AFRICA, the shocking devastations made there
by the Vandals, 501, 502.
Alanus, character of the clergy in his time, 515.
Alfred the Great, his complaint of the ignorance
of the clergy, 515.

Allodial possession of land, explained, 507. How
such possession became subject to military ser-
vice, 508. Distinguished from beneficiary ten-
ures, ib. How converted into feudal tenures, 509.
Allodium, the etymology of that word, 512.
Ammianus, his character of the Huns, 502. 504.
Amurath, Sultan, the body of Janizaries formed
by him, 87.

Anathema, form of that denounced against rob-
bers during the middle ages, 554.
Arabia, the ancient Greek philosophy cultivated
there, while lost in Europe, 550. The progress
of philosophy from thence to Europe, 551.
Armies, standing, the rise of, traced, 46. By what
means they became more general in Europe, 54.
Arms, the profession of, the most honourable in
uncivilized nations, 35.

Arragon, rise of the kingdom of, 68. Its union
with Castile, 69. The constitution and form of
its government, 70. The privileges of its Cortes,
ib. Office and jurisdiction of the justiza, 71.
The regal power very confined, ib. Form of
the allegiance sworn to the kings of, ib. The
power of the nobility to control the regal pow-
er, 559. Their privilege of union taken away
by Peter IV., 560. The establishment of the
inquisition opposed there, 561.
Ass, account of the ancient Romish feast of, 516.
Assemblies, legislative, how formed, 22.

,general, of France, their power under
the first race of kings, 76. Under the second
and third, 77. At what period they lost their
legislative authority, ib.

Attila, king of the Huns, account of his recep-
tion of the Roman ambassadors, 500. Some
account of his conquests, 503.
Austria, the house of, by whom founded, 82.
Avila, an assembly of Castilian nobles there so-
lemnly try and depose Henry IV. their king, 70.

Baillis, in the old French law, their office ex-
plained, 545.

Balance of power, the first rise of, in Europe, 53,
54. The progress of, 55, 56.

Baltic, the first source of wealth to the towns
situated on that sea, 556.

Barcelona, its trade, riches, and privileges at the
close of the fifteenth century, 562.
Barons, independence and mutual hostilities of,
under the feudal system, 12. How affected by
the enfranchisement of cities, 20. Acquire a
participation in legislative government, 22. Pri-
vate wars for redress of personal injuries, 24.
Methods employed to abolish these contentions,
26. Origin of their supreme and independent
jurisdiction, 29. Bad effects resulting from these
privileges, 30. Steps taken by princes to reduce
their courts, 32. Obliged to relinquish their ju-
dicial prerogatives, 36. Of Italy, subjected to
municipal laws, 520, 521. Their right of terri-
torial jurisdiction explained, 543. Their emolu-
ments from causes decided in their courts, ib.
Benefices, under the feudal system, a history of,
509. When they became hereditary, 510.
Books, inquiry into the materials of ancient ones,
515. Loss of old manuscripts accounted for, ib.
Great prices they sold for in ancient times, ib.

| Boroughs, representatives of, how introduced
into national councils, 22.

Britains, ancient, their distress and dejection
when deserted by the Romans, and harassed
by the Picts and Caledomans, 500.
Brotherhood of God, an account of that associa-
tion for extinguishing private wars, 534.
Bruges, how it became the chief mart for Italian
commodities during the middle ages, 556.
Burgundy, Mary, heiress of, the importance with
which her choice in a husband was considered
by all Europe, 51. Treacherous views of Louis
XI. of France towards her, 52. Is married to
the archduke Maximilian, ib. The influence
of this match on the state of Europe, ib.

Casar, his account of the ancient Germans, com-
pared with that of Tacitus, 504.
Calatrava, military order of, in Spain, zealous to
employ their prowess in defence of the honours
of the Virgin Mary, 563. The vow used by
these knights, ib.

Cambray, treaty of, its object,
federacy dissolved, 57.
Canon law, inquiry into, 33.

56, 57. The con-

Progress of eccle-
siastical usurpations, 33, 34. Maxims of, more
equitable than the civil courts of middle ages, 34.
Castile, rise of the kingdom of, 68. Its union
with Arragon, 69. Its king, Henry IV., deposed,
70. Constitution and government of that king-
dom, 72. History of the Cortes of, and its pri-
vileges, ib. Kingdom originally elective, 561.
Catalonia, spirited behaviour of the people there
in defence of their rights, against their king
John II. of Arragon, 70.
Censuales, a species of voluntary slaves, the ob-
ligations they entered into, described, 530.
Centenarii, or inferior judges in the middle ages,
extraordinary oath required from them, 554.
Champs de Mars and de Mai, account of those
assemblies of the ancient Gauls, 565.
Charlemagne, his law to prevent private wars for
redress of personal injuries, 26. 533. State of
Germany under his descendants, 80.
Charles IV., emperor, dissipates the imperial do-
mains, 573.

