GRAGNANO-GRAHAM. much in use, is accomplished by making the end of the scion into a peg, and boring the top of the stock to receive it. wards. Whichever of these modes of grafting is adopted, the graft must be fastened in its place by tying, for which purpose a strand of bast-matting is commonly used. The access of air is further prevented by means of clay, which has been worked up with a little chopped hay, horse or cow dung, and water, and which is applied to the place of junction so as to form a ball, tapering both upwards and downIn France, a composition of 28 parts black pitch, 28 Burgundy pitch, 16 yellow wax, 14 tallow, and 14 sifted ashes, is generally used instead of clay. Gutta-percha, applied in a soft state, has also been used, or even blotting-paper held fast by stripes of sticking-plaster. The progress of the buds shews the union of the graft and stock, but it is not generally safe to remove the clay in less than three months; and the ligatures, although then loosened, are allowed to remain for some time longer. From some kinds of fruittrees, fruit is often obtained in the second year after grafting. Budding (q. v.) is in principle the same as grafting; and Flute-grafting is a kind of budding in which a ring of bark is used instead of a single bud, and a stock of similar thickness having been cut over, aring of bark is removed, and the foreign one Bnstituted. This is commonly performed in spring, when the bark parts readily, and is one of the surest des of grafting.—Inarching (q. v.), or grafting by proach, in which the scion is not cut off from its Trent stem until it is united to the new stock, is practised chiefly in the case of some valuable shrubs kept in pots, in which success by the ordinary methods is very doubtful. GRAHAM, FAMILY OF. See MONTROSE In GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE, of Netherby, Cumberland, statesman, eldest son of Sir James, the first baronet, by Lady C. Stewart, eldest daughter of the seventh Earl of Galloway, was born June 1, 1792. The Grahams of Netherby are a junior branch of the Grahams of Esk, Viscounts of Preston, descended from the Earls of Stratherne and Menteith. G. was educated at Westminster School, whence he proceeded to Queen's College, Cambridge. He afterwards became private secretary to Lord Montgomerie, the British minister in Sicily, during the most critical period of the war, and the entire management of the mission devolved upon him at a most important moment, in consequence of the illness of his chief. On the arrival of Lord W. Bentinck, he was continued in his post, and he afterwards accepted a military situation attached to the person of Lord William, who was commanderin-chief in the Mediterranean. He was sent in this capacity to Murat, with whom, at Naples, he negotiated the armistice which separated that general from Napoleon. In 1818, he was returned for Hull on Whig principles; but at the next election, in 1820, lost his seat, and some years elapsed before he re-entered parliament. In 1824, he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father. 1826, he was returned for Carlisle as a Whig, and a warm supporter of Catholic emancipation. He displayed so much ability in opposition, that Earl Grey offered him, in 1830, the post of First Lord of the Admiralty, with a seat in the cabinet. He was also one of the committee of the cabinet appointed to discuss and settle the provisions of the first Reform Bill. He was at this time very popular with the extreme liberal party, and was supposed An effect is produced by the stock on the scion to be, of all the members of the Grey cabinet, most which it nourishes analogous to that of a change favourable to radical changes. In 1834, he seceded of soil; much of the vigour of a strong healthy from the government, with Mr Stanley, on the stock is also communicated to a scion taken even appropriation clause of the Irish Church Temporfrom an aged tree. There is, moreover, in some alities Act. He refused to join the Peel adminis degree, an influence of the elaborated sap descending tration in that year, but gradually in opposition from the scion on the stock which supports it. An approximated to the politics of that statesman; and important part of the practical skill of the gardener in 1841 became Secretary of State for the Home or nurseryman consists in the selection of the proper Department in the government of Sir Robert Peel, kinds of stocks for different species and varieties who on one occasion declared that G. was the of