APPÈNDIX F. TRAINING

A major obstacle to the rapid development of national atomic-energy programs abroad is the lack of personnel trained in nuclear technology, and, in many cases in the basic scientific disciplines. The ability of nations participating in the atoms-for-peace program to train personnel, in adequate numbers and in reasonable time, is the exception rather than the rule. Training programs, therefore, have a high priority. Four major steps are underway to meet this need: The admission of more foreign nationals to the isotopes courses at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, the expansion of the program of cooperation between American universities and the International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering of Argonne National Laboratory, the planned Spanish-language training center at the University of Puerto Rico, and the planned Asian Nuclear Center in the Philippines.

The principal purpose of the United States training programs is to equip personnel to operate effective programs in foreign nations. An important byproduct of these programs is the increasing acceptance of American technology.

During 1956, a total of 42 foreign scientists was admitted to the radioisotopes tracer techniques courses at ORINS. A maximum of 32 individuals can be accommodated in each of the 4-week courses which provide training in the fundamentals of handling and using radioisotopes in research.

APPENDIX G. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

During 1955 a large volume of the technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy was declassified and made available at the International Scientific Conference in Geneva. In December 1956, the Commission announced a large scale program of declassification, particularly in the field of power reactor technology.

Two important effects of this further declassification of technical information will be to broaden considerably the interest and activity of friendly nations in pursuing the potentialities of civil uses of nuclear energy and to encourage private industry to satisfy the needs of foreign nations for reactors, reactor equipment, and fuels.

Extensive information, both of a classified and an unclassified nature, has been made available through the exchange of reports, documents, publications, libraries, exchange of visits, technical missions, and formal conferences.

The distribution of technical libraries to foreign countries has demonstrated United States willingness to make a wide range of unclassified information available as quickly as possible. Workshops on the use of the libraries are being planned so that recipient nations may learn to use them most effectively.

There have been numerous exchanges of visits of a classified nature between the United States and Belgium, Canada, and the United Kingdom. (Details on these exchanges may be found in the 21st semiannual report, pp. 16-18.)

In addition to the classified meetings, technical missions involving over 300 United States personnel have visited 58 countries. Matters discussed by these missions included overall planning of national programs, economics of nuclear power, selection of power reactor types, research reactors, and their uses in training and research programs and applications of atomoc energy products to agriculture, medicine, and industry. Details on these missions may be found in the 21st semiannual report, pp. 16-17.)

Conferences and exhibits

Participation in and support for international scientific conferences on the part of the Commission serves to accelerate the growth of the atomic energy industry by furthering exchange of information and quickening interest in atomic energy, both in this country and abroad. Through the atomic energy exhibits, which industrial firms make available for display at such conferences as well as at the international trade fairs and exhibitions, American industry makes a most significant contribution to international cooperation in developing peaceful uses of the atom.

For the past several months the Commission has been engaged in planning for United States participation in a major international conference, a world's fair, and an educational symposium. These are the second International Scientific Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, the Brussels Universal and

International Exhibition of 1958, and the Inter-American Symposium which is the first of its kind in the Western Hemisphere.

The Second International Scientific Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy will be held for 2 weeks beginning about September 1, 1958, in fulfillment of a resolution sponsored by the United States and adopted unanimously by the United Nations in December 1955. The Commission has accepted responsibility for planning and coordinating the United States technical participation in the conference. The conference will cover all phases of the peaceful uses of atomic energy of interest to the participants, but will emphasize nuclear power. The location of the conference has not yet been determined.

It is contemplated that a United States exhibit will consist of a group of individual displays, each arranged and prepared by an atomic laboratory, industrial concern, or other organization, with overall planning and coordination by the AEC.

The Brussels exhibition is scheduled to open in mid-April 1958 and to run until October 1958 with the theme "A world built by and for the people." The Inter-American Symposium is expected to take place at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, N. Y., in May 1957.

APPENDIX H. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NUCLEAR FIELD

International organizations are being developed to establish the framework within which cooperative efforts can be undertaken. On a regional basis they serve to make possible at an early date cooperative or joint projects now beyond the reach of individual countries. Such organizations are most fully developed among the industrialized countries of Europe in the form of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and the proposed EURATOM. The International Atomic Energy Agency, which will come into existence in 1957, will link together some 80 nations. It will not only make possible cooperative programs but will make available assistance to countries which prefer to participate in multilateral rather than bilateral efforts.