V., emperor, an emulator of the heroic con-
duct of his rival, Francis I., 37. His future gran-
deur founded on the marriage of the archduke
Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy, 52.

VII. of France, the first who introduced
standing armies in Europe, 47. His successful
extension of the regal prerogative, ib.

VIII. of France, his character, 52. How
induced to invade Italy, ib. His resources and
preparations for this enterprise, 53. His rapid
success, ib. A combination of the Italian states
formed against him, 54. Is forced to return
back to France, ib. The distressed state of
his revenues by this expedition, 56.
Charlevoix, his account of the North American
Indians, made use of in a comparison between
them and the ancient Germans, 505, 506,
Charters of immunity or franchise, an inquiry
into the nature of those granted by the barons
of France to the towns under their jurisdic-
tions, 522. Of communities, granted by the
kings of France, how they tended to establish
regular government, 21. 523.

Chivalry, origin of, 36. Its beneficial effects on
human manners, 37. The enthusiasm of, dis-
tinguished from its salutary consequences, ib.

Christianity, corrupted when first brought into
Europe, 38. Its influence in freeing mankind
from the bondage of the feudal policy, 529.
Circles of Germany, the occasion of their being
formed, 83.

Cities, ancient states of, under the feudal policy,
19. The freedom of, where first established, 20.
Charters of community, why granted in France
by Louis le Gros, ib. Obtain the like all over
Europe, 21. Acquire political consideration, ib.
Clergy, the progress of their usurpations, 33.
Their plan of jurisprudence more perfect than
that of the civil courts in the middle ages, 34.
The great ignorance of, in the early feudal
times of Europe, 515.

Cleriza, slave to Willa, widow of duke Hugo,
extract from the charter of manumission
granted to her, 529.

Clermont, council of, resolves on the holy war, 16.
See Peter the Hermit and Crusades.
Clotaire I., instance of the small authority he
had over his army, 565.

Clotharius II., his account of the popular assein-
blies among the ancient Gauls, 565.
Clovis, the founder of the French monarchy, un-
able to retain a sacred vase taken by his army
from being distributed by lot among the rest of
the plunder, 507.

Colleges, first establishment of, in Europe, 551.
Combat, judicial, prohibition of, an improvement
in the administration of justice, 27. Founda-
tion and universality of this mode of trial, 29.
Pernicious effects of, 30. Various expedients
for abolishing this practice, ib. Ancient Swe-
dish law of, for words of reproach, 538. Posi-
tive evidence or points of proof rendered inef-
fectual by it, 539. This mode of trial author-
ized by the ecclesiastics, 540. Last instances
of, in the histories of France and England, 541.
Commerce, spirit of crusading how far favourable
to, at that early period, 19. First establishment
of free corporations, 20 Charters of commu-
nity, why granted by Louis le Gros, ib. Like
practice obtains all over Europe, 21. Salutary
effects of these institutions, ib. Low state of,
during the middle ages, 40. Causes contribu-
fing to its revival, ib. Promoted by the Han-
seatic league, 41. Is cultivated in the Nether-
lande, ib. Is introduced into England by Ed-
ward III, ib. The beneficial consequences
resulting from the revival of, ib. The early
cultivation of, in Italy, 554.

Common law, the first compilation of, made in
England by lord chief justice Glanville, 548.
Communities See Charters, Cities, Commerce,
and Corporations.

Comnena, Anne, her character of the Crusaders,

519.

Compass, mariner's, when invented, and its in-
fluence on the extension of commerce, 40.
Composition for personal injuries, the motives for
establishing, 533. The custom of, deduced
from the practice of the ancient Germans, 541.
Compurgators, introduced as evidence in the
jurisprudence of the middle ages, 27.
Condottieri, in the Italian policy, what, 63.
Conrad, count of Franconia, how he obtained
election to the empire, 80.

Conradin, the last rightful heir to the crown of
Naples of the house of Suabia, his unhappy
fate, 65.

