nor were his charity and humility less conspicuous. When he lay on his death-bed, and was told of the symptoms of his approaching dissolution, he said, "Life or death is welcome to me; and I desire not to live, but so far as I may be serviceable to God and his church." Gataker, who wrote his life, says, "He was a man very personable, of a goodly presence, tall of stature, and upright; of a grave aspect, with black hair, and a ruddy complexion; a solid judgment, a liberal mind, an affable disposition; a mild, yet not remiss governor; a contemner of money; of a moderate diet; a life generally unblameable, and (that which added a lustre to all the rest) amidst all these endowments, and the respects of others, even the greatest, thereby deservedly procured, of a most meek and lowly spirit." Wood says, he " was one of the greatest men his college ever produced; and the desire and love of the present times, and the envy of posterity, that cannot bring forth a parallel."

Dr. Whitaker was twice married, to "women of good birth and note," and had eight children by them. His surviving wife, described as ready to lie-in when he expired, caused her child to be baptized on Dec. 11, the day after her husband's funeral, by the name of Jabez, doubtless for the scriptural reason, "because," she said, "I bare him with sorrow." A few particulars of his family may be seen in our authorities. Mr. Churton, who has furnished much of the preceding information, in his excellent Life of dean Nowell, has also embellished that work with a fine portrait of Whitaker, and a view of the house in which he was born, now the property of the Rev. Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL. D. Dr. Whitaker's corpse had a public funeral, and was interred in the chapel of St. John's college.

His works, besides the translations already noticed, were, 1. "Answer to Edmund Campian his ten Reasons." 2. "A defence of his answer against John Durye." 3." A refutation of Nicolas Saunders his Demonstration, whereby he would prove that the Pope is not Antichrist." 4. "A collection thereto added of ancient heresies raked up again to make the popish apostacy." 5. "A thesis propounded and defended at the commencement in 1582, that the Pope is the Antichrist spoken of in Scripture." 6. "Answer to William Rainolds against the Preface to that against Saunders in English." 7. "A disputation concerning the

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Scripture against the Papists of these times, particularly Bellarmine and Stapleton." 8. "A defence of the authority of the Scriptures, against Thomas Stapleton his defence) of the authority of the Church." 9. "Lectures on the Controversies concerning the Bishop of Rome." 10. "Lectures on the Controversie concerning the Church." "Lectures on the Controversie concerning Councils." 12. "A treatise of Original Sin, against Stapleton's three former books of Justification." The last four articles were published after the author's death by John Allenson. 13. "A lecture on 1 Tim. ii. 4. read on Feb. 27, 1594, before the earl of Essex, and other honourable persons." 14. "Lectures concerning the Sacraments in general, and the Eucharist and Baptism in particular." This last was taken down by John Allenson, and published by Dr. Samuel Ward. Whitaker's works were afterwards collected and published in Latin, at Geneva, in 1610, 2 vols. fol. '

WHITBY (DANIEL), a learned divine, but of unsteady. character, was born in 1638, at Rushden, or Rusden, in Northamptonshire, and was in 1653 admitted of Trinity college, Oxford, of which he was elected a scholar in June 1655. He took his degree of B. A. in 1657, and that of M. A. in 1660. In 1664, he was elected fellow of his college, and the same year he engaged in controversy with the popish writers, by publishing, 1. "Romish Doctrines not from the beginning: or a Reply to what S. C. (Serenus Cressy), a Roman catholick, hath returned to Dr. Pierce's Sermon preached before his Majesty at Whitehall, Feb. 1, 1662, in vindication of our Church against the novelties of Rome," Lond. 4to. This was followed in 1668 by another piece against Serjeant, entitled, 2. "An Answer to Sure Footing, so far as Mr Whitby is concerned in it," &c. 8vo. 3. "An endeavour to evince the certainty of Christian Faith in general, and of the Resurrection of Christ in particular." Oxford, 1671, 8vo. 4. "A Discourse concern- : ing the idolatry of the Church of Rome; wherein that charge is justified, and the pretended Refutation of Dr. Stillingfleet's Discourse is answered." London, 1674, 8vo. 5. "The absurdity and idolatry of Host-Worship proved, by shewing how it answers what is said in Scripture and

1 Life by Gataker in Fuller's Abel Redivivus.-Clark's Ecclesiastical History.-Melchior Adain.-Churton's Life of Nowell.-Strype's Whitgift, p. 67, 238, 271, 353, 370, 434, 453,—Fuller's Worthies and Holy State.-Brook's Puritans.

the Writings of the Fathers; to shew the folly and idolatry committed in the worship of the Heathen Deities. Also a full answer to all those pleas by which Papists would wipe off the charge of Idolatry; and an Appendix against Transubstantiation; with some reflections on a late Popish book, called, The Guide of Controversies," London, 1679, 8vo. 6. "A Discourse concerning the Laws Ecclesiastical and Civil made against Heretics by Popes, Emperors, and Kings, Provincial and General Councils, approved by the Church of Rome. Shewing, I. What Protestant subjects may expect to suffer under a Popish Prince acting according to those Laws. II. That no Oath or Promise of such a Prince can give them any just security that he will not execute these laws upon them. With a preface against persecuting and destroying Heretics," London, 1682, 4to. Reprinted at London, 1723, in 8vo, with an Introduction by bishop Kennet, who ascribes this piece to Dr. Maurice, but it was reclaimed by Dr. Whitby himself in his "Twelve Sermons preached at the Cathedral of Sarum."