fruit-trees. The stock and scion, however, must ablest administrator and the best man of business not be of species extremely dissimilar. No credit he had ever known. In 1844, he issued a warrant is due to the statements of ancient authors about for opening the letters of Mazzini, and caused the vines grafted on fig-trees, apples on planes, &c., the information thus obtained to be communicated to semblance of which can only have been brought the Austrian minister, an act by which the ministry, atut by some delusive artifice; for all attempts at and G. in particular, incurred great obloquy. He or at least of the same natural family. grafting fail except among plants of the same genus, also encountered great displeasure north of the Tweed by his high-handed method of dealing with Herbaceous plants with firm stems, as dahlias, the Scottish Church during the troubles which small size, in pots, are are sometimes grafted. Some kinds of plants, of ended, contrary to his anticipation, in the Disrupplaced in moist hothouses tion, and the formation of the Free Church. He or hot beds, under bell-glasses, whilst the junction gave Peel a warm support in carrying the Corn of the scion and stock is going on, which in these Law Repeal Bill, and resigned office with his chief circumstances takes place very surely and very as soon as that great measure was carried. On the moisture under the bell-glass must be guarded against. Peelite party in the Lower House, and led the In opposition to the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill. GRAGNANO, a town of 11,243 inhabitants, in December 1852, he took office in the Coalition the province of Natio, owo miles south-east of Ministry of the Earl of Aberdeen, and accepted his Castellamare, is situated on the flank of Mount old office of First Lord of the Admiralty. This Gaurano, from which it is said to have derived its was a post much below his talents and pretensions, The origin of this town dates from the but he held it until February 1855. G. refused the volcano, fled from their dwellings, and sought minister a general support. He died from disease inhabitants of Stabia, in dread of the vicinity of istration of Lord Palmerston, but he gave that great eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. D., when the to take office either in the first or second adminproduces excellent wines, and has good macaroni one who stood in the first rank of statesmen. His beautifully picturesque neighbourhood, which of Commons again met, it felt that it had lost refuge on the mountain of Gaurano. manufactories. G. lies in of the heart, October 25, 1861. When the House commanding stature, fine personal presence, his GRAHAM-GRAHAME. calm and impressive delivery, his ripe and gentle wisdom, poured forth in a stream of quiet, yet winning and persuasive eloquence, made him the Nestor of the House of Commons. Yet his changes of opinion, from the Whiggism of his youth to the vehement Conservatism of his manhood, and the Radicalism of his old age, exposed him to incessant and well-founded charges of political inconsistency. GRAHAM, JOHN, VISCOUNT DUNDEE, was the eldest son of Sir William Graham of Claverhouse, head of a branch of the noble family of Montrose, in Forfarshire. He was born in 1643, entered St Andrews university in 1665, served in the French army from 1668 till 1672, next entered the Dutch service as cornet in the Prince of Orange's horse guards, and is reported (but on no good authority) to have saved the life of the prince at the battle of Seneffe in 1674. Returning to Scotland, he obtained (February 1678) an appointment as lieutenant in a troop of horse commanded by his cousin, the third Marquis of Montrose. At this time, the government of Charles II. was engaged in its insane attempt to force Episcopacy upon the people of Scotland. A system of fines and military coercion had been carried on for years against all Nonconformists; conventicles and field-preachings were prohibited, penalties were inflicted on all who even harboured the recusants, and the nation lay at the mercy of informers. Maddened by oppression, and fired by a fierce zeal for the Covenant, the people flew to arms; but their efforts were irregular and detached, and each successive failure only aggravated their sufferings. Many were executed, the jails were filled with captives, and those who fled were outlawed, and their property seized. In this miserable service, G. now engaged. He encountered an armed body of Covenanters at Drumclog, June 1, 