occupied and should continue to be occupied by the able delegates of the Government of the Republic of China. The fact that control over the Chinese mainland was wrested from the Government of the Republic of China by force of arms, and its area of actual control was thus greatly reduced, does not in the least justify expulsion nor alter the legitimate rights of the Government. The de jure authority of the Government of the Republic of China extends throughout the territory of China. Its effective jurisdiction extends over an area of over 14,000 square miles, an area greater than the territory of Albania, Belgium, Cyprus, El Salvador, Haiti, Israel, Lebanon, or Luxembourg-all of them members states of the United Nations. It extends over 11 million people, that is, over more people than exist in the territory of 65 United Nations members. Its effective control, in other words, extends over more people than the legal jurisdiction of two-thirds of the governments represented here. The root of the problem lies, as it has lain from the beginning, in the hostile, callous, and seemingly intractable minds of the Chinese Communist rulers. Let those members who advocate Peiping's admission seek to exert upon its rulers whatever benign influence they can, in the hope of persuading them to accept the standards of the community of nations. Let those rulers respond to these appeals; let them give up trying to impose their demands on this Organization; let them cease their aggression, direct and indirect, and their threats of aggression; let them show respect for the rights of others; let them recognize and accept the independence and diversity of culture and institutions among their neighbors. The United States will vote against the Soviet draft resolution 60 and give its full support to the continued participation of the representatives of the Government of the Republic of China in the United Nations. 60 Introduced Oct. 27, 1961, as U.N. doc. A/L.360, reading: The General Assembly, Considering it necessary to restore the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, Bearing in mind that only representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are competent to occupy China's place in the United Nations and all its organs, Resolves to remove immediately from all United Nations organs the representatives of the Chiang Kai-shek clique who are unlawfully occupying the place of China in the United Nations, Invites the Government of the People's Republic of China to send its representatives to participate in the work of the United Nations and of all its organs. The Soviet draft resolution failed of adoption by a vote of 37 to 48 (including the U.S.), with 19 abstentions, taken Dec. 15. An attempt to amend the Soviet draft by deleting the operative paragraphs and substituting "Decides in accordance with the above declaration that the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China be seated in the United Nations and all its organs" (introduced Dec. 12 by the Representatives of Cambodia, Ceylon. and Indonesia as U.N. doc. A/L.375) failed of adoption by a two-part vote of 23 to 41 (including the U.S.), with 39 abstentions, and 30 to 45 (including the U.S.), with 29 abstentions, taken Dec. 15. No issue remaining before the United Nations this year has such fateful consequences for the future of this Organization. The vital significance which would be attached to any alteration of the current situation needs no explanation. The United States has therefore joined today with the delegations of Australia, Colombia, Italy, and Japan in presenting a resolution 61 under which the Assembly would determine that any proposal to change the representation of China would be considered an important question in accordance with the charter. Indeed, it would be hard to consider such a proposal in any other light, and we trust it will be solidly endorsed by the Assembly. [NOTE: The U.S. Representative made an additional statement on this subject before the General Assembly Dec. 14; text in the Department of State Bulletin, Jan. 15, 1962, pp. 113-117.] 44. THE QUESTION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1668 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, December 15, 1961 62 The General Assembly, Noting that a serious divergence of views exists among Member States concerning the representation of a founder Member who is named in the Charter of the United Nations, Recalling that this matter has been described repeatedly in the General Assembly by all segments of opinion as vital and crucial and that on numerous occasions its inclusion in the agenda has been requested under rule 15 of the Assembly's rules of procedure 63 as an item of an important and urgent character, Recalling further the recommendation contained in its resolution 396 (V) of 14 December 1950 64 that, whenever more than one authority claims to be the government entitled to represent a Member State in the United Nations and this question becomes the subject of controversy in the United Nations, the question should be considered in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and the circumstances of each case, Decides, in accordance with Article 18 of the Charter of the United Nations, that any proposal to change the representation of China is an important question." 1 Infra. 65 "U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 66. This resolution, sponsored by the Representatives of Australia, Colombia, Italy, Japan, and the United States, was adopted by a vote of 61 to 34, with 7 abstentions. * Contained in U.N. doc. A/4700. Text in American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, pp. 339–340. Requiring a two-thirds affirmative vote for adoption. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE FIRST PART OF THE SIXTEENTH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Letter From the U.S. Representative at the U.N. (Stevenson) to the President of the United States (Kennedy), December 29, 1961 66 F. Economic Development and Technical Assistance REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON A UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND, Submitted June 8, 1961 1 CONVOCATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE TO EXPLORE THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE LESS DEVELOPED AREAS: Resolution 834 (XXXII), Adopted by the U.N. Economic and Social Council, August 3, 1961 2 45. UNITED STATES PROPOSALS FOR A UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT DECADE: Statement Made by the U.S. Representative (Klutznick) in Committee II of the U.N. General Assembly, October 6, 1961 (Excerpts) 3 We all were doubtless impressed with the comprehensive and illuminating statement presented by the Under-Secretary [Philippe de Seynes, Under-Secretary for Economic and Social Affairs]. My delegation expresses its sincere compliments to him on a task well done. "Department of State press release No. 914, Dec. 30, 1961; the Department of State Bulletin, Feb. 5, 1962, pp. 222–224. 