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bottom of each being formed by several circular pieces of these leaves placed immediately over each other to a sufficient thickness. The animal then deposits an egg at the bottom, and having left in the cell a sufficient quantity of a kind of honey for the nourishment of the young larva when hatched, proceeds to close the top with circular bits of rose-leaf; and thus proceeding, finishes the whole series. This is usually done towards the close of summer; and the young, having passed the period of their larva state, change into that of chrysalis, and remain the whole winter, not making their appearance till pretty late in the ensuing season. This bee is about the size of the common, or honey-bee, but shorter and broader bodied in proportion, and is of a dusky colour above, the lower parts being covered with a bright ferruginous down or hair. In seasons when this species happens to be plentiful, it does considerable injury to the trees which it attacks, large trunks of apparently healthy oaks having been found very materially injured by the numerous trains of cells distributed through them in different parts; thirty, forty, or fifty tubes sometimes lying within a very small distance of each other. In defect of rose-leaves the cavities are sometimes lined with the leaves of elm, &c. A species very nearly allies to the preceding pursues a similar plan of forming a continued series of cylindrical nests with rose or other leaves, rolling them in such a manner as to resemble so many thimbles, the top of each being closed as before. Instead, however, of being placed in the timber of trees, they are laid in horizontal trains at a certain distance beneath the surface of the ground. Of the villose, or hairy bees, popularly called humble bees, one of the largest and most common is the apis lapidaria of Linnæus, so named from the circumstance of its nest being generally situated in strong or gravelly places. This species is entirely of a deep black colour, except the end of the abdo men, which is red or orange-coloured, more or less deep in different individuals. The female is of large size, measuring near an inch in length; the male is considerably smaller: and the neuter, or labouring bee, still smaller than the male. The humble bees in general live in small societies of 40 or 60 together, in an oval or roundish nest, excavated to a small depth beneath the surface of the ground, and formed of branches of moss, compacted together, and lined with a kind of coarse wax. In this nest, which

measures from four to six inches in diameter, are constructed several oval cells, which, however, are not the work of the complete insects, but are the cases spun by the larvæ, and in which they remain during their state of chrysalis: the eggs are deposited among heaps of a kind of coarse honey or beebread, `placed here and there at uncertain intervals; on this substance the larvæ feed during their growing state: lastly, in every nest are placed a few nearly cylindric cells or goblets of coarse wax, and filled with pure honey, on which the complete insects feed, See Plate I. Entomology, fig. 4-6, For the management of bees see BEE..

APIUM, in botany, a genus of plants, including parsley, smallage, and celery. Class, Pentandria Digynia; natural order of Umbellatæ. Essen, character, cal. general umbel of fewer rays than those of the partial; cor. general uniform; floscules almost all fertile ; petals roundish, inflex, equal; stam, filaments simple; anthers roundish; pist. germ inferior; seeds two, ovate, striated on one side, plane on the other. A. petrosilinum, or common parsley; both the varieties are in use; but it is remarked that the plane-leaved sort is most commonly cultivated, though many prefer the curled kind, because its leaves are most easily distinguished from the æthusa, or fool's parsley, a sort of hemlock, and a poisonous garden weed, which, while young, has great resemblance to the common plane-leaved parsley. Besides, the curled parsley, from its having larger and thicker leaves, and being curiously timbriated and curled, so as to shew full and double, makes a better appearance in its growth, and is more esteemed by cooks for the purpose of garnishing dishes, &c. It may, however, be necessary to remark, that this sort, as being only a variety, is liable to degenerate to the common plane sort, unless particular care be taken to save the seed always from the perfect, full curled plants. Both the varieties are propagated by seed sown annually in spring, where the plants are to remain; but the plants, are biennials, rising from seed sown in March, April, May, and June A. latifoli um, or broad-leafed parsley. The proparation of this species is also by seed sown annually in February, March, April, or May, where the plants are to remain. For this purpose, a spot of light rich earth, in an open exposure, is to be preferred; the seed being sown broad-cast, and raked in, the plants generally appearing in about a month after being sown, and in May or June they

require to be thinned and cleared from weeds, which may be performed either by hand or hoe; but the latter is most eligible, as it will stir and loosen the surface of the earth, which may be beneficial to the plants, cutting them out to about six inches distance from each other. In the latter end of July, the roots will mostly have attained a size proper for use; and may be drawn occasionally; but they seldom acquire their full growth till about Michaelmas. This is sometimes called Hamburgh parsley, probably from its being much cultivated about that place. It is chiefly cultivated and esteemed for its large roots, which are white and carrot-shaped, being long, taper, and of downright growth, often attaining the size and appearance of small or middling parsnips; they boil exceedingly tender and palatable, are very wholesome, and may be used in soup or broth, or to eat like carrots and parsnips, or as sauce to flesh meat. A. dulce, or the common celery. The method of propagation in all the varieties of this sort, is by sowing the seed in the spring, and when the plants have attained six or eight inches in height, transplanting them into trenches, in order to be earthed up on each side as they advance in growth, and have their stalks blanched or whitened, to render them crisp and tender.

