we have had under the new United States Administration-to explain our attitude towards the application of Outer Mongolia.

I should like first, however, to say that the United States continues to believe that the admission of one country to the United Nations must not be made conditional on the admission of another. In short, we are opposed both in principle and in practice to package deals. The International Court of Justice itself has held them to be incompatible with the letter and the spirit of the Charter. We believe that package deals are an affront to the dignity and sovereignty of independent nations. Last December the Soviet Union proposed this package deal. It was rejected by the Security Council and then revived here in the General Assembly in the form of amendment 1.5 This particular package deal should, we feel, be as offensive to those who oppose Mauritania's admission as to those who favour it. This is an attempt to do by indirection what cannot be done directly: to exploit the wide support for a genuinely qualified State by linking its admission to that of another applicant, whose qualifications are not yet clear. None of us will gain by submitting to pressure tactics of that kind. We believe that it is in the interest of all of us to oppose them. We believe that the Soviet amendments should be rejected. We have no doubt that the application of Mauritania will be overwhelmingly endorsed.

But now a word about Outer Mongolia. The United States will be prepared to support and even to sponsor Outer Mongolia's admission when we have been able to determine whether in fact it has the attributes of an independent State and is able and willing to enter fully into relations with other States and to discharge its international obligations. The United States Government is beginning discussions with a number of other countries with regard to that question. We hope to be able to reach informed conclusions at an early date.

To sum up: The United States favours the admission of Mauritania and will vote in favour of the draft resolution. We reject the proposition that Mauritania cannot be admitted unless Outer Mongolia is admitted first. Therefore, we shall vote against the Soviet amendments. If the Soviet amendments should be accepted-and we would regret that very much-we shall abstain from the vote on the draft. resolution as amended.

'Advisory opinion of May 28, 1948 (U.N. doc. A/597).

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 57-58. 5 U.N. doc. A/L. 336; see also infra.

35. UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RECOMMENDATIONS RESPECTING THE ADMISSION OF MAURITANIA AND MONGOLIA TO UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP: Resolution 1602 (XV), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, April 19, 1961

The General Assembly,

6

[Noting that the Mongolian People's Republic has been awaiting a decision on its application for admission to membership in the United Nations since 1946,]8

9

Noting that eight members of the Security Council voted on 4 December 1960 in favour of a draft resolution recommending the admission of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to membership in the United Nations, but that no recommendation was made to the General Assembly because of the opposition of a permanent member, Considering that it is important for the future of the United Nations that all applicant States which fulfil the conditions laid down in Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations should be admitted to membership in the Organization,

[1. Declares that in its view the Mongolian People's Republic is a peace-loving State within the meaning of Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations, that it is able and willing to carry out the obligations of the Charter, and that it should, in consequence, be admitted to membership in the United Nations;]

2. Declares that in its view the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a peace-loving State within the meaning of Article 4 of the Charter, that it is able and willing to carry out the obligations of the Charter, and that it should, in consequence, be admitted to membership in the United Nations;

3. Requests the Security Council to take note of this decision of the General Assembly in regard to the candidature of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.

ADMISSION OF SIERRA LEONE TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1623 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, September 27, 1961 1o

U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifteenth Session, Supplement No. 16A (A/4684/Add. 1), p. 18. This resolution, sponsored by the Representatives of Cameroun, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta, and amended by the Representative of the U.S.S.R., was adopted by a vote of 47 to 13, with 34 abstentions (including the U.S.).

The portions of the text of the resolution placed in brackets constitute those of the amendments suggested by the U.S.S.R. (A/L. 336) which were adopted. 'See U.N. doc. S/95.

9

10

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 57–58.

U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No.

17 (A/5100), p. 63. This resolution was adopted by acclamation.

36. ADMISSION OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1630 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, October 27, 1961 11

11

The General Assembly,

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of 25 October 1961 that the Mongolian People's Republic should be admitted to membership in the United Nations,"

Having considered the application for membership of the Mongolian People's Republic, 13

Decides to admit the Mongolian People's Republic to membership in the United Nations.

37. ADMISSION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1631 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, October 27, 1961 11

The General Assembly,

14

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of 25 October 1961 that the Islamic Republic of Mauritania should be admitted to membership in the United Nations,'

15

Having considered the application for membership of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania,"

Decides to admit the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to membership in the United Nations.

ADMISSION OF TANGANYIKA TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1667 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, December 14, 196117

11

Ibid., p. 64. This resolution, sponsored by the representatives of 23 member states, was adopted by acclamation. The U.S. Representative abstained in the Security Council vote of Oct. 25; see U.N. doc. S/PV.969.

12

U.N. doc. A/4940.

