Senator O'MAHONEY. What I would like to have you discuss for the record is the coordination of this work so that we may know whether or not there is any duplication.

Colonel LADD. Sir, it is 100 percent coordinated constantly, basically, through the Bureau of the Budget which has a chief examiner for mapping and charting and who does the coordination for all of the Government mapping and charting agencies. We work very closely through Mr. Randall in that respect.

On a day-to-day basis, the United States Geological Survey, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Department of Agriculture are in consultation with us to prevent and eliminate any possible duplication whatsoever.

Over and above the $4,500,000 that is in this estimate for transfer to the Geological Survey, we call upon the Geological Survey to do additional work which we cannot do in foreign areas.

For instance, this last year they did $175,000 worth of mapping for us for Korea, where we could not take the entire workload. We suballocated that amount to the other governmental mapping agency.

Senator O'MAHONEY. The estimate for 1952 is $45 million as compared to $29 million for 1951. That, of course, is a very substantial

increase.

What is your judgment as to the reason for this increased load?

MAPPING ON WORLD-WIDE BASIS

Colonel LADD. The reason, sir, is that the General Staff gave the Corps of Engineers a directive to accelerate our mapping on a worldwide basis to the maximum extent possible based on the hypothesis that military mapping must have a long lead time before any possible military action, inasmuch as it takes a year or sometimes 2 to 3 years to get the end product after you once start, sir. With this directive, we based the expansion on that portion of the first priority areas which we estimated could be accomplished on an economical basis. Senator O'MAHONEY. Where are you going throughout the world to do this mapping?

Colonel LADD. The General Staff gave us a specific directive which itemized and spelled out the spots in the world in which they wanted mapping accomplished.

Senator O'MAHONEY. How do you do it?

Colonel LADD. We do it by every conceivable means, one of which is the utilization of all existing material that we have both from aerial photography and ground control.

If we can physically obtain the aerial photography and ground control ourselves, we will accomplish the mapping. If the data are already in the possession of another country, we will ge them to do it if we possibly can. That will take the workload off of us. I refer to one of the NATO countries.

Where we have no source material, we have to go out and procure it. Our basic source of material is aerial photography. We get the help of the United States Air Force to obtain the photography of those parts of the world which they are permitted to enter.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Is air photography sufficiently accurate to enable you to make the maps that are required? Do such photographs show the elevation, for example?

Colonel LADD. We have what we call photogrammetric equipment which enables us to obtain elevations.

Of course, the photography has to be carried out by a plane flying on the basis of specifications for mapping purposes. What we call reconnaissance photography in which a plane just zooms over the territory looking for troops during war is not usable for mapping purposes, sir. But with photogrammetric equipment, which is optical equipment for mapping from photography, you can determine the elevations to with 1 or 2 feet.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Is that right?

Colonel LADD. Yes, sir.

Senator CHAVEZ. Have you concluded the mapping of the conti

nental United States?

Colonel LADD. The United States, sir, from a military standpoint is probably less than 10 percent adequately mapped. An example of that, if I may tell you what I mean, is this: We had manuevers in Colorado this last summer. About 10,000 troops were in maneuvers in the vicinity of Pikes Peak. The only maps that were in existence were maps produced in 1893. Now, in 1893 Colorado hadn't seen the automobile, so those roads were just little buggy trails around there. Senator O'MAHONEY. Well, now, if you had been maneuvering in Wyoming, you would have been better equipped.

Colonel LADD. While those maps indicated that the section had been mapped they were unsuited for present-day use.

Senator CHAVEZ. I suppose those maps were prepared by the Geological Survey?

Colonel LADD. Yes, sir. In their day, they were good maps.

Senator CHAVEZ. I remember when they used to go out in my day in the 1890's. They used to have wagons and horses and mules, and they would be gone months at a time..

Colonel LADD. That is the advantage of aerial photography. It has eliminated much of the slow, tedious ground work.

Senator O'MAHONEY. How well is Europe mapped?

Colonel LADD. France is basically well mapped, but there are areas even in France in which the only maps that exist were the ones that were made in Napoleonic times. Western Europe is reasonably well mapped. New mapping is required in a few places in Germany. Other parts of Europe range from fair to poor.

Senator O'MAHONEY. How much of that will be expended on field examination?

Colonel LADD. Very little, sir. The field ground work is done by the various countries themselves.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Who does the flying for this work?

Colonel LADD. As far as possible, the United States Air Force. In certain areas where it is not feasible, diplomatically, we have to contract it commercially.

Senator O'MAHONEY. The engineers do not do it?

Colonel LADD. No, sir; we contract commercially when we have to do it.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Shall we have a discussion of your engineers' schools?

Colonel DES ISLETS. Colonel Milner, please.

84975-51-70

ENGINEER SCHOOLS

Senator O'MAHONEY. This is a comparatively small appropriation, $2,527,000 for 1952 as compared with $1,624,700. How many schools do you have?

Colonel MILNER. The Engineer School at Fort Belvoir is the primary school in the United States. We have some small amounts of schooling at other stations, but about 95 percent of the schooling is done at Fort Belvoir.

Senator O'MAHONEY. What is the attendance?

Colonel MILNER. The authorized attendance now is in excess of 4,200 students at any one time, and will shortly go up to about 6,000 students, with a total output of about 32,000 in fiscal year 1952, estimated now, with a possible increase.

Senator O'MAHONEY. What is the officer strength of the Engineers Corps?

