tance institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. Washington told our forefathers in this country to reject permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations and passionate attachments for others and said any nation failing in this is in some degree a slave. He warned against foreign influences which seek to tamper with domestic factions, who practice the arts of seduction to mislead public opinion. His rule for commercial relations was to have with them as little political connection as possible.

Every year in the United States Senate we read the speech, and we still get great benefit from it. I hope that in your experiences you will also get benefit from it. I want to stress today that we look to the future with the greatest degree of confidence and hope, and I hope that the people of your continent recognize that we wish to be associated intimately with them, that we wish for them the same things we wish for ourselves: peace, the opportunity to develop our own institutions in our own way, to be independent not only politically but in all of the other kinds of independence which make up important national security.

Your brightest days are still ahead. I believe ours are also. And I hope that when the history of these times is written-when the history of the decade of the sixties is written-they will record a more intimate and closer attachment year by year between your countries of Africa and this country of the United States.

THE "CASABLANCA GROUP'S" IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AFRICAN CHARTER OF CASABLANCA: Protocol Signed at Cairo by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Morocco, and the United Arab Republic, May 5, 1961 17

17 Colin Legum, op. cit., pp. 193-194. For the text of a May 5 statement by a spokesman for the Ministers of Foreign Affairs on the work of the Conference, Apr. 30-May 5, 1961, see ibid., pp. 195–196.

The Heads of State of the Casablanca Group, with the exception of the Presidents of Ghana and Guinea, who were represented by their Foreign Ministers, met as the African Political Committee (see ante, doc. 303) of the Casablanca Group at Cairo, Aug. 28. 1961; the work of the Political Committee was continued by the Foreign Ministers, who met Aug. 28-29, 1961, and announced the appointment of a Commander of the African High Command (General Fawzi of the United Arab Republic) and of a Secretary-General (Driss Salaoui of Morocco) of the Casablanca Group's permanent secretariat with headquarters at Bamako. The heads of state met outside the framework of the Casablanca Group in order to prepare for the Belgrade Conference of NonAligned Countries, Aug. 29, 1961; see ante, docs. 39 and 271. For information on the meetings and work of the other committees of the Casablanca Group, including the first meetings of the African High Command in Cairo, of the Economic Committee in Conakry, and of the Cultural Committee in Tangier, held in the latter half of July and the first week of August 1961, and of the Economic Committee in Conakry, Mar. 1962, see Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 1961-1962, pp. 18763B-18764A.

THE "MONROVIA POWERS"-CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF AFRICAN AND MALAGASY STATES, MONROVIA, MAY 8-12, 1961: Resolutions Adopted by the Conference, May 8-12, 1961 18

OUTLINE OF A PLAN FOR AFRICAN EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Signed at Addis Ababa by Representatives of Thirty-nine States and Territories at the Conference of African States on the Development of Education in Africa, May 25, 1961 19

19

306. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GHANA-GUINEA-MALI UNION: Charter of the Union of African States, Signed at Accra by the Presidents of the Republics of Ghana (Nkrumah), Guinea (Touré), and Mali (Keita), April 29, 1961, Entered Into Force, July 1, 1961 20

SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. There shall be established between the Republics of Ghana, Guinea, and Mali a Union to be known as "The Union of African States (UAS).”

Article 2. The Union of African States (UAS) shall be regarded as the nucleus of the United States of Africa. It is open to every State or Federation of African States which accepts its aims and objectives. It reaffirms the complete adherence of its members to the African Charter" and the Casablanca Resolutions."

22

Article 3. The aims of the Union of African States (UAS) are as follows: To strengthen and develop ties of friendship and fraternal cooperation between the member States politically, diplomatically, economically, and culturally;

15 Liberian Information Service, Monrovia, Resolutions of the Plenary Sessions, Conference of Heads of African and Malagasy States, Held at the Monrovia City Hall, 8th-12th May, 1961. This Conference, which was attended by Representatives of 20 independent African States, including Cameroun, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Ivory Coast. Liberia, Libya, Malagasy, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo, Tunisia, and Upper Volta, adopted the following resolutions: "I. Resolution on the Means of Promoting Better Understanding and Cooperation Towards Achieving Unity in Africa and Malagasy"; "II. Threats to Peace and Stability in Africa and the World"; "III. Settlement of Conflicts Which May Arise Between African States"; and "IV. An Expression of Gratitude to the President, Government and People of Liberia". For the text of President Kennedy's May 8, 1961, message to President Tubman of Liberia on the occasion of the Monrovia Conference, see the Department of State Bulletin, May 29, 1961, pp. 802-803.

