GORDIUS-GORDON. Prætorians, he marched, in the year 242, into Asia, against the Persians, who, under Shahpur (Sapor), had taken possession of Mesopotamia, and had advanced into Syria. Antioch, which was threatened by them, was relieved by G., the Persians were obliged to withdraw from Syria beyond the Euphrates, and G. was just about to march into their country, when Misitheus died. Philip the Arabian, who succeeded Misitheus, stirred up dissatisfaction in the army against G. by the falsest treachery, and finally goaded on the ignorant and passionate soldiery to assassinate the emperor, 244 A.D. But knowing the great affection which the Roman people had for the gallant and amiable G., he declared in his dispatch to the senate that the latter had died a natural death, and that he himself had been unanimously chosen to succeed him. GO'RDIUS, a genus of Annelida, of the very simplest structure; very much elongated and threadlike, with no greater marks of articulation than slight transverse folds, no feet, no gills, no tentacles, although there is a knotted nervous chord. The mouth is a mere pore at one end of the animal; the other end or tail is slightly bifid, and has been often mistaken for the head. The species inhabit moist situations, are sometimes found on the leaves of plants, but more frequently in stagnant pools, and in mud or soft clay, through which they work their way with great ease. They often twist themselves into complex knots, whence their name G., from the celebrated Gordian-knot-and many of them are sometimes found thus twisted together; but they are also often to be found extended in the water. The most common species in Britain is G. aquaticus, of which the popular name is HAIR EEL; and a notion still prevails in many parts of the country, that it is nothing else than a horse-hair, which has somehow acquired life by long immersion in water, and which is destined in due course of time to become an eel of the ordinary kind and dimensions; in proof of all which many an honest observer is ready to present himself as an eye-witness who has often seen these very slender eels in his walks. A popular notion prevails in Sweden, that the bite of the G. causes whitlow. When the pools in which the G. lives are dried up, it becomes shrivelled, and apparently lifeless, but revives on the application of moisture. The Abbé Fontana kept one in a drawer for three years, and although perfectly dry and hard, it soon recovered vigour on being put into water. Gordii are extremely common in the Thames. GORDON, THE FAMILY OF. The origin of this great Scottish historical house is still wrapped in some measure of obscurity. Uncritical genealogists of the 17th c. affected to trace its descent from a mythical High Constable of Charlemagne, a Duke of Gordon, who, it was said, flourished about the year 800, and drew his lineage from the Gordoni, a tribe which, taking its name from the town of Gordunia, in Macedonia, had settled in Gaul before the days of Julius Cæsar. These fables and fancies have long ceased to be believed. Nor is more credit given to the conjecture that the family, having carried its name from Normandy to England in the train of the Conqueror, soon afterwards passed on from England to Scotland. No proof has been found of any connection between the Gordons of France and the Gordons of Scotland. There is little or no doubt now that the Scottish Gordons took their name from the lands of Gordon in Berwickshire. Their earliest historian, writing in the 16th c., says that these lands, together with the arms of three boars' heads, were given by King Malcolm Ceanmohr (10571093 A. D.) to the progenitor of the house, as a reward for slaying, in the forest of Huntly, a wild boar, the terror of all the Merse. But in the 11th c., there were neither heraldic bearings in Scotland nor Gordons in Berwickshire. The first trace of the family is about the end of the 12th c., or the beginning of the 13th c., when it appears in record as witnessing charters by the great Earls of March or Dunbar, and as granting patches of land and rights of pasturage to the monks of Kelso. About a century afterwards, it enters the page of history in the person of Sir Adam of Gordon. He is found, in 1305, high in the confidence of King Edward I. of England, holding under that prince the office of joint justiciar of Lothian, and sitting in the English council at Westminster as one of the representatives of Scotland. banner of Bruce, who rewarded his adherence, tardy He seems to have been among the last to join