Nov. 24.

Greece. In a circular addressed to the representatives of the Greek Government at foreign courts, M. Rangabé, the Finance Minister, describes the present state and prospects of the kingdom, with the view of removing errors and unjust prejudices. Treating of the constitution, he admits that the government nominates its own candidates at the parliamentary elections, in order to discipline the electoral operations; but he describes the electoral law as favouring a "local, narrow spirit," and the length of parliaments as excessive; and it is proposed to remedy both. He says that the administration of justice is not impeded by vexatious delays, but that there is a radical defect in the constitution, the judges are removeable at the pleasure of the Crown; a defect that cannot be remedied until the University of Athens furnishes a competent bar. In education there has been a great development; nearly every commune having a boys' school, many a girls' school. Out of a population of 1,100,000 souls, 60,000 young men are devoted to study. There are to be established, schools for the education of the clergy, a school of arts and manufactures, and a national academy. The navy is small; the army consists of 9,555 men: both are used as police. The mercantile marine has increased amazingly; it numbers 1,500 large, and 2,900 smaller ships, of an aggregate burden of 200,000 tons, and employs 30,000 seamen. army costs 5,500,000 drachmas, or onethird of the revenue. With respect to brigandage, treated in connexion with the army, he states that much of it is owing to the defective arrangements within the Turkish frontier. During the first three months of the year, ninety-nine brigands were tried, thirty were executed, forty-six condemned to various terms of imprisonment, including nine sent to hard labour for life. For some months, brigandage has only existed in Attica and Bootia; and the band of ruffians engaged in it were

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recently crushed near Mount Parnassus. The government proposes to make many high-roads, and appeals to European capitalists for means to construct railways. The department of finance needs reform. Imports are taxed 10 per cent., and exports 6 per cent., ad valorem. The revenue amounts to 18,000,000 drachmas; in the first year of the Greek kingdom it amounted to 7,950,000 drachmas.

Nov. 26.

The new statute in Trafalgar-square, to Sir C. J. Napier, was unveiled to the public this day. It is satisfactory to announce this addition to the memorials of our departed worthies, whom, Dr. Waagen asserts, the English, above all others, delight to honour. The figure itself is of bronze, upwards of twelve feet high, on a pedestal standing seventeen feet from the ground. The General is represented in his uniform, holding a scroll in his right hand and a sword in his left. One foot of the figure projects beyond its base, and is balanced by a corresponding fall of the military cloak at the back. The base of the statue is a plain square plinth of granite, without ornament of any kind. The sides of the pedestal, which display only one moulding of the simplest kind in its lower portion, slope slightly inwards. On the front face is the following inscription:-"Charles James Napier, General, born MDCCLXXXII.; died MDCCCLIII. Erected by public subscription from all classes, civil and military; the most numerous subscribers being private soldiers." The general effect of a front view is decidedly commanding and noble, but on a side aspect there is a tendency to heaviness in the upper portion of the statue; which may be faithful, indeed, as a matter of portraiture, but will fail to attract the admiration or raise the enthusiasm of the ordinary spectator. The sculptor is Mr. G. G. Adams, already known for his successful bust and statue of the Duke of Wellington.

Nov. 29.