Constance, treaty of, between the emperor Frede-
ric Barbarossa and the free cities of Italy, 522.
Constantinople, its flourishing state at the time
of the crusades, 17. When first taken by the
Turks, 86. The crusaders, how looked upon
there, 519. The account given of this city by
the Latin writers, 519, 520.
Constitutions, popular, how formed, 22.
Cordova, Gonsalvo de, secures the crown of Na-
ples to Ferdinand of Arragon, 66.
Corporations and bodies politic, establishments

of, how far favourable to the improvement of
manners, 19. Privileges of, how first claimed,
20. Charters of community, why granted by
Louis le Gros in France, ib. Institution of,
obtains all over Europe, 21. Their effects, ib.
Cortes of Arragon, its constitution and privileges,

70.

of Castile, a history of, and an account of
its constitution and privileges, 72. The vigilance
with which it guarded its privileges against
the encroachments of the regal power, ib.
Crusades, first motives for undertaking, 16. En-
thusiastic zeal with which they were under-
taken, ib. First promoted by Peter the Hermit,
ib. Success of them, 17. Consequences re-
sulting from them, ib. Their effects on manners,
18. On property, ib. How advantageous to the
enlargement of the regal power of European
princes, ib. Commercial effects of, 19. 40. Uni-
versal frenzy for engaging in these expeditions
accounted for, 517. Privileges granted to those
who engaged in them, 517, 518. Stephen earl
of Chartres and Blois, his account of them,
518. Expense of conducting them, how raised,
518, 519. Character given of the Crusaders
by the Greek writers, 519.

Debt, first hint of attaching moveables for the
recovery of, derived from the canon law, 548.
Debtors, how considered in the rude and simple
state of society, 523.

Diets of Germany, some account of, 575.
Doctors, in the different faculties, dispute prece-
dence with knights, 551.

Ecclesiastical jurisprudence, more perfect in its
plan than the civil courts of the middle ages, 34.
Ecclesiastics, when and by what degrees they
claimed exemption from civil jurisdiction, 546.
Military talents cultivated and exercised by
those of the middle ages, 550.
Edward III. of England, his endeavours to intro-
duce commerce into his kingdom, 41.
Electors of Germany, rise of their privileges, 84.
Eloy, St., his definition or description of a good
Christian, 516.

Emperors of Germany, inquiry into their power,
jurisdiction, and revenue, 572. Ancient mode
of electing them, 574,

England, summary view of the contests between,
and France, 44. Consequences of its losing its
continental possessions, 45. The power of the
crown, how extended, 49. See Henry VII. Why
so many marks of Saxon usages and language,
in comparison with those of the Normans, to be
found in, 501. When corporations began to be
established in, 527. Instances of the long conti-
nuance of personal servitude there, 531. Inquiry
into the Saxon laws for putting an end to private
wars, 535. Causes of the speedy decline of pri-
vate wars there, proposed to the researches of
antiquarians, 536. Last instances of judicial
combat recorded in the history of, 541. Terri-
torial jurisdiction of the barons, how abolished,
546. Causes of the slow progress of commerce
there, 556, 557 The first commercial treaty
entered into by, 557.

Evidence, imperfect nature of that admitted in
law-proceedings during the middle ages, 27.
Rendered ineffectual by the judicial combat,540
Europe, alterations in, by the conquests of the
Romans, 7. Improvements the nations of, re-
ceived in exchange for their liberties, ib. Its
disadvantages under this change of circum-
stances, ib. Inquiry into the supposed popu-
lousness of the ancient northern nations, 8
Savage desolations exercised by the Goths,
Vandals, and Huns, 10. Universal change oc-
casioned by their irruptions and conquest, 11
First rudiments of the present policy of, to be
deduced from this period, ib. Origin of the
feudal system, 12. See Feudal System. The

general barbarism Introduced with this policy,
13, 14. At what time government and man-
ners began to improve, 15, 16. Causes and
events which contributed to this improvement,
16. See Crusades, Corporations, People. Mi-
series occasioned by private wars in, 26. Me-
thods taken to suppress them, ib. Judicial com-
bats prohibited, 27. Defects of judicial pro-
ceedings in the middle ages, ib. Influence of
superstition in these proceedings, 28. Origin of
the independent territorial jurisdictions of the
barons, 32. Bad consequences of their judicial
power, ib. Steps taken by princes to abolish
their courts, ib. Inquiry into the canon law,
33. Revival of the Roman law, 35. Effects
of the spirit of chivalry, 36. How improved
by the progress of science and cultivation of
literature, 37 Christianity corrupted when
first received in, 38. Scholastic theology the
first object of learning in, ib. Low state of
commerce in, during the middle ages, 40. Com-
merce revives in Italy, ib. Is promoted by the
Hanseatic league, 41. Is cultivated in the Ne-
therlands, ib. Effects of the progress of com-
merce on the polishing of manners, ib. Effects
of the marriage of the heiress of Burgundy
with the archduke Maximilian, on the state of,

