(reprinted by Haupt at Leipsic in 1844, from an old and scarce impression). Next to this may be ranked his Otto mit dem Bart (reprinted by Hahn at Quedlinb. and Leip. 1838); Der Welt Lohn (by Roth, Fkr. 1843); The Legends of Sylvester (by W. Grimm, Gött. 1841) and of Alexius (by Massmann, Quedlinb. and Leip. 1843); Die Goldene Schmiede (by W. Grimm, Berl. 1840). His songs and proverbs are to be found in Hagen's Minnesinger.

KONRADIN OF SWABIA, the last descendant of the imperial House of Hohenstaufen (q. v.), was the son of Konrad IV., and was born in 1252, two years before his father's death. Innocent IV. immediately seized upon the young prince's Italian possessions, on the plea that the son of a prince who dies excommunicated has no hereditary rights; and the other enemies of the House of Hohenstaufen rejoiced to follow the pope's example. K. was not left, however, totally friendless. His uncle Manfred took up arms in his behalf, drove the pope from Naples and Sicily, and in order to consolidate his nephew's authority, declared himself king til the young prince came of age. The pope's inveterate hatred of the Hohenstaufens induced him to offer the crown of the Two Sicilies to Charles of Anjou, a consummate warrior and able politician. Charles immediately invaded Italy, met his antagonist in the plain of Grandella, where the defeat and death of Manfred, in 1266, gave him undisturbed possession of the kingdom. But the Neapolitans, detesting their new master, sent deputies to Bavaria to invite K., then in his 16th year, to come and assert his hereditary rights. K. accordingly made his appearance in Italy at the head of 10,000 men, and being joined by the Neapolitans in large numbers, gained several victories over the French, but was finally defeated, and along with his relative, Frederick of Austria, taken prisoner near Tagliacozzo, 22d August 1268. The two unfortunate princes were, with the consent of the pope, executed in the market-place of Naples on the 20th October. A few minutes before his execution, K., on the scaffold, took off his glove, and threw it into the midst of the crowd, as a gage of vengeance, requesting that it might be carried to his heir, Peter of Aragon. This duty was undertaken by the Chevalier de Waldburg, who, after many hair-breadth escapes, succeeded in fulfilling his prince's last command. See SICILIAN VESPERS.

Koodoo (Antilope strepsiceros). KOO'DOO (Antilope strepsiceros, or Strepsiceros koodoo), one of the largest species of antelope. The

The

general form is not so light and elegant as that of many of the antelopes. The height is about four feet, and the length fully eight feet, exclusive of the tail, which is moderately long, and terminates in a tuft like that of an ox. The male is furnished with great horns, nearly four feet long, and beautifully twisted in a wide spiral of two turns and a half, very thick at the base, and there wrinkled and ringed. The female is smaller than the male, and hornless. general colour is grayish brown, with a narrow white stripe along the middle of the back, and eight or ten similar stripes proceeding from it down the sides. The K. lives in small families of four or five, inhabiting chiefly the wooded parts of South Africa. It is easily domesticated, and is one of the animals which, probably, man has not yet done enough to reduce to his service.

KOO'MRAH (Equus hippagrus), an alleged distinct species of the family Equida, a native of North Africa, and inhabiting mountain woods. It is ten or ten and a half hands high; with a broad deep head; no forelock, but long woolly hair down to the eyes; long black mane; tail more like that of a Lorse than of an ass; the colour a uniform reddish bay, without mark or streak. Colonel Hamilton Smith supposes that it may be the Boryes of Herodotus, and Hippagrus of Oppian.

KOO'RIA MOO'RIA ISLANDS, a group of six islands, on the south coast of Arabia, are situated about 21 miles from the coast, about lat. 17° 33' N., and long. 56° 6' E. The surface of these islands is sterile, and the only one which is inhabited supports only from 20 to 30 fishermen. They were ceded to England in 1854. Guano of an inferior quality is obtained from them.

KO'PEK, a Russian money of account, the part of a Rouble (q. v.), and equivalent to 1 farthings of sterling money.

th

KO'RAN (Arab., from karaa, to read), [= Hebr. Mikra, the written Book, or that which can and ought to be read:-the Old Testament, in contradistinction to Mishnah, or the Code of the Oral Law], The Reading, by way of eminence; a term first applied to every single portion of Mohammed's Revelations;' at a later period, used for a greater number of these; and finally for their whole body, gathered together into the one book, which forms the religious, social, civil, commercial, military, and legal code of Islam. The Koran is also known under the name of Forkan (Chald. Salvation, not from Hebr. Perek, Division, as erroneously sup posed); further, of Al-Moshaf (The Volume), or Al-Kitab (The Book, in the sense of Bible'), or Al-Dhikr (the Reminder,' or the Admonition'). The Koran is, according to the Moslem creed, coeval with God, uncreated, eternal. Its first transcript was written from the beginning in rays of light upon a gigantic tablet resting by the throne of the Almighty; and upon this tablet are also found the divine decrees relating to things past and future. A copy of it, in a book bound in white silk, jewels, and gold, was brought down to the lowest heaven by the angel Gabriel, in the blissful and mysterious night of Al-Khadr, in the month of Ramadan. Portions of it were, during a space of twenty-three years, communicated to Mohammed, both at Mecca and Medina, either by Gabriel in human shape, with the sound of bells,' or through inspirations from the Holy Ghost in the Prophet's breast,' or by God himself, veiled and unveiled, in waking or in the dreams of night.' Traditions vary with respect to the length of the individual portions revealed at a time, between single letters, verses, and entire chapters or Surahs (from Hebr. shurah,

6

sentences from it are inscribed on banners, doors, &c. Great lavishness is also displayed upon the material and the binding of the sacred volume. The copies for the wealthy are sometimes written in gold, and the covers blaze with gold and precious stones. Nothing also is more hateful in the eyes of a Moslem than to see the book in the hands of an unbeliever.

The Koran has been commented upon so often

that the names of the commentators alone would fill volumes. Thus, the library of Tripoli, in Syria, is reported to have once contained no less than 20,000 different commentaries. The most renowned are those of Samachshari (died 539 H.), Beidhavi (died 685 or 716 H.), Mahalli (died 870 H.), and Soyuti (died 911 H.). The principal editions are those of Hinkelmann (Hamburg, 1694), Maracci (Padua, 1698), Flügel (3d ed. 1838), besides many editions (of small critical value) printed in St Petersburg, Kasan, Teheran, Calcutta, Cawnpore, Serampore, and the many newly-erected Indian presses. The first, but very imperfect, Latin version of the Koran was made by Robertus Retensis, an Englishman, in 1143 (ed. Basle, 1543). The principal translations are those of Maracci, into Latin (1698); Sale (first ed. 1734) and Rodwell (1862), into English; Savary (1783), Garcin de Tassy (1829), Kasimirski (1840), into French; Megerlin (1772), