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trora the road led to the Jumna, which it crossed at Cunjpoora, and to the Ganges at Hustinapour, the true situation of which was first discovered by Major Wilford. This magnificent capital, the seat of the monarchs descended from Puru, had been supposed, by Abu Fazzle and his followers, to have stood near Tanehsar, to the west of the Jumna; but its true situation is a few miles south-west of Darinagar, on a branch of the Ganges, formerly the bed of that river. It is the Bacinora of the Peutingerian tables, and the Storna of Ptolemy. Bacinora is a corruption of Hastinora or Wastinora, synonymous with Hastinagara or Hastinapoor. Of so large a city, there now remains only a small place of worship, and the site of the city is covered with large ant-hills. The next stage from Hastinapoor was the Rodapha of Pliny and the Rapphe of Ptolemy, now called Hurdowah, from which Calinipaxa, properly Calinibasa, of which there is no remains but the river that gave it name, led to Allahabad, called Gangapoor, or the town of the Ganges by Artemidorus. From Allahabad to Palibothra the road lay along the southern bank of the Ganges; and Ptolemy gives the following stations: First, the river Tuso, now the Touse; thence to Cindia, now Cauntee, on the banks of the Ganges, almost opposite to Goopy Gunge, which, though

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now not in the road, might have been so formerly, as the course of the river is considerably changed.

After Cauntee, two cities, called Sagala, are mentioned, one of which is Mirzapoor, and the other Monghir. These places are said to have a subterraneous communication, opened by lightning, which may account for their having the same name, while both the ancient Sanscrit and modern names are different. The true name for the first, Sagala, is Vindhya Vasini, and of the second Mudgala. The first is a name of the goddess Cali, and the second descriptive of the charms of the situation. From Sagala the distance is short to Palibothra or Baliputra, called also Raja Griha. There is every reason to believe that the Baliputras, or sons of Bali, whose capital Palibothra was, abandoned it as soon as the kings of Gaur or Bengal became powerful, as it was too near their frontier; and they afterwards fixed their residence at Padmavati or Patna, which had also the names of Magad'ha, Elimaied, and Almaied.

You have here the great Indian road, which extends over a space of 1,476 British miles at least, as mentioned by the western ancients but the regular road, instead of beginning with the Tor Beilam, probably crossed the Indus at Attock Benares, a few miles farther to the north.:

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Ptolemy mentions some other roads used by the traders to China; one of which departed from Cabolite, or Cabul, and went through the mountains north of the Panjab, where it was joined by one from Tahora, at a point called Aris, in the mountains of Haridwar. These two roads are frequented to this day, and the place of meeting called Khama lang. The road then goes to Aspacora, in Thibet, mentioned by Ptolemy, where it met with another from the Gangetic provinces, and passed through Parthona, now Kelten, with the epithet of Panjuling, whence, perhaps, the Paliana of Ptolemy. This road ends, in the tables at Magaris, corruptly for the Thogaris of Ptolemy, now Tonkar, near Lassa.

The road from the Gangetic provinces came from a place called Carsina or Cartasina, now Carjuna, near Burdwar, thence through Scobaru, now Cucshubaru, to Aspacora, which it is probable was the rendezvous also of the caravans which, according to Pliny, went by land from Ceylon, or Taprobane, to China. I have marked these routes on my little map, in which I have abstained from putting any names but those absolutely necessary.

The first division of India, which I noticed while speaking of the languages of Hindostan, is into the five Gaurs and the five Draviras, and

concerning these authorities nearly agree. That they really formed separate states, I should think admitted of no doubt, as they each had a separate language, which had been cultivated by poets, if not by prose writers; and a nation must have been long consolidated and independent before it could form its language and polish its style; and, on this account, I chuse to begin with this division rather than with those which have obtained in later times, but which I shall notice.

The first of these nations was named from the principal river which flowed through their country, namely, the Sareswata. They probably occupied all the Panjab as far west as the Indus, and bounded to the south by Guzerat. In this tract we find Lahore, Multan and part of Ajmere, and that portion of Dehli, which contains Hissar Firoze, which I mentioned to you before, on account of its canals. This country is particularly interesting, as it contains the whole space marched over by Alexander, and the course of his fleet down the Hydaspes and Indus to the ocean.

The Canyacubjas, whose capital was Canoge*, appear to have been a warlike nation, and oc

* 27° 10' N. Lat. and 79° 50′ E. Long.

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Ten Kingdoms of Bharala
on Ancient Inoca.

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