1679, but was defeated, about forty of his troopers being slain, and himself forced to flee from the field. Three weeks afterwards (June 22), he commanded the cavalry at Bothwell Bridge, where the royal forces, under the Duke of Monmouth, achieved an easy victory over the Covenanters. In this battle, three or four were killed while defending the bridge, but in the pursuit, 400 were cut down (chiefly by G.'s dragoons), and 1200 surrendered unconditionally, to be afterwards treated with atrocious inhumanity. These affairs at Drumclog and Bothwell are the only contests that can even by courtesy be called battles in which G. was engaged in Scotland previous to the abdication of James II. They gave no scope for valour, and displayed no generalship. In his other duties pursuing, detecting, and hunting down unyielding Covenanters G. evinced the utmost - zeal. instantly scattered and gave way. Mackay lost by death and capture 2000 men; the victors, 900. Dundee fell by a musket-shot while waving on one of his battalions to advance. He was carried off the field to Urrard House, or Blair Castle, and there expired. In the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is preserved the letter-book of Nairne, private secretary to James II., and in this book is the copy of a letter purporting to be written by Dundee after he had received his death-wound, giving James a short account of the victory. The letter was first published in Macpherson's Original Papers, 1775, and has been treated as a forgery; but Nairne could have had no conceivable motive for forging such a document, which remained unprinted above eighty years. The character and services of Dundee have been greatly exaggerated and blackened by party spirit. With the Jacobites, he was the brave and handsome cavalier, the last of the great Scots and gallant Grahams. With the Covenanters, he was 'bloody Claverse,' the most cruel and rapacious of all the mercenary soldiers of that age. He was neither the best nor the worst of his class. As a military commander, he had no opportunities for display. He was the hero of only one important battle, and in that his skill was shewn chiefly in his choice of position. As a persecutor, he did not, like Dalyell, introduce the thumb-screw, nor, like Grierson of Lagg, drown helpless women at stakes on the seasands. In any service I have been in,' he said, 'I never inquired further in the laws than the orders of my superior officers;' and in Scotland he had very bad superior officers-low-minded, cruel, relentless taskmasters. It was fortunate for his reputation that he died after a great victory, fighting for an exiled and deserted monarch. This last enterprise has given a certain romantic interest to his name and memory. GRAHAM, THOMAS, a celebrated chemist, was born in Glasgow in the year 1805. Having studied at Glasgow and Edinburgh, he became, in 1830, Professor of Chemistry at the Andersonian University, and continued in that office till 1837, when he suc ceeded Dr Turner in the chemical chair of University College, London. In 1855, he was appointed Master of the Mint, and resigned his professorship. From the year 1831, in which his memoir, On the Formation of Alcoates, Definite Compounds of Salts and Alcohol,' appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to the time of his death, he was constantly publishing important contributions to chemistry. his memoirs we may mention the following: On Amongst the most important of the Law of Diffusion of Gases' (Tr. R. Soc. Edin. 1834); Researches on the Arseniates, Phosphates, and Modifications of Phosphoric Acid' (Phil. Tr. 1833); On the Motion of Gases, their Effusion the Diffusion of Liquids' (Ibid. 1850 and 1851); and Transpiration' (Ibid. 1846 and 1849); On Osmotic Force' (Ibid. 1854); Liquid Diffusion Applied to Analysis,' and 'On Liquid Transpira1861). In addition to these memoirs, he brought out tion in Relation to Chemical Composition' (Ibid. an excellent treatise on Chemistry, which has passed through more than one edition. G. was one of the founders and first President of the Chemical and the Cavendish Societies, was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was more than once appointed one of placed by government on important scientific comits vice-presidents. He was likewise frequently missions. He died 16th September 1869. On He rose to the rank of major-general, was sworn a privy councillor, had a gift from the crown of the estate of Dudhope, and was made constable of Dundee. In 1688, on the