or foot, that would enter or rush in with violence in the middle is a moveable bar of wood, that opens and shuts at pleasure. A barrier is commonly set up in a void space, between the citadel and the town, in half-moons, &c.

BARRINGTONIA, in botany, so named from the Hon. Daines Barrington, a genus of the Monadelphia Polyandria class and order. Natural order Hesperideæ: Myett, Jussieu. Essential character, calyx simple, two-leaved, superior, permanent; fruit a dry four-cornered drupe, inclosing a nut, one to four-celled. There is but a single species, viz. B. speciosa, a lofty tree and the handsomest in the whole equinoctial flora, with its thick, shady bunches of leaves, and its large, handsome, purple, and white flowers, every where mixed with them. The trunk is lofty, thick, straight; covered with a dark grey, smooth bark, scored with little chinks. The branches are round, expand very widely, subflexuose, variously divided, covered with a chinky bark, and leafy at the ends. The flowers are very large, white, and transparent; the filaments are white with a purple top, and diaphanous at the base; the anthers are gold coloured; the style white with a purple top. The flowers open during the night, and fall at sun rise; the birds also pluck them off, and the ground about these trees is perfectly covered with them. The seed mixed with the bait, inebriates fish in the same manner with cocculus indicus. It grows within the Tropics, especially on the shores of the ocean, and at the mouths of rivers in the East Indies, from the southern coasts of China through the Molucca Isles to Otaheite, and the other Society Isles, &c. It is cultivated in the governor's garden at the island of St. Helena.

King's Bench, are to have the privilege of being sued in transitory actions, in the county of Middlesex. The fees to a counsellor are not given as hire, but as a mere gratuity, which a barrister cannot demand, without injuring his reputation.

BARROW (ISAAC), a very eminent mathematician and divine, was born at London in October, 1650, being the son of Thomas Barrow, then a linen-draper of that city, but descended from an ancient family in Suffolk. He was at first placed at the Charter-house school for two or three years; where his behaviour afforded but little hopes of success in the profession of a scholar. Being removed to Felsted in Essex, his disposition took a different turn; and having soon made great progress in learning, he was first admitted a pensioner of Peter House in Cambridge; but when he came to join the university, in February 1645, he was entered at Trinity College. He now applied himself with great diligence to the study of all parts of literature, especially natural philosophy. He afterwards turned his attention to the profession of physic, and made a considerable progress in anatomy, botany, and chemistry: he next studied divinity; then chronology, astronomy, geometry, and the other branches of the mathematics; with what success, his writings afterwards most eminently shewed.

When Dr. Duport resigned the chair of Greek professor, he recommended his pupil Mr. Barrow for his successor, who, in his probation exercise, shewed himself equal to the character that had been given him by this gentleman; but being suspected of favouring Arminianism, he was not preferred. This disappointment determined him to quit the college, and visit foreign countries; but his finances were so low, that he was obliged to dispose of his books, to enable him to execute that design.

He left England in June 1655, and visited France, Italy, Turkey, &c. At several places, in the course of this tour, he met with kindness and liberal assistance from the English ambassadors, &c. which enabled him to benefit the more, by protracting his stay, and prolonging his journey. He spent more than a year in Turkey, and returned to England by way of Venice, Germany, and Holland, in 1659. At Constantinople he read over the works of St. Chrysostom, whom he preferred to all the other fathers.

chosen to the Greek professorship at Cambridge. In July 1662, he was elected professor of geometry in Gresham College: in this station, he not only discharged his own duty, but supplied likewise the absence of Dr. Pope the astronomy professor. Among his lectures, some were upon the projection of the sphere and perspective, which are lost; but his Latin oration, introductory to his lectures, is still extant. About this time Mr. Barrow was offered a good living; but the condition annexed, of teaching the patron's son, made him refuse it, as thinking it too like a simoniacal contract. Upon the 20th of May 1665, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, in the first choice made by the council after their charter. The same year the executors of Mr. Lucas having, according to his appointment, founded a mathematical lecture at Cambridge, they selected Mr. Barrow for the first professor; and though his two professorships were not incompatible with each other, he chose to resign that of Gresham College, which he did May the 20th, 1664. In 1669, he resigned the mathematical chair to his learned friend Mr. Isaac Newton, being now determined to quit the study of mathemathics for that of divinity. On quitting his professorship, he had only his fellowship of Trinity College, till his uncle gave him a small sinecure in Wales, and Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury, conferred upon him a prebend in his church. In the year 1670 he was created doctor in divinity by mandate; and, upon the promotion of Dr. Pearson, master of Trinity College, to the see of Chester, he was appointed to succeed him by the king's patent bearing date the 13th of February, 1672; upon which occasion the king was pleased to say, "he had given it to the best scholar in England." In this, his majesty did not speak from report, but from his own knowledge; the doctor being then his chaplain, he used often to converse with him, and, in his humorous way, to call him an "unfair preacher," because he exhausted every subject, and left no room for others to come after him. In 1675 he was chosen ViceChancellor of the University; and he omitted no endeavours for the good of that society, nor in the line of his profession as a divine, for the promotion of piety and virtue; but his useful labours were abruptly terminated by a fever on the 4th of May 1677, in the 47th year of his age. He was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument, adorned with his bust, was soon

after erected, by the contribution of his friends.