the Strathbogie. The grant failed of effect at the time; as it was, by a grant of the northern lordship of but it was renewed by King David II. in 1357, and by King Robert II. in 1376. Under this last renewal, Sir John of Gordon, the great-grandson of Sir Adam, entered into possession, and so transferred the chief seat and power of the family from the Merse and Teviotdale to the banks of the Dee, the Deveron, and the Spey. Its direct male line came to an end in his son Sir Adam, who fell at to inherit his lands, but transmitting his name Homildon in 1402, leaving an only child, a daughter, of Scurdargue, and Thomas of Gordon of Ruthven through two illegitimate brothers-John of Gordon and Strathbogie, who, calling themselves 'Gordons,' -to a wide circle of the gentry of Mar, Buchan, styled the descendants of their niece 'Seton Gordons.' HUNTLY, MARQUISES OF HUNTLY, AND DUKES OF LORDS OF GORDON AND BADENOCH, EARLS OF GORDON-Elizabeth of Gordon, the heiress of Sir Adam, married before 1408 Alexander of Seton (the son of Sir William of Seton), who, before 1437, who took the name of Gordon, was made Earl of was created Lord of Gordon. Their son Alexander, Huntly in 1445, and Lord of Badenoch a few years afterwards. He acquired by marriage the baronies of Cluny, Aboyne, and Glenmuick in Aberdeenshire; and had grants from the crown of the Highland lordship of Badenoch, and of other lands in the counties of Inverness and Moray. He died in 1470, and was succeeded by his second son George, the second earl, who married Annabella, daughter of King James I., and added to the territories of his house the lands of Schivas in Aberdeenshire, and the Boyne, the Enzie, and Netherdale in Banffshire. He was chancellor of Scotland from 1498 to 1502, and dying soon afterwards, was succeeded by his son Alexander, the third earl, who enlarged the family domains by the acquisition of Strathaven (or Strathdoun) in Banffshire, and of the Brae of Lochaber in Inverness-shire. He commanded the left wing of the Scottish army at Flodden; and, escaping the carnage of that disastrous field, survived till the year 1524. He was succeeded by his grandson George, the fourth earl, under whom the family reached, perhaps, its highest pitch of power. He added the earldom of Moray to its already vast possessions, and long held the great offices of lieutenant of the north and chancellor of the realm. He had the repute of being the wisest, the wealthiest, and the most powerful subject in Scotland. The crown, it is said, was counselled to clip his wings, lest he should attempt, like the Douglases in the previous age, to awe or overshadow the throne. He was stripped of the earldom of GORDON. heir-male of the body of the first marquis. The estates went to the duke's nephew, Charles, fifth duke of Richmond and Lennox, the son of Lady Charlotte Gordon, eldest daughter of the fourth duke of Gordon by his marriage with the sprightly Jane Maxwell, daughter of Sir William Maxwell of Monreith. EARLS OF SUTHERLAND.-About the year 1512, Adam Gordon of Aboyne, second son of the second Earl of Huntly, married Elizabeth, the heiress of Sutherland, and in her right became Earl of Sutherland. Neither he nor his wife, it appears, could write their own names. Their descendants, the Earls of Sutherland, continued to bear the surname of Gordon through six or seven generations, till the beginning of the 18th c., when they exchanged it for the surname of Sutherland, which had been borne by the Countess Elizabeth before her marriage with Adam Gordon. Moray, and, rushing into revolt, was routed and slain at Corrichie in 1562. Sentence of forfeiture was pronounced upon his corpse, but it was rescinded in 1567, and his son George succeeded as fifth earl. He died in 1576. The family had stood aloof from the Reformation, and his son and successor, George, the sixth earl, was conspicuous as the head of the Roman Catholic power in Scotland. He defeated a VISCOUNT OF MELGUND, VISCOUNTS OF ABOYNE, Protestant army sent against him under the Earl of EARLS OF ABOYNE, AND MARQUISES OF HUNTLY. Argyle in 1594; but submitting to the king, obtained-Lord John Gordon, second son of the first Marquis an easy pardon, and was made Marquis of Huntly of Huntly, was made Viscount of Melgund and in 1599. He died in 1636, leaving a character of Lord Aboyne in 1627. Three years afterwards, he which we have an instructive sketch by a neighbour was burned to death in the tower of Frendraught. and contemporary. This mighty marquis,' says In 1632, his elder brother, George, was