4.

5.

Section across Anticlines and Synclines with Inclined Axes
Section across Faulted or Dislocated Strata

8. Section and Bird's-eye View of Colorado Plateau (Powell)

9. Diagrammatic Section across Colorado Plateau

10. Diagrammatic Section showing Stages of Erosion by a River cutting

II.

through Horizontal Strata (after Captain Dutton).

Section across Suderoe (Faroe Islands) on a true scale 12. Map of an Island composed of Dome-shaped Strata. 13. Section through the Island shown in Fig. 12

14. Section of River-valley.

15. Enlarged section of a portion of the Island shown in Fig. 12

24.

Section across West Lomond Hill and the Ochils 25. Synclinal Valley, West of Green River (Powell) 26. Anticlinal Ridge, Green River Plains (Powell). Isoclinal Folds

27.

28. Isoclinal Folds

29.

Isoclinal Folds

30. Overfold passing into Reversed Fault, or Overthrust

54

58

62

69

74

74

75

77

78

79

80

84

84

86

87

88

88

89

90

93

94

94

95

34.

Section from Quinaig to Head of Glenbeg (Geol. Survey)

97

42.

43.

Section across the Schortenkopf, Bavarian Alps (E. Fraas) Section across the Kaisergebirge, Eastern Alps (E. Fraas) 44. Section across the Val d'Uina (Gümbel)

45. Sichelkamm of Wallenstadt (Heim)

110

III

46. Section across the Northern Limestone Alps (E. Fraas)

49.

Inversion and Overthrust in the Mountains South of the Lake of

Section across Western part of the Jura Mountains (P. Choffat)
Section across part of the Sandstone-zone of the Middle Carpathians

116

53. Section across part of the Middle Carpathians (Vacek)

117

54. Section across the Appalachian Ridges of Pennsylvania (H. D. Rogers)

118

55. Unsymmetrical Folds, giving rise to Escarpments and Ridges
56. Structure of the Ardennes (after Cornet and Briart).
57. Diagrammatic Section across a Plateau of Erosion

58. Section across portion of Southern Uplands, showing Old Red Sandstone resting upon Plain of Erosion

136

59. Section from Glen Lyon to Carn Chois (Geol. Survey) 60. Section of Normal Fault.

61. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Downthrow Side 62. Normal Fault, with High Ground on Upcast Side

155

156

63. Faults in Queantoweep Valley, Grand Cañon District (Dutton)
64. Ranges of the Great Basin (Hinman, after Gilbert: length of section,
120 miles).

158

159

65. Section from the Mediterranean across the Mountains of Palestine to

the Mountains of Moab (after M. Blanckenhorn).

66. Section across the Vosges and the Black Forest (after Penck)

FIGURE

67. Section of Coal-measures near Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire, on a true scale.

68. Section on a true scale across "Tynedale Fault," Newcastle Coal-field 69. Section across Great Fault bounding the Highlands near Birnam, Perthshire.

70.

Section across Great Fault bounding the Southern Uplands 71. Diagram Section across Horstgebirge

72.

73.

Mountain of Granite

Plain of Granite overlooked by Mountains of Schists, etc.

74. Diagrammatic Section of a Laccolith showing Dome-shaped Elevation of Surface above the Intrusive Rock (after G. K. Gilbert)

75. View of Necks-Cores of old Volcanoes (Powell)

76. Section of Highly Denuded Volcano, Minto Hill, Roxburgshire
77. Diagrammatic Section across the Valley of the Tay, near Dundee
78. View of Mesa Verde and the Sierra el Late, Colorado (Hayden's Re-
port for 1875)

PAGE

166

168

169

176

79.

Wind Erosion: Table-Mountains, etc., of the Sahara (Mission de
Chadamés).

254

80.

Wind Erosion: Harder Beds amongst inclined Cretaceous Strata,
Libyan Desert (J. Walther).

254

81.

Wind Erosion: Stages in the Erosion and Reduction of a Table-
mountain (J. Walther)

255

82. Manganese Concretions weathered out of Sandstone, Arabah Mountains, Sinai Peninsula (J. Walther).

85. Longitudinal Sections of Lake-basins on a true scale

Plate I. Joints in Granite, Glen Eunach, Cairngorm (from a photograph
by W. E. Carnegie Dickson)
Plate II. Weathering of Joints in Granite, Cairngorm Mountains (from a
photograph by W. E. Carnegie Dickson)

to face 200

- THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

CALIFORNI

EARTH SCULPTURE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

EARLY VIEWS AS TO ORIGIN OF SURFACE-FEATURES-ROCKS AND ROCK-STRUCTURES-ARCHITECTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST -GENERAL EVIDENCE OF ROCK-REMOVAL.

WHE

HEN geologists began to inquire into the origin of surface-features, they were at first led to believe that the more striking and prominent of these had come into existence under the operation of forces which had long ago ceased to affect the earth's crust to any marked extent. It is not hard to understand how this conception arose. The earlier observers could not fail to be impressed by the evidence of former crustal disturbances which almost everywhere stared them in the face. Here they saw mountains built up of strangely fractured, contorted, and jumbled rock-masses; there, again, they encountered the relics of vast volcanic eruptions in regions now practically free from earth-throes of any kind. In one place ancient land-surfaces were seen intercalated at inter