Feodum, the etymology of that word, 512.
Ferdinand, king of Arragon, unites the Spanish
monarchy, by his marriage with Isabella of
Castile, 68, 69. His schemes to exalt the regal
power, 74. Resumes former grants of land from
his barons, ib. Unites to the crown the grand
masterships of the three military orders, 75.
Why he patronized the association called the
Holy Brotherhood, against the barons, 76.
Feudal system, origin of, deduced, 12. Primary
object of this policy, ib. Its deficiencies for
interior government, 13. Tenures of land, how
established under, ib. Rise of intestine discords
among the barons under, ib. Servile state of
the people, ib. Weak authority of the king, ib.
Its influence on the external operations of war,
ib. General extinction of all arts and sciences
effected by, 14. Its operation on religion, ib.
Its influence on the character of the human
mind, 15. At what time government and man-
ners began to be improved, ib. Causes and
events which contributed to this improvement,
16. See Crusades. Ancient state of cities under,
19. Frame of national councils under this po-
licy, 22. How altered by the progress of civil
liberty, 23. Inquiry into the administration of
justice under, 24. Private war, 26. Judicial
combat, 29. Independent jurisdiction of the
barons, ib. Distinction between freemen and
vassals under, 507-512. How strangers were
considered and treated under, 553.
Fiefs, under the feudal system, a history of, 509.
When they became hereditary, 510.
Fitzstephens, observations on his account of the
state of London at the time of Henry II., 527.
Flanders. See Netherlands.
Florence, view of the constitution of, at the com-
mencement of the sixteenth century, 64. In-
fluence acquired by Cosmo di Medici in, ib.
France, by what means the towns in, first ob-
tained charters of community. 20. Ordonnances
of Louis X. and his brother Philip in favour of
civil liberty, 23. Methods employed to suppress
private wars, 26. St. Louis attempts to dis-

countenance judicial combat, 30. View of the
contests between, and England, 44. Conse-
quences of its recovering its provinces from
England, 45. Monarchy of, how strengthened
by this event, 46. Rise of standing forces in,
ib.
Regal prerogative strengthened by this
measure, 47. Extension of the regal prerogative
vigorously pursued by Louis XI., 48. See Louis
XI. Effects of the invasion of Italy by Charles
VIII. See Charles VIII. National infantry
established in, 55, 56. League of Cambray
formed against the Venetians, 57. Battle of
Ghiarraddada, ib. Inquiry into its ancient go-
vernment and laws, 76. Power of the general
assemblies under the first race of kings, ib.
Under the second and third, 77. Regal power
confined to the king's own domains, ib. When
the general assembly or states general lost their
legislative authority, ib. When the kings began
to assert their legislative power, 78. When the
government of, became purely monarchical, ib.
Regal power nevertheless restrained by the
privileges of the nobility, ib. Inquiry into the
jurisdiction of its parliaments, particularly that
of Paris, 79. How the allodial property of land
there was altered into feudal, 510, 511. Pro-
gress of liberty in that kingdom traced, 527.
Attempts to establish liberty there unsuccessful,
528. Last instance of judicial combat recorded
in the history of, 541. Present government of,
compared with that of ancient Gaul, 564. The
states general, when first assembled, 570.
Francis I. of France, his character influenced by
the spirit of chivalry, 37. Is emulated by the
emperor Charles V., ib.

Frederic Barbarossa, emperor, the free cities of
Italy unite against him, 522. Treaty of Con-
stance with them, ib. Was the first who granted
privileges to the cities in Germany, 526.
Fredum, in the ancient German usages, explained,
541.

Freemen, how distinguished from vassals, under
the feudal policy, 507-512. Why often in-
duced to surrender their freedom, and become
slaves, 514.

Fulcherius Carnotensis, his character of the city
of Constantinople, 520.

Gaul, how allodial property of land was changed
into feudal there, 510. Government of, com-
pared with that of modern France, 564. Small
authority the kings of, enjoyed over their armies,
illustrated in an anecdote of Clotaire I., 565.
Account of the popular assemblies of, ib. Salic
laws how enacted, ib. Were not subject to
taxation, 566. See France.

Geoffrey de Villehardouin, his account of the
magnificence of Constantinople at the time
when taken by the Crusaders, 520.
Germans, ancient, an account of their usages
and way of life, 504. Their method of engaging
in war, ib. Comparison between them and
the North American Indians, 505. Why they
had no cities, 525. The practice of compound-
ing for personal injuries by fines, deduced from
their usages, 541.

Germany, little interested in foreign concerns at
the beginning of the fifteenth century, 44. Na-
tional infantry established in, 55. State of,
under Charlemagne and descendants, 80. Con-
rad, count of Franconia, chosen emperor, ib.
His successors in the imperial dignity, ib. How
the nobility of, acquired independent sovereign
authority, ib. Fatal effects of aggrandizing
the clergy in, 81. Contest between the emperor
Henry IV. and Pope Gregory VII., ib. Rise of
the factions of Guelfs and Ghibellines, 82. De-
cline of the imperial authority, ib. House of
Austria, by whom founded, ib. Total change
in the political constitution of the empire, ib.
State of anarchy in which it continued to the
time of Maximilian, the immediate predecessor