Dr. Barrow's works are very numerous, and indeed various, mathematical, theological, poetical, &c. and such as do honour to the English nation. They are principally as follow:

1. Euclidis Elementa. Cantab. 1655, in 8vo.

2. Euclidis Data. Cantab. 1657, in 8vo. 3. Lectiones Opticæ xviii. Lond. 1669,

4to.

4. Lectiones Geometrica xiii. Lond. 1670, 4to.

5. Archimedis Opera, Apollonii Conicorum libri iv, Theodosii Sphericorum lib. iii; novo methodo illustrata, et succincte de. monstrata. Lond. 1675, in 4to.

BARROW, in the salt-works, wicker cases, almost in the shape of a sugar loaf, wherein the salt is put to drain.

BARROW, also denotes a large hillock, or mount of earth or stones, raised, by the ancients, as a sepulchral monument, more especially over their illustrious dead. These barrows were, by the Romans, called tumuli, and are still to be seen in great numbers in almost all parts of Britain, Ireland, and the British Isles, as well as in several other countries. Some of these barrows appear rude and without order: others are more regular, and trenched round: some are the sepulchral monuments of ancient Britons; others of Romans, and others of Saxons and Danes. In some have been found urns, ashes, and calcined bones; in others human skeletons.

Barrows are very numerous in Ireland; they are supposed to be of Scythian origin, and to have been introduced after the Romans had left it. It was a decree of Odin the great Gothic legislator, that large barrows should be raised to perpetuate the memory of celebrated chiefs; these were composed of stone and earth, and were formed with great labour and art. At New Grange in the county of Meath is a mound of this kind, the altitude of which, from the horizontal floor of the cave, is about seventy feet, the circumference at the top is 300 feet, and the base covers two acres of land. It is founded on an amazing collection of stones, and covered with gravel and earth. Tumuli, or barrows, are also found in great numbers in America, and the American Indians are said to practise a similar mode of burial at this time, generally depositing with the body the implements of war and agriculture used by the deceased.

BARRULET, in heraldry, the fourth part of the bar, or the one half of the closset: an usual bearing in coat-armour. BARRULY, in heraldry, is when the field is divided bar-ways, that is across from side to side, into several parts.

BARRY, in heraldry, is when an escutcheon is divided bar-ways, that is across from side to side, into an even number of partitions, consisting of two or more tinctures, interchangeably disposed: it is to be expressed in the blazon by the word barry, and the number of pieces must be specified; but if the divisions be odd, the field must be first named, and the number of bars expressed.

BARRY-bendy is when an escutcheon is divided evenly, bar and bend-ways, by lines drawn transverse and diagonal, interchangeably varying the tinctures of which it consists.

BARRY-pily is when a coat is divided by several lines drawn obliquely from side to side, where they form acute angles.

BARS, in music, lines drawn perpendicularly through the staves, to divide the notes into equal temporary quantities. By the assistance of these lines, the composer figures the correspondence of the parts of his score. It is also by their assistance that the performer is enabled to keep his time, and that a whole band, however numerous, is regulated and held together.

BARTERING, in commerce, the exchanging of one commodity for another, or the trucking wares for wares, among merchants. Bartering was the original and natural way of commerce, there being no buy ing till money was invented, though in exchanging, both parties are buyers and sellers. The only difficulty in this way of dealing lies in the due proportioning the commodities to be exchanged, so as that neither party sustain any loss. Although the invention of money has not altogether put an end to barter, yet it has entirely prevented it from appearing in its real form in the books of merchants, as each article is there stated in its money value, and each sale is supposed to be paid for, in the circulating medium of the country, even in cases where no money whatever is made use of in the transaction.

The following example will sufficiently explain the method of proportioning the commodities. Two merchants, A and B, barter; A would exchange 5 C. 3 qr. 14lb. of pepper, worth Sl. 10s. per C. with B for cotton worth 10d. per pound; how

much cotton must B give A for this pepper?

