virtue. These are the only parts of the plant which are ordered by the London College, and that only in compound spirit of aniseed. The aromatic quality of the root is more considerable than that of any other part; but many other simples surpass angelica in aromatic and carminative powers, it is seldom employed in the present practice. All the parts of the wild angelica are similar in quality to those of the former species, but rather weaker, and the former may be more easily procured. Cows, goats, and swine eat it, but horses refuse it.

ANGIOPTERIS, in botany, a genus of the Cryptogamia Filices. Essen. char. fructification oval, sessile, in a line near the margin of the frond, approximate in a double row, one celled.

ANGIOSPERMA, in botany, a term used by Linnæus, to express the second order of the Didynamiæ plants, which have seeds not lodged naked within the cup, as in Gymnospermia, but inclosed in a capsule, and adhering to a receptacle in the middle of a pericarp. The class of Didynamia contains the labiated and personated plants. The Angiospermia are the personated; the others the labiated kind. In this order many of the corollas are personate, or labiate, with lips closed; some, however, have bell-shaped, wheel-shaped, or triangular corollas. To have seeds inclosed in a pericarp is common to all; and hence the name of the order Angiospermia. This order contains 87 genera.

ANGLE, in geometry, the inclination of two lines meeting one another in a point, and called the legs of the angle. See GEO

MFTRY.

ANGLING, may be defined the art of catching fish by a rod and line, furnished with a hook and bait, or artificial fly. It is divided into two species principally, fly fishing and bait fishing: the first is performed by the use of artificial flies, which are made to imitate natural flies so exactly, that fish take them with equal eagerness. The second species of angling is effected by. the application to the hook of a variety of worms, grubs, small fish, parts of fish, and a number of other matters, which shall be detailed more particularly.

Fly fishing requires more skill and address thau bait fishing; and the formation of the artificial flies for it is an art in itself of so much nicety, that to give any just idea of it, we must devote an article to it particularly, See FISHING FLIES.

To constitute a good angler, a knowledge of the natural history of the fish, he desires to take, is essentially necessary; without this, he cannot perfectly know the bait most suitable to them at different seasons, and in different situations; which is so far from being obvious, that there are many small rivers which are considered as totally exhausted of their fish, by the generality of anglers, where, however, a few of extraordinary skill will find good sport, and take many fish of the best kind.

The fish which are caught by angling in this part of the world, are the salmon, salmon-fry, salmon-trout, bull-trout, or scurf, bulger trout, white trout or whitling, gravling or shedder, mullet, smelt, barbel, thunder, and eel, all which are fish of passage, making regular migrations from the sea up the rivers, and back again. So there are to be added the following sorts, which do not visit the salt water: trout, grayling, pike or jack, perch, ruff or pope, gudgeon, tench, carp, chub or botling, rudd or finscale, bream, roach, dace, bleak or bley, bulls head or millers thumb, loach, and minnow, and stickle back, which last serve chiefly for bait, a good account of the nature of all these fish, and of the rivers and lakes, where they are caught in England, Ireland, and Scotland, may be found in Taylor's Angling.

Baits for fish are principally natural; a few artificial ones are used, chiefly in fishing for pike and perch, made to imitate small fish, frogs, &c. The natural baits are whatever is commonly eaten by fish, as worms, maggots, grubs, snails, small fish, frogs, roe of fish, beetles, butter flies, moths, wasps, grasshoppers. Vegetable baits are sometimes used, as beans, wheat, barley, and peas, which last are best when green, and slightly boiled; paste made of dough, bread, or flour, mixed with oil, and a little cotton to unite it together, also forms bait. It is generally best to colour it red, particularly for smelts.