made Visthe northern annalist, John Spalding, 'was of a great count of Aboyne, and on his succession to the Marspirit, for in time of troubles he was of invincible quisate of Huntly in 1636, the title of Viscount of courage, and boldly bore down all his enemies Aboyne devolved on his third son, who distinguished triumphantly. He was never inclined to war nor himself on the king's side during the wars of the trouble himself; but by the pride and insolence of Covenant, and died, it is said, of a broken heart, a his kin, was diverse times drawn in trouble, which few days after the execution of Charles I., in 1649. he bore through valiantly. He loved not to Lord Charles Gordon, third son of the second Marbe in the laws contending against any man, but quis of Huntly, was made Earl of Aboyne in 1660. loved rest and quietness with all his heart; and in His great-great-grandson, George, who had been a time of peace, he lived moderately and temperately favourite at the court of Marie Antoinette, succeeded in his diet, and fully set to building and planting of as fifth Earl of Aboyne in 1794, on the death of his all curious devices. A well set neighbour in his father, and as eighth Marquis of Huntly in 1836, marches, disposed rather to give nor take a foot of on the death of the last Duke of Gordon. ground wrongously. He was heard say he never drew sword in his own quarrel. In his youth, a prodigal spender; in his elder age, more wise and worldly, yet never counted for cost in matters of credit and honour; a great householder; a terror to his enemies, whom, with his prideful kin, he ever held under great fear, subjection, and obedience. He was mightily envied by the kirk for his religion, and by others for his greatness, and had thereby much trouble.' We mark a new social stage when we are told that he was the first head of his house who bought' land. His son George, the second marquis, distinguished himself by the zeal with which he espoused the royal cause in the great civil war of his time. You may take my head from my shoulders,' he said, in answer to tempting offers from the Covenanters, but not my heart from the king.' Such was the state he kept, that when he took up house in Aberdeen in 1639, he was attended daily by 24 gentlemen, of whom three were of the rank of barons, while eight gentlemen were charged with the watch of his mansion by night. He was beheaded at Edinburgh in 1649, and was succeeded by his son Lewis, the third marquis, who died in 1653. The family possessions had been impaired by war and forfeiture, but it appears that they still sufficed, in 1667, to yield £24,771 Scots a year to his son George, the fourth marquis, who was made EARLS OF ABERDEEN.-Some genealogists have Duke of Gordon in 1684. He held out the castle sought to ingraft this branch upon the parent stem of Edinburgh for King James at the Revolution; before it was transplanted to the north towards and dying in 1716, was succeeded by his son Alex- the end of the 14th century. But no evidence has ander, the second duke, who died in 1728. He been produced in support of this claim; and was the last Roman Catholic chief of his race, and, modern research holds by the old tradition, that as we are told by Boswell, lived in sequestered the house descends from one of the illegitimate magnificence, corresponding with the grand dukes brothers of Sir Adam of Gordon, who was slain of Tuscany,' with whom he believed that he could at Homildon in 1402. Its first possession_seems count kindred. He never travelled in the north to have been Methlic on the banks of the Ythan. without a train of his vassals on horseback. His Patrick Gordon of Methlic fell under the banner son, Cosmo George, the third duke, died in 1752, of the Earl of Huntly at the battle of Arbroath leaving three sons. The youngest, Lord George in 1445. His son and successor was of sufficient Gordon, led the Protestant mob which sacked mark to obtain the bishopric of Aberdeen for one London in 1780; the eldest, Alexander, the fourth of his younger sons in 1516. The family reached duke, died in 1827, being succeeded by his son the rank of lesser baron in 1531, and the dignity of George, the fifth duke, on whose death, without knight-baronet in 1642. Its chief, at this last dateissue, in 1836, the title of Duke of Gordon (being Sir John Gordon of Haddo-one of the most gallant limited to the heirs-male of the body of the first of the northern cavaliers, was the proto-martyr duke) became extinct, the title of Earl of Huntly of his party, the first of the royalists who suffered fell into abeyance, and the title of Marquis of death by a judicial sentence. He was beheaded Huntly was adjudged to the Earl of Aboyne, as at the cross of Edinburgh by the Covenanters LORDS OF LOCHINVAR AND VISCOUNTS OF KENMURE.