International Atomic Energy Agency

The Agency will come into existence when the statute, adopted last October at an 82-nation conference, is ratified by 18 states. This probably will be accomplished in the summer of 1957. The matter of United States ratification will come before the Senate at this session of Congress. While time will be required to work out arrangements enabling the Agency to furnish fissionable materials for use in reactors abroad, ultimately the operations of the Agency should increase the number of countries taking advantage of opportunties for peaceful utilization of atomic energy. It is expected that many states will prefer to secure assistance from an international agency, in which they enjoy membership, and will prefer an internationally administered system of safeguards.

The agency itself will furnish technical information and fissionable and other materials not commercially available. It is contemplated that all other equip'ment and materials, such as reactor components and related equipment, will be supplied through normal commercial channels. Such a policy would expand the market for products essential to nuclear energy enterprise of all types and draw upon any business community equipped to supply the required goods and services. EURATOM

Representatives of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands are presently drafting a treaty setting up a European organization for atomic-energy cooperation similar to the Coal and Steel Community. The basic activities, as now contemplated, will be creation of a research center to supplement expanding private and national facilities, act as a clearinghouse for information, proposal of security forms and controls over nuclear materials for use in the community, assist in placement of capital investment, and initiation of construction of common installations. The treaty drafting will probably be completed early in 1957.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

‹ During the past few months, working groups of the OEEC engaged in nuclear studies have developed specific plans of action. The most advanced of these working-group studies deals with the construction of a chemical reprocessing facility. Another working group has been established to study experimental

reactors and materials testing reactors. This group is interested specifically in developing ideas on the joint construction and operation of a high flux materials testing reactor and in further study of advanced types of power reactors which might be constructed and operated experimentally as a joint or coordinated effort. The United States has been asked to participate in this working group, since most of the reactors of interest have been developed in the United States. Consideration is being given to providing United States expert assistance to this study.

Organization of American States

The Inter-American Committee of Presidential Representatives of the OAS has before it for consideration early this year a United States proposal for the establishment of an OAS Consultative Committee on Nuclear Energy. The Committee would function in a consultative capacity as an instrument for the stimulation, coordination, and support of national atomic-energy efforts and their orientation to serve the needs of the Inter-American Community. Means to coordinate Commission activities with the efforts of this committee are being developed.

(Whereupon at 4: 40 p. m., Tuesday, February 19, 1957, a recess was taken until Wednesday, February 20, 1957, at 10 a. m.)

DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, AND STATE OF THE ATOMIC

ENERGY INDUSTRY

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1957

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,

JOINT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY,

Washington, D. C.

The committee met at 10 a. m. pursuant to notice, in the old Supreme Court Chamber of the Capitol, Hon. Carl T. Durham (chairman of the Joint Committee) presiding.

Present: Representatives Durham (presiding), Holifield, Price, Cole, Van Zandt, Patterson, Jenkins; and Senators Pastore, Gore, Bricker, and Dworshak.

Also present: James T. Ramey, executive director; George E. Brown, Jr., David R. Toll, professional members of the staff; and George Norris, Jr., committee counsel.

The CHAIRMAN. The Joint Committee will come to order.

We are glad to have with us this morning a group of business people from throughout the United States. We will probably not have as many members present today as we had yesterday, when we had nearly all of the members present. We also have a controversial measure on the floor of the House this morning.

We are glad to have with us this morning our former Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Dan Kimball, as our first witness.

Will you come around, please, Mr. Kimball? We welcome you back to Capitol Hill. We have seen you many times before in the Armed Services Committee on different matters, and we are glad to see that you have now gone into this business and we hope you will have much success in the future.

Will you proceed with your statement, Mr. Kimball, and we will probably have some questions later.

STATEMENTS OF DAN A. KIMBALL, PRESIDENT OF AEROJET-GENERAL CORP.; AND ARTHUR T. BIEHL, TECHNICAL DIRECTOR OF AEROJET-GENERAL CORP.

Mr. KIMBALL. We are very happy to be here today and we want to thank you for your courtesy and the opportunity to give you a little résumé of Aerojet-General's activities in the field of atomic energy. I would like to outline for you some of the reasons why we are in this field and indicate some of the progressive results we have achieved.

Before going into detail, however, I would like to touch briefly on (a) what Aerojet-General Corp. is, (b) our major objectives, (c) what