Maggots, or gentles, are best procured by hanging up a bullock's liver, scarified pretty deeply all over, covered loosely, so as to admit flies. In two or three days, living gentles will appear on it, when it should be taken down, and put into a pan, till the gentles attain their full size; a suffieient quantity of fine sand and bran is then to be put over the liver in the pan; and the gentles will in a few days come into it and scour themselves, which renders them tough, clean and fit to be handled, Those pro

duced in autumn, will continue in that state all the winter, if they can get just under the surface of the earth. In the spring, as the weather becomes warm, they change into flies.

The cadbate is a very excellent bait, and is to be found in great plenty, in gravelly and stony rivulets; and by the side of streams in large rivers among stones; when you want them, turn up the stones, and you will find the best sticking to them. When a sufficient quantity of them are procured, hang them up in a linen bag, and dip them in the bag, once a day into water, for four or five days. They will then turn yellow, and become tough and fit for use, being much better than when they first came out of the water.

The lob or dew worm, is found in gardens and pastures, late in summer evenings, by using a lanthorn and candle. They are also dug up in fields, and by the sides of drains and ditches. To scour and preserve them for use, take some moss, dip it into elean water, wring it dry, put half of it into an earthen pot, then put in the worms, and the rest of the moss at top; cover it close, that they may not get out, and keep it in a cool place in summer, and in a warmer in winter; the moss should be changed every fifth or sixth day. In a week the worms will be fit for use. These directions will also answer for other species of worms.

Brandlings, red-worms, and gilt-heads, are found in the same dunghills together, which consist of hogs' dung, horses' dung, and rotten earth, and also in old thatch. But the worms which are found in tanner's bark, after it has been used and become quite rotten, are the best of all; but they are generally better for angling without any scouring.

Long white worms, found chiefly in turnip fields, are good bait, especially in muddy water. They are preserved best in some of their own earth, kept damp, with some moss over it.

Marsh worms, found in marshy grounds and rich banks of rivers.

The red worms, found in cow dung, and dock-worms found about the roots of docks, flags, and sedges, are all good bait. As are likewise the grubs found in cow dung, called cow-dung bobs, which are of a yellowish white, with red heads, and the short bobs, or grubs, found in mellow sandy land, which have pale red heads; yellowish tails, and bodies of the colour of the earth, wherein they are found, but which when scoured

are of a pale white. These last are an excellent winter bait; the best way to render them tough, is to put them into boiling milk, for about two minutes on the morning which they are to be used.

Palmers and other grubs found by beating the branches of oaks, crab-trees, haw thorns, and others, that grow over highways, paths, and open places, and the cabbage grubs found on, and in the hearts of cabbages, are also excellent bait; these last are to be fed, and preserved with the same kind of leaves on which they are found. Salmon roe is likewise a good bait; but the numerous pastes and oils, which many have prescribed for enticing fish to bite, are, in the opinion of the most experienced anglers, only idle chimæras.

Worms are best put on hooks, by running the hooks in at the head of one worm, and out about his middle, drawing it up over the shank, and putting on a second worm beneath the first, in the middle of whose body the point of the hook is to be concealed; the tails of both worms hanging loose will entice the fish.

Ground bait is often used with good effect, particularly for barbel and for perch. It should be a general rule, that the ground bait should be always inferior to that which is used on the hook; greaves therefore should not be used, as is customary with some; but for this purpose, malt grains, bran, blood, parts of lob worms, and clay, all worked up together and made into small balls, is the most proper composition; and two or three of these halls thrown into the place, where you desire to fish, is sufficient at a time. This may be repeated now and then, but much should not be used, for if this should be done, the fish will glut themselves and become less eager for the bait on the hook.