-William of Gordon, the second son of Sir Adam of Gordon, who figured in the reign of King Robert I. (1306—1329), had a grant from his father of the barony of Stitchel, in Teviotdale, and of the lands of Glenkens, in Galloway. He was the progenitor of the knightly family of Lochinvar, which in 1633 was raised to the peerage by the titles of Lord of Lochinvar and Viscount of Kenmure. William, the sixth viscount-the Kenmure's on and awa' of Jacobite song was beheaded in 1716 for his share in the rising of the previous year. The peerage, which was then forfeited, was restored in 1824, but has been in abeyance since the death of Adam, the ninth viscount, in 1847. GORDON. in 1644, bequeathing the name of 'Haddo's Hole' neighbouring parish school, where he seems to have to one of the aisles of St Giles's Church, which got a fair knowledge of Latin. The gates of the univerhad been his prison. His son, Sir George Gordon sity were closed against him by his devotion to the of Haddo, after distinguishing himself at the uni-Roman Catholic faith of his mother; and so, at the versity and the bar, was made a Lord of Session age of sixteen, he resolved-to use his own wordsin 1680, Lord President of the court in 1681, and to go to some foreign country, not caring much on Lord Chancellor in the following year. He was what pretence, or to what country I should go, raised to the peerage in 1682, by the titles of Earl of seeing I had no known friend in any foreign place.' Aberdeen, Viscount of Formartine, Lord Haddo, Methlic, Tarves, and Kellie. He died in 1720, with the character of being a solid statesman, a fine orator, speaking slow but strong.' Some of these lineaments, it has been thought, reappeared, with his love of letters, in his great-great-grandson, George, fourth Earl of Aberdeen, who died in 1860, after holding the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from December 1852 to February 1855. 6 The history of the Gordons was written in the middle of the 16th c., at the request of the fourth Earl of Huntly, by an Italian monk, who found his way to the Cistercian monastery of Kinloss, in Moray. His work, which has not yet been printed, is entitled, Historia Compendium de Origine et Incremento Gordonic Familia, Johanne Ferrerio, Pedemontano, authore, apud Kinlos A. D. 1545, fideliter collectum. A century later, the Gordons found another and abler historian in a country gentleman of their own race, the excellent and accomplished Robert Gordon of Straloch, who died in 1661, before he had completed his Origo et Progressus Familia Illustrissima Gordoniorum in Scotia. It is still in manuscript. A History of the Ancient, Noble, and Illustrious Family of Gordon, by William Gordon, of Old Aberdeen, was published at Edinburgh in 1726 -1727, in 2 vols. 8vo. A Concise History of the Antient and Illustrious House of Gordon, by C. A. Gordon, appeared at Aberdeen, in 1 vol. 12mo, in 1754. The chief value of both books is now in their rarity. A work of much greater merit is the Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland, or, as its author called it, 'The Genealogie and Pedigree of the most Ancient and Noble Familie of the Earles of Southerland, wherein also many Particulars are related touching the Surname of Gordoun and the Family of Huntley.' This was published at Edinburgh in 1813, in 1 vol. fol. It was written in 1639, by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, the fourth son of the twelfth Earl of Sutherland by his marriage with that Lady Jane Gordon (daughter of the fourth Earl of Huntly), who was divorced from the infamous Earl Bothwell, in order that he might marry Mary Queen of Scots. Along with Sir Robert Gordon's work, there is printed a continuation of it to the year 1651, by Gilbert Gordon of Sallach. We learn from this sequel that the House of Gordon of Gight (claiming descent from a younger son of the second Earl of Huntly), which gave birth, at the end of the 18th c., to the poet George Gordon, Lord Byron, gave birth, at the end of the 16th c., to one of the assassins of Wallenstein, Colonel John Gordon, governor of Egra, in Bohemia. GORDON, GENERAL PATRICK, one of the most distinguished of the many soldiers of fortune whom Scotland sent to the wars of Europe, was born at Easter Auchleuchries, a