eve of the Revolution, he was raised to the peerage by James II. as Viscount Dundee and Lord Graham of Claverhouse. When the bigotry of James had driven him from the throne, Dundee remained faithful to the interests of the fallen monarch. He was joined by the Jacobite Highland clans and by auxiliaries from Ireland, and raised the standard of rebellion against the government of William and Mary. After various movements in the north, he advanced upon Blair in Athol, and General Mackay, commanding the government forces, hastened to meet him. The two armies confronted each other at the Pass of Killiecrankie, July 27, 1689. Mackay's force was about 4000 men; Dundee's, 2500 foot, with one troop of horse. A few minutes decided the contest. GRAHAME, JAMES, a Scottish poet, son of After both armies had exchanged fire, the High- a legal practitioner, was born in Glasgow, April landers rushed on with their swords, and the enemy | 22, 1765, and was educated at the university of GRAHAME'S ISLAND-GRAKLE. that city. He removed to Edinburgh in 1784, where he commenced the study of law under the tuition of a relative, and was admitted a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet in 1791, and in 1795, of the Faculty of Advocates. Finding the legal profession unsuited to his tastes, and having a sufficiency of worldly means, he withdrew from professional practice, and devoted himself to the cultivation of his muse. He had long regarded the life and duties of a country clergyman with a wistful eye, and an opportunity offering, he took orders in the Church of England, being ordained by the Bishop of Norwich on Trinity Sunday, the 28th May 1809. He was successively curate of Shipton in Gloucestershire, and of Sedgefield in the county of Durham. Ill health compelled him to abandon his sacred duties, and he returned to Scotland; spending a few days in Edinburgh, he proceeded to Glasgow, and died at his brother's residence, near that city, on the 14th September 1811, in the forty-seventh year of his age. G. has left behind several poetical works, the chief of which are- -Mary Queen of Scots, a dramatic poem; The Sabbath; The Birds of Scotland; and The British Georgics. It is on The Sabbath that his fame rests. He was a retiring, amiable, and affectionate man, and possessed a deep love for nature, and those passages in his poems are the best that give utterance to that love. There was nothing bold or mounting in his genius, but he had a plenteous command of musical verse and rural imagery. GRAHAME'S or HOTHAM'S ISLAND. A mass of dust, sand, and scoriæ thrown out of a submarine volcano in the Mediterranean, and which remained for some time above the surface of the water, received these names. It made its appearance about thirty miles off the coast of Sicily, opposite to Sciacca, in July 1831. In the beginning of August, when the action of the volcano had ceased, it had a circumference of about a mile and a quarter, the highest point was estimated at 170 feet above the sea, and the inner diameter of the crater about 400 yards. As soon as the eruption ceased, the action of the waves began to reduce the island, and before many months transpired, the whole mass of scorice and sand disappeared, being scattered as a stratum of volcanic cinder in that portion of the bed of the Mediterranean. GRAHAM'S LAND, an island of the Antarctic Ocean, discovered by Biscoe in February 1832, lies in lat. 64 45' S., and long. 63° 51' W., being nearly on the meridian of the east extremity of Tierra del Fuego, and within a comparatively short distance of the polar circle. The position, as above defined, is precisely that of Mount William, the highest spot In front, towards the north, are a number of islets, called Biscoe's Range. No living thing, Cxcepting a few birds, appears to exist. seen. GRAHAM'S TOWN, the capital of the castern province of the Cape Colony, stands near the centre of the maritime division of Albany. It is about 25 miles from the sea, in lat. 33° 19' S., and long. 26° SE; and it contains about 6000 inhabitants, chiefly English. G. T. is the see of two bishops -one of the Church of England, and another of the (hurch of Rome, and possesses a cathedral. It has also several Wesleyan ministers, besides the pastors of the Dutch Reformed Church. Among the other institutions of the place are its banks, insurance offices, a botanic garden, a public library, a general hospital, large barracks, and some weekly newspapers. GRAIN (Lat. granum, any small hard seed or particle), a term