Messrs. Foster, the auctioneers, have dispersed another fine collection of watercolour drawings, which produced upwards of a thousand pounds. The gem of the collection was Turner's "Windermere," of which the engraving is well known. After a spirited competition, it was bought by Mr. Gambart for 255 guineas. A few of the miscellaneous pieces and prices may be put on record:-Six tinted drawings, by Turner, from Dr. Monro's collection, 271. 8s.;-a set of four drawings, in sepia, from the "Man of Fashion," by Frith, 16 guineas;-Copley Fielding, "Cumberland Mountains," "Blea Tarn," and a "Scene in Glenfilloch," 257. 13s.;-C. Stanfield, "The Gallant Act," 25 guineas;S. Prout, "Cologne," and "Strasbourg,' evening effect, 21 guineas;-W. Hunt, 'Purple and Green Grapes," 31 guineas;G. Cattermole, "Newark Castle," a grand landscape, 15 guineas;-"The Fruit-stall," a drawing by W. Hunt, 14 guineas;P. De Wint, "A Landscape," with extensive distance; "A View in Lincolnshire," the companion; "A Landscape," river scene, with cattle, &c.; and "Merton College, Oxford," 277. 11s.;-J. D. Harding, Aurillac," south of France, a drawing engraved in the "South of France;" and Bologna," another drawing engraved in Byron's works, 30 guineas;-Fred. Tayler, "Shooting Pony and Dogs," 32 guineas; Copley Fielding, "Cromer, on the Norfolk Coast;""The Head of Windermere ;" and "A Mountain Scene in Wales,"-(these drawings, in his fine early manner, are signed and dated 1815,) 337. 5s. ;-P. F. Poole, "The Rustic Toilet," 28 guineas;D. Roberts, "Strada d'Alcala, Madrid," 32 guineas;-W. Hunt, "Grapes, Plums, &c.," 57 guineas;-P. De Wint, "A Scene on the Thames," and "A Corn-field," 24 guineas.

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Nov. 30.

At the annual meeting of the Royal Society, at Somerset-house, Lord Wrottesley, the President, delivered the customary address; in the course of which he advocated a renewed search for the remains of the Franklin expedition. The risk would be small, because the exploration would be confined to a fixed and limited locality, instead of extending through an untrodden region. Lord Wrottesley vindicated himself from the objection that the expedition would endanger life:

"You will not suspect me, I am sure, of being indifferent to the fate of brave men; but the fact is, it is well-nigh impossible to add to our stock of physical knowledge without some risk to life. The astronomer, in his observatory, exposed

night after night to the open air at a freezing temperature-the chemist in his laboratory, among poisonous and explosive substances the surgeon who handles the dissecting-knife-all, equally with the adventurous traveller, expose their lives to peril. We know what was the opinion of the great Athenian moralist and martyr on this question, from that fine passage in which the dangers of military and civil life are so beautifully contrasted:-'I should have acted strangely, indeed,' says he, 'if, having stood firmly in the post assigned to me by my general at Amphipolis, Potidæa, and Delium, and braved every danger, I had turned coward and feared to die when God ordered me to be a philosopher, and instruct mankind.""

The Copley medal was awarded to Professor H. Milne Edwards, for his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology; the Rumford Medal to Professor Louis Pasteur, of Lille, for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid, and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery; a Royal medal to Sir John Richardson, for his contributions to natural history and physical geography; a Royal medal to Professor W. Thomson, of Glasgow, for his various physical researches relating to electricity, to the motive power of heat, &c.

A Relic of Bothwell.-Among some books recently sold in Edinburgh, at Mr. Nisbet's auction-rooms, was a folio which had belonged to Bothwell, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. It is a copy of a mathematical work printed in Paris in 1538, L'Arithmétique et Géométrie de Maistre Etienne de la Roche. There was a spirited competition for this interesting relic, and it was knocked down to Mr. Gibson Craig for thirteen guineas.-Scotsman.

DEC. 4.

Dr. Tait, Bishop of London, was this day "enthroned" in St. Paul's Cathedral. This ceremony is "simple and unadorned." When Dr. Tait, attired in his episcopal garments, reached the chapter-house of St. Paul's, he was received by the Dean, the Canons, and other diocesan officials. Thence they proceeded to the chapterroom, and took their places in order of seniority, Dean Milman presiding. Here Dr. Phillimore, Commissary of St. Paul's, introduced to them "the Right Reverend Father in God, Archibald Campbell, Bishop of London," and begged that he might be enthroned. The Bishop handed to the Registrar the mandate commanding the Dean and Chapter to induct, install, and enthrone "the Very Reverend Archibald Campbell Tait, Doctor of Civil Law, late Dean of the Cathedral Church of Carlisle,

to be Bishop and Pastor of the See of London." The mandate having been read, Dr. Milman decreed the instalment of the Bishop, and administered the oath of allegiance and supremacy, and the oath binding Dr. Tait to defend the rights of the Church. Then the whole clerical body ranged themselves in a procession, and walked to the cathedral; where the Lord Mayor and the Sheriff's joined the procession at the grand entrance. An anthem was sung while the procession marched up the nave. The Bishop was conducted by the Dean and Archdeacon of London to the communion-table; and the Bishop kneeling at the rails, the Dean began the following suffrages, the choir responding:

Dean "O Lord, save Thy servant, Archibald Campbell, Bishop of this diocese."

Answer" And send him help from Thy holy place."

Dean "O Lord, hear my prayer." Answer-" And let our cry come unto Thee."

Dean "The Lord be with thee." Answer" And with thy spirit." Dean-"Let us pray. O Lord, Almighty God, we beseech Thee to grant to Thy servant, Archibald Campbell, Bishop of this diocese, that by preaching and doing those things which be godly, he may both instruct the minds of the clergy and people of this church and diocese with true faith and example of good life and good works, and finally receive of the most Merciful Pastor the rewards of eternal life, who liveth with Thee and Thy Holy Ghost, world without end. Amen."

The Dean then led the Bishop to his throne; and having caused him to sit down, he inducted and installed him thus:

"I, Henry Hart Milman, Doctor in Divinity, Dean of this Cathedral Church, do, by the authority to me committed, induct, install, and enthrone you, the Right Reverend Father in God, Archibald Campbell, by divine permission Lord Bishop of London, into the bishopric and episcopal dignity of London. The Lord preserve thy going out and thy coming in from this time forth for evermore; and mayest thou remain in justice and sanctity, and adorn the place to you delegated by God. God is powerful, and may he increase your grace!"

The Bishop was conducted to the episcopal stall by the Dean. A full choral service, and the Hallelujah Chorus were performed; and the new Bishop brought the whole to a close by pronouncing the benediction.

the better within the last ten years. A proof of this is to be seen in the fact that a large proportion of the trade carried on with them is for money, instead of useless trinkets. With money you can now buy of the Caffre anything he has for sale; and this extends far into the interior. This is a vast step towards civilization; to which I may add, that very few Caffres are seen with a skin kaross. All, with very trifling exceptions, wear warm woollen blankets, of the quality of which they are excellent judges-preferring to pay 15s. or 20s. for a good article, rather than half that price for a bad one. There are many other changes of equal significance and importance silently going on among them; most of which may be traced to the seeds of civilization which were scattered amongst them during the administration of Sir Harry Smith, and which we may hope will produce in due time, under the skilful and fostering care of our present Governor, abundant fruit.

The Dagbladet, a Danish newspaper, published at Copenhagen, in speaking of the prize of ten thousand franes offered by the Duke de Luynes, "for the Best Method of Multiplying Photographic Pictures by Impressions," says,-"Since the competition is open indiscriminately to all nations, Herr Grunth, the designer attached to the brigade of Danish artillery, will most likely enter the lists, and probably carry off the prize." It seems the Kriegsassessor Grunth has occupied himself for several years with the art of drawing on paper with autographic ink, and then transferring the design to stone, from which thousands of impressions can be taken. He has brought this art to such perfection, that without the aid of any lithographer, he can produce impressions rivalling the best lithographs in the clearness and sharpness of their lines and contour. Herr Grunth has succeeded in applying his autographic method to photography, so that he can, by a perfectly simple and inexpensive process, reproduce and multiply ad libitum the original photographic picture. The photographic paper is prepared in a peculiar way, the secret of which the author preserves to himself. He has given the name of "Chalkography" to his new method.

DEC. 7.