bleak homestead on the eastern coast of Aberdeenshire, on the 31st of March 1635. His father, a goodman' or yeoman, was a grandson of the family of Gordon of Haddo, afterwards raised to the earldom of Aberdeen. His mother, an Ogilvie, who could count kindred with the noble houses of Deskford and Findlater, was the heiress of Auchleuchries, an estate of five or six petty farms, worth in those days about £360 Scots, or £30 sterling a year, and hopelessly burdened by mortgages. In his fifth year, G. was sent to the He had A ship from Aberdeen landed him at Danzig in the summer of 1651, and some Scottish acquaintances or kinsfolks placed him at the Jesuit college of Braunsberg. His restless temper could not long endure the stillness and austerity of that retreat, and making his escape from it in 1653, he led for some time an unsettled life, until, in 1655, he enlisted under the flag of Sweden, then at war with Poland. During the six years that he took part in the struggle between these two powers, he was repeatedly made prisoner, and as often took service with his captors, until again retaken. risen to the rank of captain-lieutenant, when he resolved to try his fortune next with the czar, and, in 1661, joined the Muscovite standard. Here his services in disciplining the Russian soldiers were duly appreciated, and his rise was rapid. He was made lieutenant-colonel in 1662, and colonel in 1665. Hearing that the death of his elder brother had made him 'goodman of Auchleuchries,' he wished once more to return to Scotland; but he found that there was no escape from the Russian service. The czar, however, sent him on a mission to England in 1666. On his return, he fell into disgrace, for what reason, does not very clearly appear. In 1670, he was sent to serve in the Ukraine against the Cossacks; and when these were subdued, he was sent back, in 1677, to defend Tschigirin against the Turks and the Tartars. His gallant performance of that duty gained him high military reputation and the rank of major-general. In 1683, he was made lieutenant-general; and two years afterwards he obtained leave to visit England and Scotland. King James II. wished him to enter the English service; but it was in vain that he petitioned for leave to quit Russia. In 1688, he was made general, and now began his intimacy with the Czar Peter, who, in the following year, owed to G.'s zeal and courage his signal triumph over the conspirators against his throne and life. Nor was this G.'s only great service to his imperial master. In 1698, he crushed the revolt of the Strelitzes, during the czar's absence from Russia. Peter was not ungrateful, and G.'s last years were passed in opulence and honour. He died at Moscow, in the morning of the 29th November 1699. The czar,' says his latest biographer, who had visited him five times in his illness, and had been twice with him during the night, stood weeping by his bed as he drew his last breath; and the eyes of him who had left Scotland a poor unfriended wanderer, were closed by the hands of an emperor.' G. kept a journal for the last forty years of his life. It seems to have filled eight or ten thick quartos, of which only six are now known to exist. An abridgment of them, rendered into German, under the title of Tagebuch des Generals Patrick Gordon, was published at Moscow and St Petersburg, in 3 vols. 8vo, in 1849-1851-1853, very carefully edited by Dr Posselt. In 1859, Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon, in the original English, edited by Mr Joseph Robertson, were printed by the Spalding Club in 1 vol. 4to. GORDON, LORD GEORGE, celebrated in connection with the London Protestant riots of 1780, the third son of the third Duke of Gordon, was born September 19, 1750. At an early age he entered the navy, and rose to the rank of lieutenant, GORDON GORGE. but quitted the service during the American war, in consequence of a dispute with the Admiralty relative to promotion. Elected in 1774 M.P. for Luggershall, one of the pocket boroughs disfranchised by the Reform Bill of 1832, he soon rendered himself conspicuous by his opposition to ministers, and the freedom with which he attacked all parties; but though eccentric, he displayed considerable talent in debate, and no deficiency of wit or argument. A bill having, in 1778, passed the legislature for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain penalties and disabilities, the Protestant Association of London was, among other societies, formed for the purpose of procuring its repeal, and in November 