APLANATIC, in optics, a term applied by Dr. Blair, professor of astronomy in Edinburgh, to that kind of refraction discovered by himself, which corrects the aberration of the rays of light, and the colour depending upon it, in contradistinction to the word achromatic, which has been ap propriated to that refraction in which there is only a partial correction of colour. See OPTICS. Dr. Blair discovered a mixture of solutions of ammoniacal and mercurial salts, and also some other substances, which produced dispersions proportional to that of glass, with respect to the different colours; and he constructed a compound lens consisting of a semi-convex one of crown glass, with its flat side towards the object, and a meniscus of the same materials, with its convex side in the same direction, and its flatter concave next the eye, and the interval between these lenses he filled with a solution of antimony in a certain proportion of muriatic acid. The lens thus adapted did not manifest the slightest vestige of any ex traneous colour. He obtained a patent for the invention in 1791.

APLUDA, in botany, a genus of the Polygamia Monoecia class of plants, the com

mon calyx of which is an univalve, biflorat, ovated, concave, loose, mucronated glume; the proper glume is bivalve, and placed obliquely; the corolla is a bivalve glume of the length of the cup; there is no pericarpium; the seed, which is single, is involved in the glume of the corolla. Male corol. two valved; female floret sessile; stamina three. Female corol. two-valved; one style; one seed, covered. There are four species. APOCOPE, among grammarians, a figure which cuts off a letter or syllable from the end of a word, as ingeni for ingenii.

APOCRYPHAL, something dubious, is more particularly applied to certain books not admitted into the canon of scripture. Those are certain books of the Old Testament extant only in Greek, admitted by the church of Rome as canonical, but rejected by the reformed churches as no part of holy writ; such are the books of Judith, Wis. dom, Tobit, Baruch, Maccabees, the third and fourth books of Esdras. In this sense apocryphal stands distinguished from canonical, though the Romish church disowns the distinction. Authors are divided as to the origin of the appellation apocryphal, and the reason why it was given to these books. The apocryphal books were not received into the canon, either of the Jews, or an. cient Christians, but were first made canonical by a decree of the council of Trent. The apocryphal books, according to the sixth article of the church of England, are to be read for example of life and instruction of manners; but it doth not apply them to establish any doctrine.

APOCYNUM, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Dygnia class and order. Corol. campanulate; nectareous filaments five, alternating with the stamina. There are 14 species.

APODES, the name of one of the orders of fishes in the Linnæan distribution of animals. Their character is that they have no belly fins: there are 12 genera, viz.

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earth in the centre of the system, was much taken up in ascertaining the apogee and perigee; which the moderns have changed for aphelium and perihelium. See the article APHELIUM, &c.

APOLLONIUS, of Perga, a city in Pamphilia, was a celebrated geometrician who flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, about 240 years before Christ; being about 60 years after Euclid, and 30 years later than Archimedes. He studied a long time in Alexandria under the disciples of Euclid; and afterwards he composed several curious and ingenious geometrical works, of which only his books of Conic Sections are now extant, and even these not perfect. For it appears from the author's dedicatory epistle to Eudemus, a geometrician in Pergamus, that this work consisted of eight books; only seven of which however have come down to us.

From the Collections of Pappus, and the Commentaries of Eutocius, it appears that Apollonius was the author of various pieces in geometry, on account of which he acquired the title of the great geometrician. His Conics was the principal of them. Some have thought that Apollonius appropriated the writings and discoveries of Archimedes; Heraclius, who wrote the life of Archimedes, affirms it; though Eutocius endeavours to refute him. Although it should be allowed a groundless supposition, that Archimedes was the first who wrote upon conics, notwithstanding his treatise on conics was greatly esteemed; yet it is highly probable that Apollonius would avail himself of the writings of that author, as well as others who had gone before him; and, upon the whole, he is allowed the honour of explaining a difficult subject better than had been done before; having made several improvements both in Archimedes's problems, and in Euclid. His work upon conics was doubtless the most perfect of the kind among the ancients, and in some respects among the moderns also. Before Apollonius, it had been customary, as we are informed by Eutocius, for the writers on conics to require three different sorts of cones to cut the three different sections from; viz. the parabola from a right-angled, cone, the ellipse from an acute, and the hyperbola from an obtuse cone; because they always supposed the sections made by a plane cutting the cones to be perpendicular to the side of them: but Apollonius cut his sections all from any one cone, by only varying the inclination or position of the cutting plane; an improve

ment that has been followed by all other authors since his time. But that Archimedes was acquainted with the same manner of cutting any cone, is sufficiently proved, against Eutocius, Pappus, and others, by Guido Ubaldus, in the beginning of his Commentary on the 2d book of Archimedes's Equiponderantes, published at Pisa in 1588. See CONIC SECTIONS.

