coercion, and all that sort of thing. They tried to promote a company union there and they tried to coerce us into joining it. The result is that a lot of fellows around the plant will pretend to yield to the company's coercion, and they will go and either put in a blank ballot or vote for Andy Gump, or Jiggs, or some comic strip character, so that they can say they have been to the ballot box, rather than argue with the foreman and say "No; I won't vote." The union workers in Detroit resent the company union. They know it is a dummy; they know it is put up by the employer.

Mr. WOOD. The majority of the members, in other words, join under duress?

Mr. DENNISON. They do.

Mr. LESINSKI. While we are on this company-union matter, I happen to have evidence here, sent to me by Mr. Greer, the head of local no. 1, showing that one man has received this bunch of envelops, to join the company union. I happen to have the pamphlets present that they have used in their efforts to have these men join the company unions. I believe this is something that is interesting.

Mr. DENNISON. It is, indeed.

Mr. LESINSKI. That is coercion, against the law.

Mr. DENNISON. And, Mr. Lesinski, I have found that they have hired corporation lawyers to write these ballots and write up the constitution for these workers, and try to force it on them. The workers had no voice in the writing of that constitution. This was written by a corporation lawyer.

Mr. LESINSKI. This was sent to me by Mr. Greer, the head of local I am going to present that letter in the record, as Mr. Greer's testimony.

Mr. DENNISON. That is very good.

I have just discovered, among my data, some very significant tables. I am going to leave these with the stenographer as an exhibit, but just in passing I will say that these tables demonstrate that, whereas the code set a minimum labor rate, what the company actually did was to take some money from the highest-paid worker and give the lowest-paid worker some small raise to bring him up to somewhere near the code provisions, but in the long run, it is very doubtful if any raises they have given the workers have really given us anything, as far as total pay rolls are concerned. These figures in these tables show how a number out of a certain number of employees has been shifted to the lower-paid groups. These are the lower-paid groups here, and this is the number of men that got this rate in a certain year.

For instance, in the year 1929, of the men that answered this questionnaire, 23 got from $1.30 to $1.39. In 1932, only 7 of them were getting that much; in 1933, only 2; in 1934, only 7. That group had been shifted up, but the most numerous group in 1934 was getting from 90 to 99 cents.

Mr. WELCH. Per hour?

Mr. DENNISON. Per hour; yes, sir. I will just offer these tables for the committee's study. These tables are incorporated in the Henderson report. This is from our files, from the questionnaires submitted to our members.

(The tables referred to are as follows:)

TABLE IA.-Unemployment by number of weeks per year and distribution of employees by number of weeks unemployed

NOTE. The 1929, 1932, and 1933 reports are based on a single group of 232 employees carried through the years. The 1934 distribution is based on a questionnaire covering only the first quarter. The weeks of unemployment have been adjusted to an annual basis here, but on account of possible seasonal factors are not quite comparable with the other distributions.

TABLE IIA.—Average hourly earnings and distributions of employees by average hourly earnings

1 The 1929, 1932, and 1933 reports are based on a single group of 186 employees carried through the 3 years. In 1932, 12 of the group were totally unemployed and 10 were employed in occupations other than design engineering or else submitted faulty reports. In 1933, 6 were unemployed and 21 were occupied in other occupations or submitted faulty reports. Faulty reports account for most of this latter class. 2 The 1934 report is based on a questionnaire covering the first quarter only.

TABLE IB.-Unemployment by number of weeks per year and accumulative distributions of employees by number of weeks of unemployment

1 Number unemployed during less than the designated number of weeks.

Weeks of unemployment.—Of the employees, 25 percent unemployed less than 1, 1929; 6, 1932; 19, 1933; 4, 1934. 50 percent unemployed less than 3, 1929 18, 1932; 28, 1933; 8, 1934. 75 percent unemployed less than 4, 1929; 28, 1932; 34, 1933; 24, 1934.

TABLE IIB.-Average hourly earnings and accumulative distributions of employees by average hourly earnings

1 Number of employees receiving less than the designated amount per hour.

Dollars per hour.-Of the employees 25 percent averaged less than $1.08, 1929; $0.84, 1932; $0.81, 1933; $0.94, 1934. 50 percent averaged less than $1.22, 1929; $0.96, 1932; $0.92, 1933; $1.03, 1934. 75 percent averaged less than $1.36, 1929; $1.11, 1932; $1.06, 1933; $1.19, 1934.

TABLE IIIA.-Average hours per week and distribution of employees by averagė hours per week

TABLE IIIB.-Average hours per week and accumulative distributions of employees by average hours per week

1 Average for the weeks worked.

Number of employees working less than the designated number of hours per week.

Hours per week. Of the employees 25 percent averaged less than 44, 1929; 42, 1932; 34, 1933; 37, 1934. 50 percent averaged less than 50, 1929; 47, 1932; 41, 1933; 41, 1934. 75 percent averaged less than 57, 1929; 53, 1932; 45, 1933; 44, 1934.

TABLE VIA.-Maximum hours worked in any one week and distribution of employees by maximum hours per week

TABLE VIB.-Maximum hours worked in any one week and accumulative distribution of maximum hours in any one week

1 Number whose longest work-week during the year was less than the designated number of hours.

Maximum hours per week. Of the employees 25 percent had a maximum less than 50, 1929; 50, 1932; 46, 1933; 42, 1934. 50 percent had a maximum less than 62, 1929; 63, 1932; 50, 1933; 44, 1934. 75 percent had a maximum less than 75, 1929; 70, 1932; 60, 1933; 48, 1934.

TABLE VA.-Annual hours of work and distribution of employees by hours