1779, G. was elected its president. In June 1780, he headed a vast and excited mob, of about 100,000 persons, which went in procession to the House of Commons, to present a petition against the measure, when he addressed them in a speech calculated to inflame their passions and bigotry. Dreadful riots ensued in the metropolis, lasting for several days, in the course of which many Catholic chapels and private dwelling-houses, Newgate prison, and the mansion of the chief-justice, Lord Mansfield, were destroyed. G. was arrested, and tried for high treason; but no evidence being adduced of treasonable design, he was acquitted. His subsequent conduct seemed that of a person of unsound mind. Having, in 1786, refused to come forward as a witness in a court of law, he was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury for contempt. In 1787, he was convicted, on two official informations, for a pamphlet reflecting on the laws and criminal justice of the country, and for publishing a libel on the queen of France (Marie Antoinette) and the French ambassador in London. To evade sentence, he retired to Holland, but was sent back to England, and apprehended at Birmingham. Sentenced to imprisonment, he died in Newgate, of fever, November 1, 1793. He had latterly become a proselyte to Judaism. French Exposition of 1855, and may be reckoned as among the happiest examples of portraiture in existence in any country. He died June 1864. natural order Ternstræmiacea, having five styles GORDO'NIA, a genus of trees and shrubs of the combined into one, which is crowned with five Several species are natives of America, of which stigmas, a 5-celled capsule, and winged seeds. the most important is the LOBLOLLY BAY (G. Lasianthus), which is found in swamps near the sea-coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Moist tracts of considerable extent are often covered with this tree alone. It attains a height of 50 or 60 feet, has oblong, leathery, evergreen leaves, and beautiful, white, sweet-scented flowers, more than an inch in diameter. The bark is much used for tanning. In England, it is cultivated with some difficulty, and generally appears as a mere bush. GORE, in Heraldry, a charge consisting of one-third of the shield cut off by two arched lines, one drawn from the dexter or sinister chief, and the other from the bottom of the escutcheon, meeting in the fess point. A Gore Sinister is enumerated by heralds as one of Gore. GORE, MRS CATHERINE GRACE, an English novelist, was born at East Retford, Nottinghamshire, in 1799. Her father, Mr Moody, was a winemerchant in moderate circumstances. In 1823, she was married to Captain Charles Arthur Gore, with whom she resided for many years on the continent, supporting her family by her literary labours. These were varied and voluminous to an extraordinary degree, amounting in all to seventy works. She died at Lynwood, Hants, January 27, 1861. Her first published work was Theresa Marchmont, or the Maid of Honour, published in 1823. Some of her early novels, as the Lettre de Cachet, and the Tuileries, were vivid descriptions of the French Revolution; but her greatest successes were her novels of English fashionable life, conspicuous among which were-Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb, and Cecil, a Peer, The Ambassador's Wife, The Banker's Wife, &c. She also wrote a prize comedy, entitled The School for Coquettes; Lord Dacre of the South, a tragedy; Bond, a dramatic poem; and other poetical and descriptive works. GORE'E, a very small island, belonging to the French, is situated immediately south-east of Cape Verd, on the western coast of Africa. It is only about three miles in circumference, contains a town defended by a fort, and covering two-thirds of the entire surface of the island. It is considered by the French as an important commercial entrepôt; its exports are gold-dust, ivory, wax, &c. Population of the island about 7000; of the town, 3042. GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON, President of the Royal Scottish Academy, son of a captain in the navy, was born at Edinburgh about 1790. He studied for four years under John Graham, director of the Academy of the Trustees for the Encouragement of Manufacture, where he shewed the usual desire of young artists to become an historical painter, but ultimately turned his attention to portraiture, in which he achieved a distinguished reputation. G. continued to reside in his native city. He first exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy in 