often used as equivalent to corn, denoting the seeds of the Cerealia. Graining (Leuciscus Lancastriensis). found it in the Mersey. It occurs in a few English streams, and in some of the lakes of Switzerland. It is rather more slender than the dace. In its habits and food it resembles the trout, rises readily at the artificial fly, and affords good sport to the angler. GRAINS OF PARADISE, or MELEGUETTA PEPPER, an aromatic and extremely hot and pungent seed, imported from Guinea. It is the produce of Amomum Meleguetta, or A. Grana Paradisi, a plant of the natural order Scitamineæ or Zingiberacea, with lanceolate leaves, one-flowered scapes (leafless stems), about three feet high, and ovate or ellipticoblong capsules containing many seeds. By the natives of Africa, these seeds are used as a spice or condiment to season their food; in Europe, they are chiefly employed as a medicine in veterinary practice, and fraudulently to increase the pungency of fermented and spirituous liquors. By 56 Geo. III. c. 58, brewers and dealers in beer in England are prohibited, under a heavy penalty, from even having grains of paradise in their possession. This drug is much used to give apparent strength to bad gin. The name Meleguetta Pepper, or Guinea Pepper (q. v.), is also given to other pungent seeds from the west of Africa. Numerous GRAKLE, the common name of many birds of the Starling family (Sturnida), all tropical or subtropical. They have very much the habits of starlings, and some of them even excel starlings in their imitative powers, and particularly in the imitation of human speech. This is remarkably the case with the Mina Birds (q. v.) of the East Indies, which may be regarded as grakles. species inhabit Africa. Some of them are birds of splendid plumage. The PARADISE G. (Gracula gryllivora) of India has acquired a peculiar celebrity as a destroyer of locusts and caterpillars. It is about the size of a blackbird. Buffon tells us, that in order to stop the devastations of locusts in the island of Bourbon, this bird was introduced from India by the government. The grakles, however, beginning to examine the newly-sown fields, excited the alarm of the planters, and were exterminated; but it was found necessary, after a few years, again to introduce them, and they are now very numerous, although they do not confine themselves to insect food, but in default of it are ready to betake themselves to seeds and fruits. They sometimes enter pigeon-houses and feed on the eggs, or even on the newly-hatched young. When tamed, they become very pert and familiar, and exhibit a great aptitude for imitating the voices of animals. A G. of GRALLE-GRAMMONT. this species, kept in a farmyard, has been known to imitate most of its ordinary sounds, as those of dogs, sheep, pigs, and poultry.-Some of the grakles are known as summer birds of passage in the northern parts of America. GRA'LLÆ, or GRALLATORES (Lat. stiltwalkers), an order of birds, generally characterised by very long legs, the tarsus (shank) in particular being much elongated, and by the nakedness of the lower part of the tibia, adapting them for wading in water without wetting their feathers. They have also generally long necks and long bills. The form of the bill, however, is various; and in its size, strength, and hardness, it is adapted to the kind of food; some, as snipes, which feed chiefly on worms and other soft animals, having a very soft weak bill, whilst others, which feed on larger and stronger animals, have the bill proportionately large and strong. The form of the body is generally slender. The greater number of the G. are inhabitants of the sea-coast or of marshy districts. Many are birds of passage. Even those which are not aquatic are generally driven from the districts which they frequent either by frost or drought. Cuvier divided this order into Brevipennes (q. v.), (Ostrich, Cassowary, Emu, &c.); Pressirostres (Bustards, Plovers, Lapwings, &c.); Cultrirostres (Cranes, Herons, Storks, Adjutants, Spoonbills, &c.); Longirostres (Snipes, Curlews, Godwits, Sandpipers, &c.); and Macrodactyli (Rails, Crakes, Coots, &c.). The Brevipennes are constituted by some into a distinct order, Cursores, and differ very widely in many respects from the true Gralla. GRAM. See CHICK PEA. GRAMMAR, in its usual sense, and as applied to a particular language, investigates and systematises the facts of that language, as exhibited in the most approved writers and speakers; the main divisions or heads being: (1) the way in which the