19 UNESCO doc. ED/180. For the text of the Final Report of this Conference, which was held May 15-25, 1961, see UNESCO doc. ED/181. For the texts of President Kennedy's May 16 message to the Conference and of the May 18, 1961, remarks of the Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs (Coombs) before the Conference, see the Department of State Bulletin, June 12, 1961, pp. 937 and 936-938, respectively.

20 Ghanaian Embassy (Washington) press release No. 31/61, dated July 2, 1961; also Ruth Lawson, op cit., pp. 308-312. The charter was signed at the conclusion of an Apr. 27-29 meeting, and it came into effect upon its simultaneous publication, July 1, at Accra, Conakry, and Bamako, after the three heads of state had met at Bamako, June 26, 1961.

21 Ante, doc. 303.

£22 See footnote 1, ibid.

To pool their resources in order to consolidate their independence and safeguard their territorial integrity;

To work jointly to achieve the complete liquidation of imperialism, colonialism, and neocolonialism in Africa and the building up of African unity;

To harmonize the domestic and foreign policy of its members, so that their activities may prove more effective and contribute more worthily to safeguarding the peace of the world.

Article 4. The Union's activities shall be exercised mainly in the following fields:

(a) Domestic Policy. The working out of a common orientation for the States.

(b) Foreign Policy. The strict observance of a concerted diplomacy, calculated to achieve closer cooperation.

(c) Defense. The organization of a system of Joint Defense, which will make it possible to mobilize all the means of defense at the disposal of the State, in favor of any State of the Union which may become a victim of aggression.

(d) Economy. Defining a common set of directives relating to economic planning, aiming at the complete decolonization of the setups inherited from the colonial system, and organizing the development of the wealth of their countries in the interest of their peoples.

(e) Culture. The rehabilitation and development of African culture, and frequent and diversified cultural exchange.

SECTION 2. POLITICAL

Article 5. The Supreme Executive Organ of the Union of African States shall be the Conference of Heads of State of the States of the Union.

1. The Union Conference. This shall meet once a quarter in Accra, Bamako, and Conakry, respectively. It shall be presided over by the Head of State in the host country, who shall fix the date of the Conference.

The Draft Agenda shall be drawn up by him on the basis of items forwarded by Heads of State.

The Union Conference shall pass resolutions which shall become effective immediately.

2. Preparatory Committee. The Union Conference shall always be preceded by a meeting of a Committee entrusted with the task of preparing the ground for it. This Preparatory Committee may be convened at any time by the Head of State of the host country. He shall determine the number of delegates per State having regard to the items on the Draft Agenda.

The Preparatory Committee shall make recommendations for the consideration of the Union Conference.

3. Coordinating Committees of the Mass Organization of the Union. There shall be established among political organizations, trade-union organizations, women's movements, and youth movements of the Union States, a Coordinating Committee for organizational purposes, to impart to the said bodies a common ideological orientation which is absolutely necessary for the development of the Union.

These Committees shall be established within three months after the publication of the present Document.

Each of the Coordinating Committees here envisaged at its first Constituent Meeting shall draw up standing rules and shall determine the practical methods to be employed for the attainment of the objectives jointly agreed upon.

4. National Days. Before any Union Day is decided upon, the National Days of the Union States shall be marked by celebrations in all the States, in the form of ceremonies and public meetings.

Such occasions may be declared Public Holidays in whole or in part, according to the needs of the countries concerned.

SECTION 3. DIPLOMACY

Article 6. The principle of harmonization of the foreign policy of the Union States shall be based upon a concerted diplomacy.

To achieve such harmonization, the following steps should be taken:

(a) At each Union Conference, an analysis shall be made by the Heads of State of the international political situation, and the Union shall decide upon directives to be sent to all the Diplomatic Missions of the member States.

(b) Ambassadors, Chargés d'Affaires, Consuls, and other Heads of Missions of the three States serving abroad shall coordinate their activities by way of frequent consultation.

(c) Every latitude shall be given to each State to be represented by the Embassy of another member State of the Union. Where there is no representation of any of three States of the Union, the member State desirous of entrusting its affairs to the Diplomatic Mission of another State which is not a member of the Union shall consult the Union Conference before proceeding

(d) At international gatherings, conferences, or meetings, the delegations of the Union States must as in duty bound consult one another, and arrive at a common stand which no one shall be allowed to ignore, and all are expected to support.