DEC. 6.

by the Pope "dangerous to faith and morals;" a declaration solemnly published by the Synod of Thurles. Next, he speaks of the national system in terms of qualified approval, because in practice the schools are unmixed to a very great extent; but he objects to the books compiled by the society. At the close, he puts forward the claims of his party :

"From mixed education we can expect nothing but evil: we should not acquiesce in it or encourage it. It is highly dangerous to give over the instruction of Catholic children to a Protestant government; we are bound to oppose encroachments on this head. While giving a thorough Catholic education to Catholic children, we have a right to insist on participating in every public grant, without consenting to any clog on the freedom of education. The influence of the great Catholic population of Ireland should be exercised in asserting their rights; and even our electors should use their votes to return men to Parliament determined and able to support unmixed education for Catholic children, and freedom of education from State control for all. Our Catholic brethren in England have obtained a separate grant for their schools from the public funds, under Catholic management. They have Catholic inspectors, Catholic books, and Catholic training-schools. We rejoice in their success; but ought we, whose numbers and influence are so much greater, to be satisfied with anything less than the measure of justice they have obtained ?" DEC. 8.

Australia. Intelligence from Melbourne to the 11th September has been received this week. The elections were proceeding when the ship which brought the mail left the colony. Three provinces had chosen their representatives for the Upper House. They were, with one or two exceptions, men of humble origin, but of liberal opinions and respectable character. But of fifteen chosen, twelve had pledged themselves to resign in case of a flagrant difference with their constituents. The journals pride themselves on the quiet character of the contests-" thanks to the ballot."

Labour was in so great demand, that the mechanics had carried a point they had at heart-eight hours' labour for ten hours' wages; that is, the men have succeeded in striking two hours off the working day, wages remaining the same. Wages are now, regard being had to the cheapness of clothing, shelter, and provisions, higher than ever.

"The subject of earnings," writes the Times' correspondent, "leads me to in

The

troduce to your notice a class of labourers for public convenience whose operations are not usually found in other colonies. We have three daily newspapers here-the 'Argus,' the 'leading journal,' with a magnificent plant and a large circulation; and the 'Herald' and 'Age,' which are carried on in a more moderate fashion. Formerly, their whole sale was to subscribers whose names were recorded at the office. Since the great influx of population in 1853, 1854, and 1855, everything here has been very considerably Anglicized, and the newspapers sell a large portion of the circulation wholesale over the counter. wholesale buyers are of two classes-shopkeepers and street-venders. The latter are boys, and are very numerous in the city and suburbs. They earn a good deal of money, and have their regular walks. Their harvest is on the arrival of an English mail, when all the papers issue an extra. I have been told by some of these boys that they can earn from £1 to £2 per week. A very good week will yield £3; while very little boys, with only capital enough to run to the office and buy three or four papers, sell, and with the proceeds rush for a few copies more, thus earn 10s. to 15s. per week."

DEC. 9.

China.-A letter from Canton relates an incident that may give rise to unpleasant consequences. It appears that on the 11th October, the crew of a junk bearing the imperial flag boarded a trading vessel bearing the British flag and registered at Hongkong, took four Chinese from her crew, and beheaded them at Canton. Two days were given by the British authorities for explanation and apology; neither was forthcoming, and the armed boats of a British man-of-war captured the junk. A strong naval force mustered at Whampoa, and some of the steamers went up the river as far as the depth of the water would permit.

Longfellow's Poems. An American editor thus paraphrases "Hiawatha:""Should you ask us why this dunning? Why these sad complaints and murmurs, Murmurs loud about delinquents Who have read the paper weekly,Read what they have never paid for, Read with pleasure and with profit, Read of Church affairs and prospects, Read of news both home and foreign, Read the essays and the poemsFull of wisdom and instruction; Read the table of the markets, Carefully corrected weekly. Should you ask us why this dunning? We should answer, we should tell you, From the printer, from the mailer, From the kind old paper-maker, From the landlord, from the carrier, From the man who taxes letters With a stamp from Uncle Samuel

Uncle Sam, the rowdies call him;
From them all there comes a message,-
Message kind, but firmly spoken,