In order to solve this question, and all others of the same nature, we must first find, by proportion, the true value of that commodity whose quantity is given; which, in the present case, is pepper: and then find how much of the other commodity will amount to that sum, at the rate proposed.

First, to find the value of the pepper, say As 1 C. is to 31. 10s. so is 5 C. 3 qr. 14lb. to 20l. 11s. 3d. the true value of the

pepper.

Then it is easy to conceive that A ought to have as much cotton at 10d. per pound, as will amount to 20%. 11s. 3d. which will be found by the following proportion.

As 10d. is to 1lb. so is 20l. 11s. 3d. to 4C.

1 gr. 174lb.-And so much cotton must B give A. for his 5 C. 3 qr. 14lb. of pepper.

BARTRAMIA, in botany, is a genus of the Decandria Monogynia class of plants, the calyx of which is a perianthium, cut into five parts: the corolla consists of five wedge-shaped petals; the fruit is globular, and the seeds are four in number, convex on one side, and angular on the other.

BARTSIA, in botany, so named from Dr. Bartsch, the intimate friend of Linnæus, a genus of the Didynamia Angiospermia class of plants, whose flower consists of one petal, having the upper lip longest; the seeds are numerous, small, angular, and inclosed in capsules. There are five species, one called B. gymnandria, grows within the arctic circle, on the north side of the is no other vegetation. Frozen Ocean in Kamtschatka, where there

BARUTH, an Indian measure, containing seventeen gantans: it ought to weigh about three pounds and an half of English avoirdupois.

BARYTES was discovered by Scheele in 1774; and the first account of its properties published by him in his Dissertation on Manganese. This is a very heavy mineral, most frequently of a flesh colour, of a foliated texture and brittle, very common in Britain and most other countries, especially in copper mines. It was known by the name of ponderous spar, and was supposed to be a compound of sulphuric acid and lime. Gahn analysed this mineral in 1775, and found that it is composed of sulphuric acid, and the new earth discovered by Scheele. Scheele published an account of the method of obtaining this earth from ponderous spar. The experiments of these

chemists were confirmed by Bergman, who gave the earth the name of terra ponderosa. Morveau gave it the name of barote, and Kirwan of barytes; which last was approv ed by Bergman, and is now universally adopted. Barytes may be obtained in a state of purity, by the calcination of its carbonate or nitrate. It exhibits, when pure, the following properties. 1. Barytes, in a pure form, has a sharp caustic taste, changes vegetable blue colours to green; and serves as the intermedium between oil and water: in these respects it bears a strong resemblance to alkalis. 2. When exposed to the flame of the blow-pipe on charcoal, it melts; boils violently; and forms small globules, which sink into the charcoal. If perfectly free from water, how ever, it is infusible. 3. If a small quantity of water be added to recently prepared barytes, it is absorbed with great rapidity; prodigious heat is excited; and the water is completely solidified, a sort of hard cement being obtained. A little more water converts this mass into a light bulky powder; and when completely covered with water, the barytes is dissolved. Boiling water should be employed for this purpose, unless sufficient temperature has been produced by the sudden addition of the whole quantity necessary for solution. 4. When the solution, prepared with boiling water, is allowed to cool slowly, it shoots into regular crystals. These have the form of flattened hexagonal prisms, having two broad sides, with two intervening narrow ones; and terminated at each end by a quadrangular pyramid. 5. The crystals are so soluble as to be taken up when heated, merely by their own water of crystallization. When exposed to a stronger heat, they swell, foam, and leave a dry white powder, amounting to about 47 parts from 100 of the crystals. This again combines with water with great heat and violence. At 60° of Fahrenheit, an ounce-measure of water dissolves only 25 grains of the crystals, i. e. they require for solution 17 times their weight of water. Exposed to the atmosphere, they effloresce, and become pulverulent. 6. When added to spirit of wine, and heated in a spoon over a lamp, they communicate a yellowish colour to its flame. 7. The specific gravity of this earth, according to Fourcroy, is 4, but Hassenfratz states it at only 2.374. The former account, however, is the more probable. All its combinations have considerable specific gravity; and hence its name is derived, viz.

from the Greek word Bagus, signifying heavy. 8. Barytes does not unite with any of the alkalis.