A good ground bait is made for perch, by taking three or four balls of the stiffest clay that can be procured, making holes in them, putting one end of a lob-worm into each hole and closing the clay fast on them. These balls should then be thrown into the water about a yard from each other, when the worms, being alive in the balls, will move and twist about, which tempts the fish to feed upon them. But by angling with worms of a superior kind, the fish will on sight of them leave those in the clay, and seize the others with the greatest avidity,

The tackle necessary for angling, consists of fishing rods, lines, links of hair, and

of other materials usual; hooks, floats, spare-caps, split shot, bait of different sorts, including ground bait, shoe-makers wax, twine, silk, a clearing ring, which being passed over the rod, when the book is entangled, and drawn down the line by a strong twine, attached to it for the purpose, to the hook or below it, if the obstruction is caused by weeds, will either free the hook or break the line near it, and prevent its being strained in any other place, by pulling the twine with sufficient force. A landing net is also useful to land large fish; and a gaff, when fishing for salmon, to be used for the same purpose; which instrument consists of a large hook attached to the end of a pliable stick; by passing the hook into the nose or gills of the fish, it may be easily lifted out of the water, for which purpose a landing net is too small. A disgorger is also necessary, to put down the throat of a fish, when he has gorged the hook, till you touch it, when on pulling the line it will be freed. The disgorger is formed by a piece of flat wood, about six inches long, and half an inch wide, forked at the ends. To these articles a fish-basket should be added, to carry the fish in.

Fishing rods are made of various lengths, according to the sort of fish they are intended for; those for salmon are about 18 feet long, those for trout 14 or 15 feet, those for pike the same as for salmon; and for other fish, either the trout or the salmon, rods may be used according to their size and strength. All rods should be made to taper evenly from the buts; and when not formed of pieces of the natural growth, which should always consist of ground shoots, they should be made of cleft timber, as sawed pieces can never be depended on. Ash or shikory are best for the lower joints, yew for the next, and the extremity of the top should always consist of whale. bone; the fewer joints used in the rod the more equal will be its elasticity in every part, some have the joints formed with screw ferules, and some with sliding connections retained by plain ferules; but none are better for the elasticity of the rod and for security, than simple spliced joints, secured by well waxed twine; some recommend those latter joints to be previously glued together, before the waxed twine is applied, with glue prepared with strong lime water; but it is obvious that the wet to which rods are exposed must render glue of little use; thick white paint or some of the varnish hereafter mentioned,

would probably cement the pieces together more durably. Whatever may be the number of permanent joints, the long rods need not be made to separate into more than three long pieces, and a short top; and the short rods into two pieces, and a short top; the lower joint of trout rods should be bored hollow, to contain a second top; for every trout rod should have two tops made for it; one very pliable for fly fishing, and、 the other stiffer for bait; the top not in use will be conveniently and safely kept in the hollow but. The rod should be furnished with rings for the line to pass through, from the top to within two feet of the reel; and when it is completed, it should be well varnished over with a varnish formed by boiling a little scraped Indian rubber, or coutchouc, in half a pint of drying linseed oil till it dissolves; the varnish should be skimmed, and be used warm. The rod, after being varnished, should be laid aside till quite dry; the varnish will then appear on it, like a fine thin bark, will be very durable, and will preserve it from being worm eaten, and from other injuries. The hollow part of the rod should be rubbed inside with linseed oil, three or four times each year, which may be done by a rag dipped in the oil, and tied to the end of a stick.

For

Hair lines should be long, round, clear, and free from knots, frets, or scales. fly fishing, a line should be prepared from nine to twelve yards long, gradually tapering to the extremity. It is formed of a number of links of hair, twisted first, and then knotted to each other. The four lowest links consist of three hairs each, with the weak tops cut off all of a length; the next four links have four hairs each; the third four links five hairs; and so on till the line is completed. The links are to be knotted together with the fisherman's, or water-knot; the short ends of the hairs are to be cut off pretty close to the knots, and the knots to be whipped over with well-waxed silk. A loop should be made at each end of this line: the upper loop to fasten it to the end of the running line at the top of the rod, and the lower loop to fasten the lower links to, which should never consist of more than two or three, of either gut or hair, for fly or bottom fishing.

The best colours for lines are pale bluish, green, or watery grey, and light bay.