The first four books of Apollonius's conics only have come down to us in their original Greek language; but the next three, the 5th, 6th, and 7th, in an Arabic version; and the 8th not at all. These have been commented upon, translated, and published by various authors. Pappus, in his Mathematical Collections, has left some account of his various works, with notes and lemmas upon them, and particularly on the Conics. And Eutocius wrote a regular elaborate commentary on the propositions of several of the books of the Conics.

A neat edition of the first four books in Latin was published by Dr. Barrow, in 4to. at London, in 1675. A magnificent edition of all the books was published in folio, by Dr. Halley, at Oxford, in 1710; together with the Lemmas of Pappus, and the Commentaries of Eutocius. The first four in Greek and Latin, but the latter four in Latin only, the 8th book being restored by himself.

APOLOGUE, in matters of literature, an ingenious method of conveying instruction by means of a feigned relation, called a moral fable.

The only difference between a parable and an apologue is, that the former being drawn from what passes among mankind, requires probability in the narration: whereas the apologue being taken from the supposed actions of brutes, or even of things inanimate, is not tied down to the strict rules of probability. Æsop's fables are a model of this kind of writing.

APONOGETON, in botany, a genus of the Dodecandria Tetragynia. Ament composed of scales; no calyx, no corol; capsules four; three seeded. There are four species.

APOPHTHEGM, a short, sententious, and instructive remark, pronounced by a person of distinguished character. Such are the apophthegms of Plutarch, and those of the ancients collected by Lycosthenes.

APOPHYSIS, in anatomy, an excres cence from the body of a bone, of which it is a true continuous part, as a branch is of a tree.

APOTHECARY, one who practises the art of pharmacy, or that part of physic. which consists in the preparation and composition of medicines.

APOTOME, in geometry, the difference between two incommensurable lines: thus, E C, (Plate Miscel. fig. 6.) is the apotome of A C and A B.

If we suppose AC=a, and A B=b, then will their apotome bea-; or, in numbers, 23. Hence also the difference between the side A C = 2 (fig. 7.) of an equilateral triangle A B C, and the perpendicular BD=3 is an apotome, viz. =2 3. And, universally, if A C (fig. 8.) be a semi-parabola, whose axis is A B, and its latus rectum = 1, and if A D be a tangent to the vertex at A, and this be divided into the parts A a=2, A b = 3, Ac=5, Ad=6, &c. and perpendiculars a 1, b 2, c 3, d 4, &c. be drawn, these will be, from the nature of the curve, √ 2,

A youth intended for this profession, should be a pretty good scholar, and have such a knowledge in the Latin tongue, as to be able to read the best writers upon the subject of botany, pharmacy, anatomy, and medicine. In London, the apothecaries are one of the city companies, and by an act which was made perpetual in the ninth year of George I. are exempted from serving upon juries, or in ward and parish offices. They are obliged to make up their medicines according to the formulas prescribed in the College Dispensatory, and are liable to have their shops visited by the censors of the college, who are impowered to destroy such medicines as they think not√3,√5, No 6, &c. respectively; and so good.

A a (= 1). — a 1, will be 1-√✅✅ 2 ; A a —

you will have an infinite series of different apotomes.

APOTOME, in music, the difference be tween a greater and lesser semi-tome, expressed by the ratio 128 : 125.

The apothecaries have a hall in Black-b 2 will be 2-3, &c. by which means friars, where there are two fine laboratories, from which all the surgeons' chests are supplied with medicines for the royal navy. In China, they have a singular mode of dispensing their medicines. In, the public squares of their cities there is a very high stone pillar, on which are engraven the names of all sorts of medicines, with the price of each; and when the poor stand in need of any relief from physic, they go to the treasury, where they receive the price each medicine is rated at,

APOTHEOSIS, in antiquity, a ceremony by which the ancient Romans complimented their emperors and great men, after their death, with a place among the gods. It is described as follows: after the body of the deceased had been burnt with the usual solemnities, an image of wax, exactly re sembling him, was placed on an ivory couch, where it lay for seven days, attended by the senate and ladies of the highest quality in mourning; and then the young senators and knights bore the bed of state through the Via sacra to the old Forum, and from thence to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited upon an edifice built in form of a pyramid. The bed being thus placed, amidst a quantity of spices and other combustibles, and the knights having made a procession in solemn measure round the pile, the new emperor, with a torch in his hand, set fire to it, while an eagle, let fly from the top of the building, and mounting in the air with a firebrand, was supposed to convey the soul of the deceased to heaven, and thenceforward he was ranked among the gods.