13 U.N. docs. S/95 and S/3873 and Add.1.

14U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 64. This resolution, sponsored by the representatives of 14 member states, was adopted by a vote of 68 (including the U.S.) to 13, with 20 abstentions.

17 U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 66. This resolution was adopted by acclamation.

E. The Sixteenth Session of the U.N. General Assembly

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE RESUMED FIFTEENTH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Address by the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (Cleveland) Before the American Society of International Law, Washington, April 29, 1961 1

38. THE PARLIAMENTARY PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE QUESTION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Replies Made by the Secretary of State (Rusk) to Questions Asked at a News Conference, Chicago, June 27, 1961 (Excerpts) 2

The problem on the Chinese seat in the United Nations is essentially this. Since about 1950 we have been trying to deal with that question through what is called a moratorium, that is, a vote at the beginning of each session of the General Assembly which would simply say: We will not consider this question until next year.3

Now, this moratorium has been successful in postponing this issue for about 10 years. I helped to invent the moratorium when I was in the Department before, under Mr. Truman.

4

In the last 3 or 4 years our delegations to the United Nations have been reporting that there is an increasing feeling in the United Nations, particularly with the large number of new members coming in, that this moratorium formula will no longer suffice to deal with the question, that there will be more and more delegations who will think that at least the question ought to be debated on its merits and not be simply postponed, regardless of their attitude on the merits of the question.

Now, this is the essence of the parliamentary problem of the General Assembly of the United Nations, where there is no veto, where a bare majority can, in the normal course of events, deal with procedural questions.

The principal problem from the point of view of those of us who recognize and support the Government of the Republic of China on Formosa is that this question might come to a vote as a credentials

'Department of State press release No. 273, as delivered; the Department of State Bulletin, May 29, 1961, pp. 808-814.

2 The replies printed here are taken from pp. 110-111 of the Department of State Bulletin, July 17, 1961 (reprint of Department of State press release No. 451, June 28, 1961). The Secretary had made similar, less extensive replies to questions asked at his Mar. 9 and Mar. 20, 1961, news conferences (see ibid., Mar. 27, 1961, pp. 434–435, and ibid., Apr. 10, 1961, p. 523). He also made a similar reply to a question asked following his July 10, 1961, address before the National Press Club (see ibid., July 31, 1961, p. 181).

See American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, pp. 338-344.

As Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 1950-1951.

question, that is, as a procedural question aimed at the rather simple issue as to which delegation shall be accredited by the General Assembly to occupy the seat called China.

We ourselves believe that this would be a very serious step for the General Assembly to take, because this is not just a technical procedural question of credentials; it is a problem of the most far-reaching political importance. It is of great importance, of course, to the Republic of China on Formosa. It is of very great importance to the United States. And we believe it is important to the U.N.

So, in the face of this parliamentary problem, it is going to be necessary for all of the members, including ourselves and the Government of the Republic of China, to consider how this issue can be handled from a parliamentary point of view in the General Assembly of the United Nations. We do not have a single answer or a single plan which we are putting forward.

If the question arises in the Security Council-incidentally, let me say that the Security Council has an independent control of its procedural questions and its credentials, independent of the General Assembly. What happens in the General Assembly cannot necessarily affect the Security Council. But if the question is posed in the Security Council as a credentials question, that is, which delegation should be permitted to occupy the seat called China, then there would be undoubtedly those who will argue that this is simply a procedural question which can be settled by any seven votes of the members of the Security Council.

There are others, however, who will say that this is a substantive question to which a veto applies. Now there is not an easy way to settle this sort of question before the Security Council. It may be that that question itself would have to go to the World Court for adjudication at some stage, but I think the present problem is not in the Security Council but in the General Assembly.

39. A PROGRAM OF ACTION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, Approved at Belgrade, September 5, 19615

The Conference of Heads of State or Government of the following non-aligned countries:

1. Afghanistan, 2. Algeria, 3. Burma, 4. Cambodia, 5. Ceylon, 6. Congo, 7. Cuba, 8. Cyprus, 9. Ethiopia, 10. Ghana, 11. Guinea, 12. India, 13. Indonesia, 14. Iraq, 15. Lebanon, 16. Mali, 17. Morocco, 18. Nepal, 19. Saudi Arabia, 20. Somalia, 21. Sudan, 22. Tunisia, 23. United Arab Republic, 24. Yemen, 25. Yugoslavia

and of the following countries represented by observers :

5

Review of International Affairs, vol. XII, No. 274-275, Sept. 5-20, 1961, pp. 42-46. The message from President Kennedy which was read Sept. 1 at the opening session of the conference is printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 18, 1961, pp. 478-479.