Running hair lines, or those all of one thickness, are made on engines prepared and sold at the fishing-tackle shops. They

may likewise be made by passing hairs through three short tubes made of quills or reeds, secured by pegs at the lower ends. The hairs are to be knotted together at the top, and the quills being then turned round all together between the fingers, will form an equal twist above them; which being drawn out according as the quills are turned round, make the line, fresh hairs being still put into the quills at the lower ends as the apper hairs are worked into the line.

The most excellent hooks are those made of the best tempered fine steel wire, longish in the shanks, and strong and rather deepish in the bend; the barbs well formed, and the point fine and straight, and as true as it can be set to be level with the shank, which last for fly fishing should be tapered off to the end of it, that the fly may be finished the neater. Hooks made in this manner, so as to lie all in one plane, are much better than twisted so as to project at one side; they do not make so large an orifice when the fish is hooked, nor are they so liable to break the hold as the others. The two kinds being fairly tried against each other for several seasons, considerably more fish were missed in the rising, and in biting at the bottom, and much more lost after being hooked with the crooked hooks than with those above recommended. The best hooks of the kind are made in Limerick.

Floats for angling are made of many kinds, as of swan quills, goose quills, Muscovy duck quills, and porcupine quills. The first is the best, when light baits are used in rivers or deep waters, and the others for slow water, or ponds not very deep. For heavy fishing, with worms or minnows, a cork float is best, made of a pyramidical form, with a quill placed in it lengthways for the line to pass through. Quil floats must carry shot enough to sink them, so as that the top may appear above water, that the slightest nibble may be better perceived. The cork floats should have sufficient shot placed beneath them on the line to make them stand upright when the shot is off the bottom, by which it may be known when the shot is on the ground; for then the float will fall on one side, and no longer stand upright.

Angling has been divided by those who have written on the subject into many other kinds besides those mentioned. Of these float angling and ground angling may be easily understood from what has been mentioned already. Night angling is performed nearly in the same way as day angling; but in it the larger and more conspicuous bait,

such as garden worms, snails, and minnows, are best. Some lay long lines in rivers at night, with short lines furnished with hooks attached to them at certain intervals; and some use lines fastened to floats of various sorts; but these modes of fishing can scarcely be called angling properly speaking. The largest and finest fish are often caught by these methods.

Sea angling has nothing particular in it, but that small parts of fish are mostly used in it for bait. The same fish may be caught at the heads of piers and the mouths of rivers, and by the same bait as at sea, therefore fishing in such places is classed with sea angling.

Lastly, trimmer angling is a species of float angling. The float consists of a round piece of cork, six inches in diameter, with a groove cut at its edge, in which the line is coiled, except so much next the hook as to allow it to hang in mid-water, and so much at the other end as will reach to the bank. When a fish takes the bait, and runs with it, the line unwinds off the trimmer without giving any check; but it will be prudent to give a slight jerk to secure the fish when you come to take up the line. This method is very successful in canals, large ponds, or other still water.

A

Before concluding this article it will be proper to notice, that the weather has much influence on fish. When the wind is in some points few fish will bite: the most unfavourable is the eastern quarter. warm lowering day, with flying showers, and a slight ripple on the water, is the most favourable. Water slightly disturbed prevents fish from seeing the tackle, and in it they take the bait most readily. Hence, whatever tends to disturb it so as to hide the line, without totally obscuring the bait, is of advantage. In waters affected by the tide, the flood is the best time for angling; but the ebb should not be neglected. Whirlpools, eddies, mill-tails, sides of bridges, and beneath their arches, are places where fish more readily bite, chiefly for the above reason; and in general a certain degree of darkness in the water, whether occasioned by the shade of buildings, rocks, or other bodies, or caused by the agitation of its surface, or by muddy streams flowing into it, is favourable to angling.

The proper season for fishing is in general from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn; but this depends much on the nature of the fish angled for: some may be caught at all times; others, as those of pas

sage, are only to be met with at particular seasons; and others, though always confined to one piece of water, are nearly torpid during the winter, and are found only in deep places.