APPARATUS, a term used to denote a complete set of instruments, or other utensils, belonging to any artist or machine: thus we say a surgeon's apparatus, a chemist's apparatus, the apparatus of the airpump, microscope, &c.

APPARENT, among mathematicians and astronomers, denotes things as they appear to us, in contradistinction from real or true: thus we say, the apparent diameter, distance, magnitude, place, figure, &c. of bodies.

APPARITOR, among the Romans, a general term to comprehend all attendants of judges and magistrates appointed to receive and execute their orders. Apparitor, with us, is a messenger, that serves the process of a spiritual court, or a beadle in an university, who carries the mace.

APPAUMEE, in heraldry, denotes one hand extended with the full palm ap. pearing, and the thumb and fingers at full length.

APPEAL, in law, the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court or judge, when a person thinks himself aggrieved by the sentence of the inferior judge. Appeals lie from all the ordinary courts of justice to the House of Lords. In ecclesiastical causes, if an appeal is brought before a bishop, it may be removed to the archbishop; if be fore an archdeacon, to the Court of Arches,

and thence to the archbishop; and from the archbishop's court to the king in chancery.

Appeal, in common law, is taken for the accusation of a murderer by a person who had interest in the party killed; or of a felon by an accomplice. It is prosecuted either by writ or by bill: by writ, when a writ is purchased out of the Chancery by one person against another, commanding him to appeal some third person of felony, and to find pledges for doing it effectually; by bill, when the person himself gives in bis accusation in writing, offering to undergo the burden of appealing the person therein named.

In military affairs, an appeal might formerly be made by the prosecutor, or prisoner, from the sentence or jurisdiction of a regimental to a general court-martial. At present no soldier has a right to appeal, except in cases where his immediate snbsist ance is concerned.

APPEARANCE, in law, signifies a defendant's filing a common or special bail on any process issued out of a court of judicature. In actions by original, appear ances are entered with the philazer of the county; and by bill, with the prothonotary, Defendants may appear in person, where the party stands in contempt, for the court will not permit him to appear by attorney: also in capital, and criminal cases; where an act of parliament requires that the party should appear in person, and likewise in appeal, or on attachment: by attorney, in all actions, real, personal, and mixed, and for any crime whatever under the degree of capital, by favour of the court: by guardian and next friend, when under age.

APPELLATIVE, in grammar, a noun, or name, which is applicable to a whole species or kind, as man, horse; in contradistinction to a proper name.

APPELLOR, or APPELLANT, in law, he who has committed some felony, or other crime, which he confesses and appeals, that is, accuses his accomplices.

APPENDANT, in law, any thing that is inheritable, belonging to some more wor. thy inheritance; as an advowson, common, or court, may be appendant to a manor, land to an office, &c. but land cannot be appendant to land, for both are corporeal inheritances, and one thing corporeal cannot be appendant to another.

APPLE, a well-known fruit, consisting of a rind, pill, or skin; the pulp, or paren

chyma; the branchery, or seed-vessels; and the core. See PYRUS.

APPLICATION, the act of applying one thing to another, by causing them to approach, or bringing them nearer together. Thus a longer line or space is measured by the application of a less, as a foot or yard by an inch, &c.: and motion is determined by successive application of any thing to different parts of space. Application is sometimes also used, both in arithmetic and geometry, for the operation of division, or for that which corresponds to it in geometry. Thus 20 applied to, or divided by 4, i. e.

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a line, c, gives the fourth proportional" or another line, as d, which, with the given line c, will contain a rectangle c d = ab.

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APPLICATION, in geometry, denotes the act of placing one figure upon another, in order to determine their equality or inequality. In this way Euclid, and other geometricians, have demonstrated some of the primary and fundamental propositions in elementary geometry. Thus it is proved, that two triangles, having two sides of the one equal respectively to two sides of the other, and the two included angles equal, are equal in all respects; and two triangles, having one side and the adjacent angles of the one respectively equal to one side, and the adjacent angles of the other, are also in the same mode of application shewn to be equal. Thus also it is demonstrated that a diameter divides the circle into two equal parts; and that the diagonal divides a square or parallelogram into two equal parts. The term is also used to signify the adaptation of one quantity to another, in order to their being compared; the areas of which are the same, but their figures different. Thus Euclid shews how, on a right line given, to apply a parallelogram that shall be equal to a right-lined figure given.

signifies the use that is made of the princiAPPLICATION of one science to another, ples of the one for augmenting and perfecting the other. As there is a connection between all the arts and sciences, one of them may be made subservient to the illustration and improvement of the other: and to this purpose algebra has been applied to geometry, and geometry to algebra, and both to mechanics, astronomy, geography, navigation, &c. See ALGEBRA, application of.

APPLICATION of algebra and geometry to

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