Please to pay us what you owe us.'
Sad it is to hear such message
When our funds are all exhausted;
When the last bank-note has left us,
When the gold coin all has vanish'd,-
Gone to pay the paper-maker,
Gone to pay the toiling printer,
Gone to pay the landlord tribute,
Gone to pay the sable carrier,
Gone to pay the faithful mailer,
Gone to pay old Uncle Samuel,-
Uncle Sam, the rowdies call bim,-
Gone to pay the Western paper
Three-and-twenty hundred dollars!
Sad it is to turn our ledger,
Turn the leaves of this old ledger,
Turn and see what sums are due us,-
Due for volumes long since ended,
Due for years of pleasant reading,
Due for years of toilsome labour,
Due despite our patient waiting,
Due despite our constant dunning,
Due in sums from two to twenty;

Would you lift a burden from us?
Would you drive a spectre from you?
Would you taste a pleasant slumber?
Would you have a quiet conscience?
Would you read a paper paid for?
Send us money-send us money,
Send us money-send us money;
SEND THE MONEY THAT YOU OWE US!"
DEC. 10.

India. The Indian mail contains copies of the declaration of war against Persia, proclaimed at Calcutta on the 1st and at Bombay on the 10th of November.

The declaration sets forth "the reasons that have rendered this measure necessary." In January, 1853, Colonel Sheil, her Majesty's Minister at Teheran, concluded certain articles of agreement with the Suder Azim or Prime Minister of the Persian government.

"By those articles, the Persian government engaged not to send troops to Herat on any account, unless foreign troopsthat is, troops from the direction of Cabul or Candahar, or other foreign countryshould invade Herat. In the event of troops being sent, the Persian government engaged that the said troops should not enter the city of Herat; and that, on the return of the foreign troops towards their own territory, the Persian troops should be immediately withdrawn from the neighbourhood of Herat to Persian soil.

"The Persian government also engaged to abstain from all interference whatsoever in the internal affairs of Herat, whether "in taking possession, or occupying, or assuming the sovereignty, or governing, except in so far as interference existed between the two parties during the lifetime of the late Yar Mahomed.'

"And lastly, the Persian government engaged to relinquish all pretension to and demand for the coinage, or the reading of the Khootbeh, or any other acknowledgment of allegiance or subjection on the GENT. MAG. VOL. CCII.

part of the people of Herat to the government of Persia.

"It was at the same time stipulated, that so long as there should be no interference of any sort whatever on the part of the British government in the affairs of Herat, the engagements contracted by the Persian government, as aforesaid, should remain in full force and effect. On the other hand, it was agreed, in the name of the British government, that if any foreign power, such as the Affghans or others,' should wish to interfere with or take possession of Herat, the British government, on the requisition of the Persian ministers, would not object to restrain such foreign power by friendly advice, so that Herat might remain in its own state of independence.'"

6

Great Britain has faithfully fulfilled its obligations; but the Persian government has broken the articles, by sending an expedition to Herat. The Persian government alleged in excuse for this proceeding, that Dost Mohamed, instigated by his "neighbours," seized Candahar, and that he designed to seize Herat. But the assertion that he was instigated by his neighbours to occupy Candahar and advance upon Herat, is, "if by those neighbours' the British government is indicated, wholly untrue;" nor are there any indications that Dost Mohamed intended to advance upon Herat. The Persian government, having laid siege to Herat, and called it Persian soil, and having determined to persist in an aggression as unprovoked as it is contrary to good faith," that conduct has been pronounced “by her Majesty's government to constitute an act of open hostility to Great Britain." Persia has refused, as a preliminary to the adjustment of differences, to withdraw her troops; and the British government has felt bound to convince Persia that her solemn engage. ments cannot be violated with impunity. To this end, a force has been sent to the Persian Gulf, and its "further operations will be guided by such instructions as the progress of events and the policy of the British government may demand."

Another proclamation gives Persian ships immunity from seizure until the 30th November, and promises protection to Persian subjects resident in India.

DEC. 11.