1 1U.N. doc. E/3514. Pursuant to U.N. General Assembly Res. 1521 (XV) of Dec. 15, 1960 (American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 90-91), the Committee of 25 members appointed Mar. 27, 1961 (see ibid., p. 91, footnote 43) met from May 15 to June 5, 1961. The U.S. Representative on the Committee explained that the U.S. "has accepted membership in the Committee despite its opposition to the creation of a new and separate capital development fund because it wishes to encourage evaluation of the whole range of alternatives by which the United Nations and the specialized agencies might contribute more effectively to the process of economic development." U.N. ECOSOC Official Records, Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 1 (E/3555), p. 31. This resolution, sponsored by the Representatives of Brazil, Denmark, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, was adopted unanimously. U.S.-U.N. press release 3785, Oct. 5, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Dec. 4, 1961, pp. 939-947). 4 See U.N. doc. A/C.2/SR.717. My appearance here marks the first occasion on which the United States representative to the Economic and Social Council has also served as its delegate to the Second Committee. This step reflects the conviction of my Government that the economic and social work of the United Nations can be advanced more effectively through establishing a closer working relationship between this committee and the Economic and Social Council. The achievements of the Economic and Social Council are set forth in Document A/4820.5 We shall not weary this committee by commenting at length on a document which you all have the opportunity to read. We should, however, like to mention briefly a few of the Council's achievements which appear noteworthy. First, the initial meeting of the Council's Committee for Industrial Development. At the Committee's suggestion, endorsed by the Council, there has now been established in the U.N. Secretariat an Industrial Development Center. We believe that this center should not be a place for abstract studies or for reports that collect dust; it should be a working, operating unit which can give effective help where needed. We shall spare no effort in doing our part to make this new center a success. We are glad to note that the Division of Industrial Development has already increased its activity in this field. Second, the Council took significant action in strengthening the regional economic commissions.8 9 Third, the Council decided to convene in 1962 a U.N. Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for the benefit of the less developed areas. The United States attaches great importance to this conference. We have already begun the preparation of an effective participation. We support wholeheartedly the Council's decision that the conference's work should avoid extraneous political considerations and should concentrate on matters of real benefit to people in the less developed countries. Fourth, the Council took several important steps designed to make more effective use of U.N. resources in the fields of technical assistance and preinvestment. Notable among these is Resolution 851 (XXXII),1o under which the Council established an ad hoc committee I.e., the annual report on U.N. ECOSOC activities covering the period Aug. 6, 1960-Aug. 4, 1961. Established under ECOSOC Res. 751 (XXIX) of Apr. 12, 1960 (U.N. ECOSOC Official Records, Twenty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 1 (E/3373), pp. 1-2). Its membership consists of the 18 members of ECOSOC, together with 12 additional members elected by the Council. The Committee's first session took place at U.N. Headquarters, Mar. 27-Apr. 21, 1961; its report was issued as U.N. doc. E/3476/Rev. 1. See ECOSOC Res. 817 (XXXI) of Apr. 28, 1961 (U.N. ECOSOC Official Records, Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 1 (E/3499), p. 2). 8 See ECOSOC Res. 823 (XXXII) of July 20, 1961 (ibid., Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 1 (E/3555), pp. 1-2) and Res. 856 (XXXII) of Aug. 4, 1961 (ibid., pp. 11-12). This action was taken pursuant to U.N. General Assembly Res. 1518 (XV) of Dec. 15, 1960 (American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 43-44). * See ECOSOC Res. 834 (XXXII) of Aug. 3, 1961 (U.N. ECOSOC Official Records, Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 1 (E/3555), p. 31). 10 Adopted Aug. 4, 1961 (ibid., pp. 6-7). of eight to study further steps which may be needed to advance the achievement of country-development objectives and of effective country planning. Fifth, the enlargement of the Council's functional commissions.11 This important step was taken to give more adequate representation to member states from Africa and Asia. In our view it will also help to bring about a closer working relationship between the Council and the Assembly. We continue to believe that an expansion in the membership of the Council itself is imperative to its increased utility. Finally, the Council placed a new emphasis on the achievement of balance in economic and social development.12 The need for such balance has been confirmed by experience. It was underlined by Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, who struck the keynote at the Council's session by pointing out that the whole aim of economic development is a better life for people.13 Following the same line of thought the President of the Council said: "The time may well be approaching when the Council will deem it advisable to broaden and round out its perspective by having one major debate on development in which the parallel problems of both economic and social advance could be fully exposed." 14 We agree wholeheartedly. Mr. Chairman, elsewhere in these halls vital political issues are under close scrutiny. It has been said that some decisions may determine whether mankind shall live or whether it shall be destroyed in one fiery radioactive convulsion. In the far reaches of the world countless people are prayerfully waiting for some omen to come out of these historic meetings. We owe to them and to our respective states to demonstrate by deeds our simple conviction that there will be a tomorrow, yes, many tomorrows for humanity. This answer may not emerge from the delicate and sometimes imponderable and inscrutable exchanges between diplomats in their dissection of pressing political issues. It is in this framework that a passage in the speech of the President of my country delivered to the General Assembly on September opens new horizons. He said: 25 15 Political sovereignty is but a mockery without the means of meeting poverty and illiteracy and disease. Self-determination is but a slogan if the future holds no hope. That is why my nation, which has freely shared its capital and its technology to help others help themselves, now proposes officially designating this decade of the 1960's as the United Nations Decade of Development. Under the framework of that resolution, the United Nations' existing efforts in promoting economic growth can be expanded and coordinated. Regional surveys and training institutes can now pool the talents of many. New research, technical assistance, and pilot projects can unlock the wealth of less developed lands and untapped waters. And development can become a cooperative and not a competitive enterprise, to enable all nations, however diverse in their systems and beliefs, to become in fact as well as in law free and equal nations. "See ECOSOC Res. 845 (XXXII) of Aug. 3, 1961 (ibid., pp. 31-32). 12 See ECOSOC Res. 830 H (XXXII) of Aug. 2, 1961 (ibid., p. 16). 13 See the Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 28, 1961, pp. 363–369. 14 15 Ante, doc. 41. |