sounds or spoken words are represented by letters (Orthography); (2) the division of words into classes, or parts of speech,' the changes or inflections they undergo, their derivation and composition (Etymology); and (3) the way in which they are joined together to form sentences (Syntax). A book embodying the results of such investigations, with a view to enable learners to understand a language, and to use it properly, is a grammar of that language. called Literatores) at Rome, that published the first practical systematic Greek grammar for the use of his Roman pupils (about 80 B. C.). This work, which still exists, though much interpolated, became the basis of all subsequent grammars, both Greek and Latin; and when grammars of the modern European the classical models. The chief matters treated of tongues came to be written, they naturally followed in grammar are considered under such heads as ADJECTIVE, CONJUNCTION, DECLENSION, &c. In quite recent times, the study of language has advanced beyond this empirical stage, in which its object was confined to the explaining and teaching individual languages; and, under the name of Comparative Grammar,' has brought to light the resemblances and differences of the various languages of the world, so as to classify them, after the manner of natural history, into families and minor groups, according to their greater or less affinities. Still higher questions, entering into the origin and growth of speech, and seeking to give a scientific account of its phenomena, now occupy the more advanced students of this subject. See LANGUAGE, INFLECTION. GRAMMAR SCHOOLS received their name at a time when the grammar of the English language was not written, and when all knowledge of the principles of language could be obtained only through a study of the grammar of the ancient tongues, particularly Latin. The idea which lay at the basis of these institutions still pervades them, and the ancient languages are the principal subjects of instruction. History, geography, and modern languages have of late years been admitted into the curriculum of the great majority of these schools; but these subjects still hold a subordinate place, and distinction in Latin and Greek gives preeminence, and is the great object of ambition both to masters and pupils. Nor can it be otherwise so long as the universities recognise the ancient tongues as the only sound basis of a liberal education. For a further notice of the grammar schools of Great Britain, see PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NATIONAL EDUCATION. GRAMME is the standard unit of French measures of weight, and is the weight of a cubic centimètre of distilled water at 0° Centigrade (corresponding to 32° Fah.); the other weights have received names corresponding to the number of grammes they contain, or the number of times they are contained in a gramme: in the former case, the Greek numerals deca, hecto, kilo, myria, expressing weights of 10 grammes, 100 grammes, 1000 grammes, 10,000 grammes; in the latter case, the Roman numerals deci, centi, are prefixed, to express tenths, hundredths of a gramme. Starting from the relation between the English yard and the French mètre, we are enabled to compare the units of weight, and it is found that a gramme = 1543248 grains Troy, from which the equivalents in English measure for the other weights can easily be found: thus Languages were not originally constructed according to rules of grammar previously laid down; but grammar rules were deduced from languages already in existence. In the days of Plato, perhaps the greatest master of language that ever wrote, the division of words into classes or parts of speech had not yet been made. Plato himself, according to Max Muller, took the first step in formal grammar by making the distinction of noun and verb, or rather of subject and predicate; for it was a distinction in the ideas or elements of a proposition he was making, rather than in the words themselves. Aristotle and the Stoic philosophers made further advances in the analysis of language, but they attended little to the forms of words, their object being logical rather than grammatical (see GENITIVE). It was the Alexandrian scholars, engaged in preparing critical editions of Homer and the other Greek classics, who first analysed, classified, and named the phenomena of language as language; and it GRAMMONT, a small town of Belgium, in the was one Dionysius Thrax, who had been trained province of East Flanders, is situated on both banks in the Alexandrian school, and became a teacher of of the Dender, 20 miles south-south-east of Ghent. Greek (Grammaticus, from Gr. gramma, a letter; It has manufactures of lace, fine linen, damask and as those who taught boys their Roman letters were | woollen fabrics, and tobacco; and carries on cotton Centigramme Decigramme GRAMME = = Grains Troy. Decagramme 154.3234 = = = = = Lbs. Avoirdupois. 