ANGUIS, in natural history, the slowworm, a genus of serpents: the generic character is, scales both on the abdomen and beneath the tail. There are, according to Gmelin, 26 species. This genus is easily distinguished, by having the abdomen and under part of the tail covered with scales of a similar appearance to those on the rest of the animal, except that in some few instances they are rather larger. The body is of a shorter and more uniformly cylindric form than in the genus Coluber: the eyes are in general small, and the tail rather obtuse.

No poisonous species of anguis has yet been discovered. A. fragilis, or common slow-worm, is found in almost all parts of Europe, in similar situations with the common snake, and is a perfectly innoxious animal, living on worms and insects. It is about 10 or 12 inches long: the tail measures more than half the length of the animal, and terminates pretty suddenly in a slightly acuminated tip. The slow-worm is a viviparous animal,and produces occasionally a numerous offspring: like other serpents, it varies in intensity of colours at different periods, and the young are commonly of a deeper cast than the parent animal. The general motions of the slow-worm are. tardy, except when endeavouring to make its escape: it can, however, occasionally exert a considerable degree of swiftness, and can readily penetrate the loose soil in order to conceal itself from pursuit. They are often found in considerable numbers during winter, at some depth beneath the surface, and lying in a state of torpidity, and again emerging from their concealments on the approach of spring, when they cast their skin, and recover their former liveliness. If struck with violence, the body of this animal will break into pieces. A. corallina, or coral slowworm, is a very elegant species, about 18 inches long, and of a considerable thickness: the scales are moderately large, and the head and tail are remarkably obtuse. It is a native of South America, where it is found in woods, and to prey on the larger insects, as the scolopendræ, &c.: in colour it sometimes varies; a mixture of black being blended with the red on the sides. (See Plate I. Serpentes, fig. 3.) A. ventralis, or glass slow-worm, is a handsome species about two feet long it is a native of North America,

and it takes its name from the circumstance of breaking to pieces in two or three places with a small blow of a stick, the muscles being articulated quite through the vertebræ. A. Jamaicensis, or Jamaica slowworm, found in Jamaica about the roots of decayed trees, near ants' nests, &c. and though it has generally been deemed poisonous, yet it is really innocuous: its colour is an uniform pale brown, with a kind of silvery gloss on the scales, which are very smooth.

ANGULAR motion, in mechanics and astronomy, is the motion of a body which describes an angle, or which moves circularly round a point. Thus a pendulum has an angular motion about its centre of motion, and the planets have an angular motion about the sun. The angular motions of revolving bodies, as of the planets about the sun, are reciprocally proportional to their periodic times; and they are also as their real or absolute motions directly, and as their radii of motion inversely.

Angular motion is also composed of a right-lined and circular motion, or in which the moveable body slides and revolves at the same time: such is the motion of a coach-wheel.

ANGURIA, in botany, a genus of the Monoecia Diandria class and order: calyx five-cleft: corolla five-petalled: pome inferior, two-celled, many-seeded.

ANHYDRILE, in mineralogy, one of the sulphate family, found at Salz on the Neckar, in Wertemberg. Colour smalt blue, which passes into a milk white. Massive: not very brittle. Specific gravity 2.94. It differs from cube-spar in colour, fracture, shape of fragments, and in having a higher specific gravity.

ANIGOZANTHUS, in botany, a genus of the Hexandria Monogynia class and order: corolla six-parted, with unequal incurved segments: stamina inserted in the throat of the corolla: capsule three-celled, many-seeded. There is only a single species; a native of New Holland. The stem is leafy, covered at the top with reddish hairs: leaves linear: flowers umbelled: corolla clothed with reddish hairs.

ANIMAL, in natural history, an organised and living body, endowed with the powers of sensation, and of spontaneous loco-motion. Some have defined animals from their locomotion, as being capable of shifting from place to place, whereas plants adhere to the same subject. This property they assume as the great characteristic by which animals