suggestive merely, dealing largely with the practical application of the principles, and are to be placed in the notebook for future reference.

1. Imagine that you are addressing a small group of people. Explain to them, so they will understand, the three major purposes of an introduction.

2. Give your own definition of attention. Recall an instance in which, with relaxed attention, you have listened to a speaker. Can you remember what he said? What, then, is the relation of attention to memory?

3. Recall the astonishing exclamations of Beecher, and try to remember speakers whom you have heard use similar devices.

4. What other device is used to secure a different kind of attention? What kind is it? What is its advantage?

5. What is the appeal to gain in Patrick Henry's introduction? 6. (a) In a speech to sell goods, what might secure attention? (b) In a letter applying for a position, what might secure attention? (c) In a speech for the change of your city government to the commission form, what might secure attention?

7. What is meant by necessary preliminary information? What effect has it upon the reception of the speaker's direct message?

8. You can see the necessity of this preliminary information by imagining what preliminary questions you would ask a speaker about such topics as Sixteen to One, Branch Banking, Recognition of Panama, Paying Indemnity to Colombia, Asset Currency, or any other subject with which you are not familiar. 9. When is a careful definition of terms particularly necessary? 10. Try to define for an average audience the following terms: Efficiency, workmanship, courage, ledgers, balance sheet, sales talks, etc. Take the technical terms of your own vocation with which the audience may not be familiar.

11. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of announcing the plan of the speech?

12. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of announcing the object or purpose of the speech?

13. Can you state any reasons why it would be tactful, in a business conference with a manager, for you to introduce preliminary information in the most unobtrusive way possible? What risk would you run by leaving it out altogether?

14. Suppose that you had been asked to prepare a speech against reciprocity with Canada, in 1911, when the question was before the two countries. Prepare your introduction.

LESSON 5

GENERAL BASES FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF MATTER

IN THE BODY OF THE SPEECH

By this time, no doubt, the student has inferred that a speech is always planned with the probable mental state of the audience as a guide. If it is foreseen that the audience is likely to be unfriendly or insufficiently informed, the speaker casts about for the means of remedying these deficiencies. Furthermore, if he discovers any unforeseen barriers to the most favorable reception of his message, when he faces the audience or during actual delivery, he readjusts himself and modifies his statements so as to mould the auditors' minds to a state of favorable feeling, acute attention, and intelligent insight.

Since it is most generally probable that such efforts must come at the very beginning, we have considered. them as natural parts of an introduction. Yet it is possible that the speaker cannot always prepare for every portion of his entire address at the outset. He may have to make many little or subordinate introductions to new points as they arise during the course of the speech. Still, even though scattered throughout the discourse, these efforts are introductory in character, for they seek to prepare the way for something which would not be received without them. Understanding, then, that the formal introduction, when used, may be re-enforced throughout the body of the speech, let us leave the intro

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