SECTION 4. JOINT DEFENSE

Article 7. In order to safeguard their sovereignty, the member States shall oppose any installation of foreign military bases on their soil.

They shall jointly ensure the defense of their territorial integrity. Any aggression against one of the States shall be considered as an act of aggression against other States of the Union.

A common system of defense shall be organized in order to make it possible to secure the permanent defense of the Union States.

SECTION 5. ECONOMY

ECONOMIC COMMITTEE OF THE UNION

Article 8. The Economic Committee of the Union shall have the task of coordinating and harmonizing the economic and financial policy of the Union States in accordance with directives jointly agreed upon.

Article 9. The Economic Committee shall consist of a delegation of five members per State chosen from among the officials responsible for economy and finance in each State.

Article 10. It shall hold two sessions every year, in the months of March and September. Each State shall serve as the headquarters of the Economic Committee of the Union for one year, and shall preside over its meetings during that year.

The Economic Committee of the Union shall draw up its standing rules at its first session. The sessions of the Economic Committee of the Union may not exceed a fortnight.

During its sessions it shall make recommendations to be submitted to the Heads of State.

SECTION 6. CULTURE

Article 11. The Union States shall relentlessly pursue the rehabilitation of African culture and the development of African civilization.

Teaching in two languages, exchange of staff, rediffusion programs, the establishment of joint research institutes shall be intensified in the Union States.

SECTION 7. MISCELLANEOUS

Article 12. The Institutions shall become effective from the date when this Charter is proclaimed simultaneously in the Union States.

Article 13. Modifications may be made to the present provisions at a meeting of Heads of State, in the event of the admission of a new State, or at the request of a Head of State, with the view to giving greater cohesion to the Union.

Modifications shall be passed unanimously by the Conference of Heads of State. Article 14. Every African State whose Government accepts the aims and objectives of this Charter shall be eligible for consideration for membership in

the Union of African States from the date following a clear statement by the Head of the State. This statement shall be transmitted to the Heads of member States of the Union.

307. THE "BRAZZAVILLE POWERS" ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AFRICAN AND MALAGASY UNION: Charter of the African and Malagasy Union, Signed at Tananarive by Representatives of Twelve African and Malagasy States, September 7, 1961 23

Article 1.-The African and Malagasy Union (U.A.M.) is a union of independent sovereign States, open to every independent African State.

Admission of a State to membership in the U.A.M. requires the unanimous consent of the members constituting the Union.

PURPOSE

Art. 2.-The U.A.M. is founded on the solidarity which unites its members. The purpose of the union is to organize cooperation among its members in all fields of foreign policy in order to strengthen their solidarity, ensure their collective security, further their development, and to maintain Peace in Africa, Madagascar and in the world.

ORGANIZATION

Art. 3.-The U.A.M. is provided with an administrative Secretary-General, whose headquarters are at Cotonou.

The Administrative Secretary-General is appointed for two years by the Conference of Heads of State and Government upon nomination by the President of the Republic of Dahomey.

His salary is determined by the same Conference, which also approves the annual budget of the administrative Secretary-General. The contribution of each member State to this budget is proportional to the working budget of each member State.

Art. 4.-The general policy of the U.A.M. is defined by the Conference of Heads of State and Government, which meets, in regular session, twice a year. Extraordinary sessions may be held, at the request of a State, supported by a majority of the members of the Union.

Between these sessions, meetings of competent ministers, experts or permanent delegates to the U.N. are contemplated, depending upon the nature of the problems.

Voting is by simple majority. Compliance is compulsory regarding problems of decolonization.

"Unofficial translation of the French-language text in Journal Officiel de la République Centrafricaine, Fourth Year, No. 11, June 1, 1962, p. 367.

The Conference took place Sept. 6-12, 1961, attended by the heads of state of Cameroun (who departed Sept. 10, to arrange the establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon, Oct. 1), Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Malagasy, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal (who presided), and Upper Volta, and by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Central African Republic and the President of the National Assembly of the Ivory Coast Republic. The Conference signed treaties establishing the Organization for African and Malagasy Economic Cooperation (OAMCE) (text in Union Africaine et Malgache, op. cit., pp. 49-52) and the African and Malagasy Defense Union (UAMD) (text ibid., pp. 97-101), adopted 10 resolutions (texts ibid. pp. 144-149), 7 recommendations (texts ibid., pp. 149-153), 6 protocols (texts ibid., pp. 53-63), and 5 conventions (texts ibid., pp. 22-39, 64-68, and 105-113), and issued a declaration on international problems (text ibid., pp. 153-157).