BASALT, in mineralogy, occurs massive, in blunt and rolled pieces, and sometimes vesicular: its common colour is greyish black, of various degrees of intensity; from this it passes into ash-grey; sometimes to brown, and even in some varieties to raven black. It is dull internally, and the fracture is commonly coarse-grained and uneven. It occurs almost always in distinct concretions, which are usually columnar, and from a few inches to several fathoms, and even to upwards of 100 feet in length. They are sometimes straight, sometimes bent, and either parallel or diverging. In mountains these concretions are collected into larger groupes, of which many together form a hill or a mountain. Sometimes the columns are articulated, and the joints have convex and concave faces. The specific gravity is by Bergman put at 3.0: by Brisson at 2.86: and by Kirwan at 2.98. Before the blow-pipe it easily melts without addition into an opaque black glass. By analysis the constituent parts have been brought out differently by different chemists, but according to Klaproth they are as follow:

It is found in vast mountainous beds, in most parts of the world, and almost always accompanies coal. The island of Staffa, on the western coast of Scotland, is entirely composed of basaltic pillars: the Giants Cause-way, on the coast of Antrin, in Ireland, is a huge pavement of straight pillars, running to an unknown distance in the sea: the promontory of Fair-head, a little further to the north, exhibits a continued range, about a mile long, of columns 250 feet in height, and from 10 to 20 in diameter, being the largest yet known.

Basalt is employed as a building stone, and touch stone; as a flux for certain ores of iron; in glass manufactures; in making the common green glass. The vesicular varieties are employed for mill-stones,

Owing to its great hardness, the ancients, who were acquainted with its indestructibility, executed several fine works in it; many of which are preserved in great perfection to this day. The origin and formation of basalt are much controverted. Bergman introduced the theory of its aqueous formation; and to this Jameson inclines, from observing that the strata which are in contact with basalt, generally exhibit appearances incompatible with the action of fire. Since the time of Bergman the two theories have nearly equally divided the mineralogical world. The Swedes, Germaus, and Wernenians in Britain maintain the aqueous theory: they have shewn basalt resting upon and alternating with strata of acknowledged aqueous origin, they have discovered shells and vegetable remains imbedded in its substance, they have found its cavities filled by silicious nodules containing water; they have melted basalt in their furnaces, and have found it to produce glass: they have moreover shewn that the lava of Vesuvius and Etna differs in many important particulars from basalt, and they have pointed out the prismatic structure in many substances, which are not supposed to have undergone the action of fire.

The French, the Italians, and Dr. Hut. ton and his disciples in this country, maintain the igneous origin of basalt: in defence of their system they have shewn the prismatic structure of some undoubted Italian lavas: they have shewn beds of coal charred by the contact of dykes of basalt, and the forcible disruption, incurvation, and induration of argillaceous strata,when pierced through by veins of this substance. Sir James Hall has proved that basalt, after it has undergone the vitreous fusion, may be made to assume a perfect stony appearance and Mr. Watt has demonstrated by experiment, that basalt may, by the medium of fire, acquire those peculiarities of structure that cannot readily be explained by the aqueous theory.

BASE, in architecture, is used for any body which bears another, but particularly for the lower part of a column and pedestal. The base of a column is that part between the shaft and the pedestal, if there be any pedestal, or if there be none, between the shaft and the plinth, or zocle. The base is different in the different orders. See ARCHITECTURE.

BASE, in chemistry, a term used to denote the earth, the alkali, or the metal of which a salt is formed in union with oxygen.

It admits, however, of a more general application. The name of gas is given to any aeriform fluid, which consists of some substance combined with caloric, and capable of existing in an aeriform state under the usual pressure and temperature of the atmosphere: thus oxygen gas consists of oxygen, which is the base, and caloric. The alkalis, earth, and metals are called salifiable bases or radicals, and the acids salifying principles. The name of each salt is composed of that of the acid and the salifiable base: thus sulphate of potash consists of sulphuric acid and potash, which is the base.

BASE, in fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to it.

BASE of a conic section, a right line in the hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone.

BASE of a solid figure, the lowest side, or that on which it stands; and if the solid has two opposite parallel plane sides, and one of them is the base, then the other is called the base also.

BASE, in gunnery, the least sort of ordnance, the diameter of whose bore is 14 inch, weight 200 pounds, length 4 feet, load 5 pounds, shot 14 pound weight, and diameter 11 inch.

BASE, in law. Base estate, such as base tenants have in their hands. Base tenure, the holding by villanage or other customary services, as distinguished from the higher tenures in capite, or by military service. Base fee, is to hold in fee at the will of the lord, as distinguished from soccage tenure. Base court, any court not of record.

BASE line, in perspective, the commen section of a picture, and the geometrical plane.

BASE, or BASS, in music. See BASS.

BASELLA, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Trigynia class and order. Natural order Holoraceæ ; Atriplices, Juss. Essential character: calyx none; corolla sevencleft; two opposite divisions shorter, at length buried: seed one. There are four species: the first, B. rubra, has thick,