undertaken, based on the 10,033 compliance reports filed in 1962.1

The establishments reported about 4.2 million employees, of whom 267,000 or 6.3 percent were Negroes (see Table 1).

Nearly three-fourths of both total employment and Negro employment was in manufacturing industries, particularly those producing durable goods. Services, notably colleges and universities, accounted for the largest share of reported nonmanufacturing employment.

Establishments in the northeast and north central regions had nearly two-thirds of the total

1 The compliance reporting system of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity was officially promulgated March 1, 1962. The basic reporting requirement is the submission of a compliance report (Standard Form 40) by each prime contractor or first-tier subcontractor who has a contract, subcontract, or purchase order with any Federal agency or department in the amount of $50,000 or more, and who employs a total of 50 or more persons. Multi-establishment companies must file separate reports for the principal office of the company and for each establishment performing or expected to perform work under Government contracts or subcontracts. Initial compliance reports are required within 30 days after a prime contract award and 60 days after the award of a firsttier subcontract. Thereafter, reports are due annually on March 31, as long as the same contractor or subcontractor remains subject to the reporting requirements.

The great majority of the compliance reports in 1962 referred to late March through June, with April the peak month.

The full study on which this section is based is scheduled for completion in early 1964.

lishments, but less than 3 percent of the skilled jobs.

Of the Negro blue collar workers more than 90 percent were in jobs below the skilled level. As indicated in the tabulation below, about 1 in every 3 men in blue collar occupations was a skilled worker, while among Negro men in these oссираtions, less than 1 in 10 was skilled. The proportion of women blue collar employees holding skilled jobs was small in both groups, but 77 percent of all Negro women employees-both blue and white collar-in the covered establishments were operatives, laborers, or service workers, as compared to a ratio of 46 percent in total female employment.

Negro men. Negro women employees were 5.3 percent of all female officials, professional employees, and technicians; the corresponding rate for Negro men was 1 percent. However, nearly three-fourths (or 8,000) of the Negro male white collar employees were officials, professional employees, or technicians, whereas the majority of Negro women in white collar positions (6,000 out of 10,000) were clerical employees.

Only 3,300 Negroes were employed in sales occupations out of a total of 124,000 such jobs.

The preponderance of Negro white collar employment was in services and other nonmanufacturing industries, although manufacturing industries provided nearly two-thirds of the total male white collar employment and 53 percent of the total female white collar employment included in this study (see Table 4). Colleges and universities provided 49 percent of the 10,000 white collar jobs held by Negro women and 30 percent of those held by Negro men. The highest Negro shares of total white collar employment, both for men and women, were in colleges and universities. Insurance carriers also were important sources of white collar employment for Negro women.

Among both men and women in each region, the largest number of Negroes per 1,000 white collar employees were in nonmanufacturing industries, with the highest rates in services, finance, insurance and real estate (see Table 5). Very high proportions of Negro white collar employees in the South's service industries reflected predominantly Negro educational institutions. Except for serv

ices, northeastern establishments in each industry employed higher proportions of Negro women in white collar jobs than did the southern establishments included in this study.

Summary

The purpose of securing compliance reports from Government contractors is to obtain as accurate a picture as possible of their utilization of Negroes and other minority groups in the Nation's labor force.

The data which have been presented show clearly the magnitude of the problem of underutilization of Negro manpower by the contractors who filed reports in 1962. The Negroes held 6.3 percent of

the reported jobs, but only 1.3 percent of the white collar jobs. Similarly, the Negro share of skilled blue collar employment was much smaller than the Negro share of total blue collar employment. The great majority of Negro men and women employees in the reporting establishments were employed in relatively low paying jobs which require little or no training; these are the jobs with the highest unemployment rates.

A very small proportion of the reporting establishments accounted for the bulk of Negro white collar employment. Ten percent of the units employed nearly 60 percent of all the Negro male and more than 90 percent of all the Negro female white collar employees.

(The following analysis of 1962 and 1963 compliance reports also was prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at the request of the President's Committee. It is preliminary in form and content and represents merely an overall view. A more detailed analysis and expanded tables will be published by the President's Committee when the information has been compiled early in 1964.)

Changes in Negro Employment From 1962 to 1963 in Establishments Filing Compliance Reports for Both Years

In order to determine whether Negroes have made job gains during the past year among employers subject to Federal policies regarding equal employment opportunity, a comparison was made of compliance reports submitted by the identical establishment in both 1962 and 1963.1 Some 4,600

1 Compliance reports in 1962 were submitted by the great majority of covered establishments from late March through June, with May the peak month. The bulk of the 1963 reports, which were matched with the 1962 reports from identical establishments, were received by the Committee in March and April 1963.

Thus, the comparisons in this section generally refer to employment in spring 1962 and spring 1963, with the time between annual reports in most units being 10 or 11 months rather than a full year. Many employers filed 1963 reports on the anniversary of their 1962 reports, instead of on March 31 as specified in the reporting form instructions. A few of the units which filed 1962 reports later in the year (some did not have government contracts until then) also filed 1963 reports in time for inclusion in these comparisons; 18 of these units were omitted from the tabulation because the short time span involved might have distorted the comparisons.

out of the 10,000 units which filed compliance reports in 1962 also filed in 1963. These establishments accounted for nearly 60 percent of both the total employment and the Negro employment shown on compliance reports for 1962. (Comparable data for coverage in 1963 are not yet available.)

The data, which are summarized in Table 1, show improvement in the utilization of Negroes in white collar occupations.2 Negro white collar employment increased 17.4 percent while total white collar employment increased by only 1.9 percent. The net gain by Negroes of 1,830 white collar jobs increased the Negro share of total white collar employment in these establishments from 12 Negroes per 1,000 white collar workers in 1962 to 13 per 1,000 in 1963. Approximately 1 out of every 13 Negroes (8 percent) were white collar workers in 1963 as compared to 1 out of 15 (7 percent) in 1962.

Both Negro and total blue collar employment dropped slightly, but the somewhat larger relative decline in total blue collar employment caused the Negro share of total blue collar employment to rise slightly, from 97 Negroes per 1,000 blue collar workers in 1962 to 98 per 1,000 in 1963.

The great majority of Negro employees in both years were employed in service, semiskilled, and

2 As discussed below, a relatively small proportion of the compared establishments accounted for the bulk of the improvement. A breakdown of the Negro gains by specific white collar occupations (e.g., clerical, professional, and managerial) is not yet available.