1827, was elected in 1841 an Associate, in 1850 an Academician of the London Royal Academy; and on the death of Sir William Allan, President of the Royal Scottish Academy, when the honour of knighthood was conferred on him. G. was as national in his art as it is possible for a portrait-painter to be-that is to say, he excelled in transferring to the canvas those lineaments of character which are conceived! to be pre-eminently Scotch. The shrewd, cautious, town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, is situGO'REY, a small municipal borough and marketcalculating countenance of the Caledonian has ated about 24 miles north-north-east of the town of never been so happily rendered. Nearly every man that name, and three miles inland from the coast of note in Scotland, and not a few in England, of St George's Channel. It is an old town, having sat for their portrait to this artist. Among his best-known works may be mentioned, 'Sir Walter and consists mainly of one street of nearly a received its charter of incorporation from James I., Scott' (1831), Dr Chalmers' (1837), Duke of mile in length. Besides the national school and Buccleuch (1842), Lord Cockburn' (1842); the savings-bank, the Roman Catholic chapel, with "Thomas De Quincey' (1843), 'Lord Robertson (1846), Principal Lee' (1847), Professor Wilson' nunnery attached, built recently in the pointed style, (1851), Earl of Aberdeen' (1852), and the Provost trade in agricultural produce. Pop. (1871) 2673. G. carries on a considerable may be mentioned. of Peterhead' (1853). The last picture, which is the property of the Merchant Maiden Hospital, GORGE (Ital. gorga, throat), the rear-opening Edinburgh, gained for G. the gold medal at the into any work in fortification, consists of the space 11 GORGED-GORGO. between the extremities of the two sides, às between the faces of a ravelin, or between the flanks of a bastion. The demi-gorges of a bastion are lines in continuation of the curtains on each side, extending from the extremities of the flanks to the point of intersection of the lines. See also FORTIFICATION. GORGED. When a lion or other animal has a fighting, by heavy marches, and by dysentery. At Debreczin the corps of Nagy-Sándor was sacrificed in order to allow an agonising march of a few days. On the 9th of August, the lower army, under Dembinski, was annihilated in the battle of Temesvár, and on the 10th, G. was declared dictator by a council held in the fortress of Arad, under the crown by way of collar round its neck, it is said presidency of Kossuth. But further resistance on heraldically to be gorged. the part of the Hungarians was now hopeless, and on the 13th G.'s army surrendered at Világos to Prince Paskiewitch, commander-in-chief of the Russian forces. This surrender has been often imputed as treachery to Görgei. Whether such an imputation is excusable, may be best judged from the circumstance, that on the day of surrendering G. had 24,000 men with 140 cannon, and that five armies, with more than 200,000 men and 1000 cannon, were closing upon him from different directions. G. was confined to Klagenfurt, where he is still alive, engaged, as is rumoured, in chemical studies. In 1852, a work was published at Leipsic (a translation of which appeared at London in the same year), under the title, Mein Leben und Wirken in Ungarn in den Jahren 1848 und 1849. How far that work is really G.'s, it is impossible to state. GOʻRGET (Ital. gorgietta, from gorga, a throat), that part of ancient armour which defended the neck.-Also a crescent-shaped ornament formerly worn by military officers on the breast. GORGET (Fr. gorgeret, from gorge, the throat), instruments, devised to facilitate the operation of a surgical instrument, or rather a series of surgical Lithotomy (q. v.). out of use. They are now almost entirely Two GÖRGEI, ARTHUR, general commanding-in-chief of the Hungarian army during 1848-1849, was born at Toporcz, in the county of Szepes (Zips), February 5, 1818, and after a thorough military education, got a commission as lieutenant in the regiment of Palatine Hussars. Finding garrison-life too monotonous, and promotion slow, G. took leave of it, and turned a zealous student of chemistry at Prague. At the outbreak of the revolution, G. hastened to the seat of the first independent Hungarian ministry, offering his services, and was sent to Belgium, where he effected a purchase of arms for the new levies of Honvéds. He first exhibited his great military capacity after the rout of the Hungarian army near Schwechat, when