Colonel MILNER. I am afraid I do not have that figure, sir. I can give you a rough figure.

Senator O'MAHONEY. What is your estimate?

Colonel MILNER. My estimate is about 9,000 to 10,000 officers, total, including Regular officers and those Reserve officers on active duty at the present time.

Senator O'MAHONEY. How many enlisted men, including noncommissioned officers, are there?

Colonel MILNER. The total strength, including officers, at the present time, in units, without including the bulk authorization, runs about 135,000.

Senator O'MAHONEY. Who attends the Engineer School?

Colonel MILNER. They are people who are to be trained as specialists; as a carpenter or a plumber, a crane-shovel operator, and an equipment operator, a mechanic, an electrical repair man, and so forth. Senator O'MAHONEY. Military personnel.

Colonel MILNER. Yes; with some small scattering of some civilian personnel on mechanical items. By and large, 991/2 percent are military personnel.

Senator MCCARRAN. That is not nonofficer group?

Colonel MILNER. I was including officers there. We will have an attendance of some 750 officers at a time at the school, and the remainder are enlisted military personnel.

Senator MCCARRAN. Does your officer group take specialized train

ing?

Colonel MILNER. Yes, in some cases. In other cases, across-theboard general engineer training is what they take. It varies by the requirements of particular individuals at particular times.

Senator MCCARRAN. Your officers come in for engineer training? Colonel MILNER. They are basically graduate engineers or otherwise qualified specialists in certain lines. We run the post engineer course to train them in repairs and utility work, and also some mechanical equipment officers for maintenance work.

Senator O'MAHONEY. What is the strength of the faculty down there at Fort Belvoir?

Colonel MILNER. The actual faculty of the engineer school at the present time runs about four-hundred-odd officers and fifteen-hundred

at varies quite considerably as we increase or

. What do the enlisted men do?

ny of them are instructors or mechanics for ment and for putting on demonstrations and tant instructors, depending upon their knowl

. How long is the course?

y vary from 4 weeks to 10 months.

- What happens to a graduate, or those who

tain people are sent as students to the school ere they have a requirement, and a man is e will go back to that particular unit to fill are put into the pipeline as overseas replacenits being organized in the States, or as they

nents.

Is there any word you want to say about last year?

increase itself is due primarily to increasing O output annually to the 32,000 to 36,000, deplishment of requirements. It is not in direct use we have built the institution up in the it with less than a proportionate increase. Do you train them there for civil functions

y insofar as the advanced officers' course is gular officers attend. A proportion of their oportion-includes civil functions.

our enlisted men are not trained there? ir. Enlisted personnel do not participate in

Let us have a word about field training. I you have certain contractual services with That is on pages 1065–1066.

contractual services there involved are for ucted in the way of training aids, and such items which we will need for training purg aids.

The fabrication of training aids may be car

ir. This is for the units in the field, and the ds. For instance, getting a cutaway model e that, that we require-that we cannot do. themselves would be contracts for the conaids that are beyond the capabilities of the ng other equipment to construct them, which

You speak of cutaway engine models. Is
in any other branch of the Army?
ir. There undoubtedly is. However, these
ems for which we are the only procurement
train all engineer personnel for the Army
tter whether they wind up in an engineer

unit or as a carpenter in an infantry unit, or a plumber. We train them all. That would be the place where you would have this equip

ment.

Senator O'MAHONEY. You do not train them with respect to all types of engines?

Colonel MILNER. We train them on the engines which are used by the Armed Forces.

Senator O'MAHONEY. The engine in a tank?

Colonel MILNER. No, sir; industrial engines, the ones that would be used in those engineer items of equipment with which they would be concerned, industrial Diesel engines, rather than automotive Diesels. There is quite a difference. Ordnance would teach the others, although we are the primary agency for teaching Diesel training, even for the Transportation Corps or other agencies.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Senator O'MAHONEY. Do you want to add something about research and development? We covered that very thoroughly the other day when General Maris came up. It may be, however, that you would like to add a word.

It includes $17,019,000.

Colonel DES ISLETS. As I understand it, Mr. Chairman, General Maris was going to cover page 610 and I am not prepared to discuss it. Senator O'MAHONEY. We did go into it rather carefully. Colonel DES ISLETS. That is all we have, Mr. Chairman.

Senator O'MAHONEY. There are some reimbursable items here, page 1074. What are the reimbursable items in the Corps of Engineers' activities?

Colonel DES ISLETS. We have all branches of certain items which we have to be reimbursed for from other branches. We have different branch services and have to be reimbursed from those. This appears to be procurement office information, under procurement programs for other agencies from time to time, and where these costs are incident to these procurements, they would be reimbursable to us. Senator O'MAHONEY. It is exclusively reimbursement from other agencies for the performance of utility services and that sort of thing?

back.

Colonel DES ISLETS. We have no other way to get the money Senator O'MAHONEY. What struck me about this item is that in 1951 is was $12,250,000 and now has been reduced to $9,930,000.

Senator MCCARRAN. May I ask, Mr. Chairman, what is meant under the heading "Research and development" by "Taxes and assessments"?

Senator O'MAHONEY. Senator, we went into that the other day. It is social security taxes that have to be paid for the employees. Colonel DES ISLETS. That is correct sir.

REIMBURSABLE ACTIVITIES

Senator O'MAHONEY. Will you explain that drop in the estimate for reimbursable activities?

Colonel DES ISLETS. It seems to be taken care of mostly in "Other contractual services." Mr. Turner tells me a great portion of this