0000220462 ⚫000220462 ⚫00220462 ⚫0220462 •220462 2 20462 =22-0462 =220 462 =19684 cwt. =1.9684 " GRAMMONT-GRANADA. spinning, dyeing, bleaching, tanning, distilling, and brewing. Pop. (1870) 9000. GRAMMONT, or GRAMONT, PHILLIBERT, COUNT OF, a celebrated French courtier, son of Anthony, Duke of Grammont, was born about 1621. While still very young, he served as a volunteer under Condé and Turenne, and distinguished himself by the most chivalric bravery. At the court of Louis XIV., with this reputation added to his youth, noble birth, a handsome person, fine talents and accomplishments, a lively wit, and strangely good-fortune at play, at which he won such amounts as to support even his extravagant expenditures, it is no wonder that he became a favourite. He was distinguished for his gallantries, and even had the audacity to aspire to be the rival of the king in the affections of one of his favourites. This caused him to be banished from France; and he found a pleasant refuge and congenial society in the gay and licentious court of Charles II. of England. Here, after many adventures, he engaged to marry Eliza Hamilton, sister of Anthony, Count Hamilton, but slipped out of London without fulfilling his promise. Two of the lady's brothers set off in pursuit of the forgetful Frenchman, and coming up with him at Dover, asked him "if he had not forgotten something.' Oh, to be sure,' replied G., I have forgotten to marry your sister;' and returned to London to complete his engagement. He then went to France, where his wife became one of the ladies of the court of Maria Theresa of Austria. By this marriage he had two daughters, one of whom was married to Henry Howard, Marquis of Stratford, and the other became Abbess of Poussay, in Lorraine. He died in 1707. See Memoirs of the Comte de Grammont by his brother-in-law, Anthony, Count Hamilton (edited by Sir Walter Scott in 1811; reprinted in Bohn's 'extra volumes'). average GRAMPIANS, the name of the principal mountain system in Scotland. The system runs from north-east to south-west, forming the wellknown high grounds of Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, Forfarshire, and Perthshire. The elevation of the summits of this main range is from 2000 to 3000 feet, and the highest elevation reached is that of Ben Nevis (4406 feet) at its western extremity. An outlying branch of the G. extends northward from near the head of the valley of the Dee, and comprises among its chief summits Ben Muicdhui (4295 feet) and Cairngorm (4083 feet). Southward of the western extremity of the G. are situated numerous groups and chains of greater or Among these the chief summits are Ben Cruachan (3693 feet), Ben Lomond (3192 feet), Ben More (3843 feet), Ben Lawers (3984 feet), and Schiehallion (3547 feet). less extent. GRAMPIANS, mountains in Australia, run north and south in the west part of Victoria, stretching in S. lat. from 36° 52' to 37° 38', and in E. long. from 142° 25' to 142° 47'. From their eastern slope flow the Glenelg and its affluents. The loftiest peak of the range, Mount William, is 4500 feet high above the sea. GRAMPUS (probably from the French, Grand poisson, great fish), a cetaceous animal, common in the arctic seas, as on the coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen, not unfrequent in the Atlantic, and well known on the British coasts. It is one of the Delphinidae, or Dolphin family, and is commonly referred by naturalists to the same genus with the porpoise, under the names Phocana Orca, P. Grampus, and P. gladiator, although a new genus, Grampus, has also been proposed for it. It is the largest of the Delphinida, often more than twenty feet in length; its form spindle-shaped, Grampus (Phocana Orca). its dorsal fin, in the upper jaw projecting a little GRAN (Mag. Esztergam), a town of Hungary, is GRAN SASSO D'ITALIA (Great Rock of Italy'), also called MONTE CORNO, from the resenblance to a horn which it presents on the cast, is the highest summit of the Apennines, Laving an elevation of 10,206 feet. It is situated on the borders of the Abruzzi, between Teramo GRANA'DA, at an ކ |