Thus far Dr. Whitby had proceeded with credit to himself, and with satisfaction to the church to which he belonged, and the patron who had befriended him. Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury, who made him his chaplain, and in Oct. 1668 collated him to the prebend of Yatesbury in that cathedral, and in November following to the prebend of Husborn Tarrant and Burbach. He was also in September 1672 admitted precentor of the same church, about which time he accumulated the degrees of B. D. and D. D. and was preferred to the rectory of St. Edmund's church in Salisbury. But in 1682 he excited general censure by the publication of, "The Protestant Reconciler, humbly pleading for condescension to Dissenting Brethren in things indifferent and unnecessary, for the sake of peace; and shewing how unreasonable it is to make such things the necessary conditions of Communion, By a well-wisher to the Church's Peace, and a Lamenter of her sad Divisions," Lond. 1683, in 8vo. What kind of work this was, will appear most clearly by his own declaration hereafter mentioned. It was published without his name, but he must have been soon discovered. The first opposition made to it was in the way of controversy, by various divines who answered it. Among these were, Laurence Womack, D. D. in his "Suffragium Protestantium: wherein our governors are justified in their impositions and

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proceedings against Dissenters, Meisner also, and the Verdict rescued from the cavils and seditious sophistry of the Protestant Reconciler," Lond. 1683, 8vo; David Jenner, B. D. sometime of Caius college in Cambridge, afterwards rector of Great Warley in Essex, prebendary of Sarum, and chaplain to his majesty, in his "Bifrons: or a new discovery of Treason under the fair face and mask of Religion, and of Liberty of Conscience, &c." Lond. 1683, 4to; the author of "An awakening Word to the Grand-jury men of the nation," Lond. 1683, 4to, to which is added, "A brief comparison between Dan. Whitby "and Titus Oates the first protected in his virulence to sacred majesty by one or two of his fautors: the second punished for his abuses of the king's only brother by the loyal chiefjustice Jefferies. The first saved harmless in many preferments (three of which are in one church of Sarum:) the second fined in mercy no more than 100,000l." Samuel Thomas, M. A. in two pieces printed without his name, viz." Animadversions upon a late treatise, entitled, the Protestant Reconciler," &c. Lond. 1683, 8vo, and "Remarks on the Preface to the Protestant Reconciler, in a letter to a friend: dated February the 28th, 1682," Lond. 1683, 4to. The author of the pamphlet entitled "Three Letters of Thanks to the Protestant Reconciler. 1. From the Anabaptists at Munster. 2. From the Congregations in New England. 3. From the Quakers in Pensylvania."

It does not appear that Dr. Whitby made any reply to these; and the disapprobation of his book increased so much, that at length it was condemned by the university of Oxford in their congregation held July the 21st, 1683, and burnt by the hands of the university-marshal in the Schools Quadrangle. Some passages, likewise, gave such offence to bishop Ward, that he obliged our author to make a retractation, which he did in the following form: "October the 9th, 1683. I Daniel Whitby, doctor of divinity, chantor of the church of Sarum, and rector of the parish church of St. Edmund's in the city and diocese of Sarum, having been the author of a book called "The Protestant Reconciler,' which through want of prudence and deference to authority I have caused to be printed and published, am truly and heartily sorry for the same, and for any evil influence it hath had upon the Dissenters from the Church of England establised by law, or others. And whereas it containeth several passages, which I am con

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vinced in my conscience are obnoxious to the canons, and do reflect upon the governors of the said church, I do hereby openly revoke and renounce all irreverent and unmeet expressions contained therein, by which I have justly incurred the censure or displeasure of my superiors. And furthermore, whereas these two propositions have been deduced and concluded from the said book, viz. 1. That it is not lawful for superiors to impose any thing in the worship of God, that is not antecedently necessary; 2. The duty of not offending a weak brother is inconsistent with all human authority of making laws concerning indifferent things: I do hereby openly renounce both the said propositions, being false, erroneous, and schismatical, and do revoke and disclaim all tenets, positions, and assertions contained in the said book, from whence these positions can be inferred. And whereinsoever I have offended therein, I do heartily beg pardon of God and the church for the same." This retractation is styled by one of his biographers instance of human weakness," but it was of such weakness as seems to have adhered to this divine throughout life, for we shall soon find him voluntarily retracting opinions of far greater consequence. In the mean time he carried the same weakness so far, as to publish a second part of his "Protestant Reconciler, earnestly persuading the Dissenting Laity to join in full Communion with the Church of England; and answering all the objections of Nonconformists against the lawfulness of their submission unto the rights and constitutions of that Church," Lond. 1683, 8vo. His next publications were two pamphlets in vindication of the revolution, and the oath of allegiance. He also published some more tracts on the popish controversy, and an excellent compendium of ethics. "Ethices compendium in usum academicæ juventutis," Oxford, 1684, 12mo, which has often been reprinted and used as a text-book. In 1691 he published "A Discourse concerning the truth and certainty of the Christian faith, from the extraordinary gifts and operations of the Holy Ghost, vouchsafed to the Apostles and primitive professors of that faith."

His most important publication was his "Paraphrase and commentary on the New Testament," which appeared in 1703, 2 vols. fol. and was the fruit of fifteen years study. He published afterwards the following pieces as a sequel to, or connected with his commentary: "Additional annotations to the New Testament;" with seven discourses; and