he was made a general, and conducted the retreat that had to be effected with consummate skill and courage. His raw levies had to be kept together and drilled under the roaring cannon of the enemy; the disaffected officers, many of them foreigners, and addicted to monarchy, to be retained under the revolutionary flag; a commissariat to be organised during fatiguing marches and constant fighting. Perczel's corps was totally dispersed at Moor; government and diet were fleeing towards the Transylvanian frontier, and the dreary wilderness of the Carpathians threatened to become the tomb of all, in the midst of a winter little less severe than that which destroyed the Grand Army of Napoleon I. At the end of December 1848, Hungary seemed to be lost; at the beginning of March 1849, G. was concerting a plan for driving the enemy out of the country. After Dembinski's failure as general-inchief, G. was declared the head of the united army corps of the north (hitherto his own), of the Upper Theiss, under Klapka, and of Szolnok, under Damjanich. Forty thousand men, the finest army Hungary ever saw, broke forth from behind the Theiss, and drove the Austrians, with bloody losses, from one position to another. The battles of Hatvan, Bitske, Isaszeg, Gödöllö, Vácz, Nagy-Sarlo, were a succession of triumphs. Pesth was evacuated by the enemy, the siege of Komorn was raised, and before the month of April was over, nothing was left in the enemy's hands except a small strip on the western frontier, and the impregnable fastnesses which surround Tittel on the Lower Theiss. Buda, the ancient capital of the realm, well fortified and GO'RGO, or GORGON, according to Homer, a garrisoned, was to be stormed, and for this the vic- frightful monster inhabiting the infernal regions, torious campaign had to be interrupted. The delay the head of which was peculiarly appalling. Homer was fatal. Russian armies hastened to the rescue of and Euripides make mention of only one G., the Austria, and regiments of veterans were despatched daughter of Terra, who was slain by Minerva, by Radetzky, the war in Italy being nearly over. while Hesiod mentions three Gorgones-Stheno, The fortress of Buda was carried on the 21st of May, Euryale, and Medusa, the daughters of Phorcys and but the flower of the Hungarian infantry was buried Ceto, for which reason they are called likewise the among its ruins. In the latter part of June, the Phorcides. Their habitation, according to the same Austro-Russian army, under Haynau and Panjutine, author, was in the Western Ocean, in the neighbourbeat G. near Zsigard; and the affair at Györ hood of Night and the Hesperides; while Herodotus (Raab) resulted in the retreat of the Hungarians and other later writers place it in Libya. They close to the walls of the fortress of Komorn. On are represented as girded with serpents with heads the 2d of July, a bloody battle was fought near erect, vibrating their tongues, and gnashing their Szöny, where G. gave proofs of indomitable courage. teeth. Eschylus describes them as winged virgins On the 16th of July, a desperate fight took place with brazen claws, and enormous teeth, having two in and near Vácz between Russians and Hungarians. serpents round their bodies by way of girdle. The G., after some weeks, arrived in the neighbourhood name G. was given more especially to Medusa. of Arad with an army decimated by continual | According to later legends, Medusa was originally a GOʻRGIAS, a celebrated Greek rhetorician, of the time of Socrates, was born at Leontini, in Sicily, and settled in Greece, residing for the most part at Athens, and at Larissa in Thessaly. He died at the age of 105 or 109. G. has been immortalised by Plato in a Dialogue which bears his name. works attributed to him are extant, The Apology of Palamedes, and the Encomium on Helena, but their genuineness has been disputed by several critics. G. displayed little aptitude for theorising on the art which he professed to teach, and was not remarkable for speculative acumen generally, but he would appear to have been a quick and judicious observer. He avoided, according to Plato, general definitions of virtue and morality, but, on the other hand, Aristotle notices that he had a true appreciation of the facts of morality, as they are manifested in life and character, and the picture given of him by Plato is in harmony with this remark. He did not wish to be thought a sophist, but only a rhetorician, and the ancients were in fact at a loss whether to consider him the latter or both. |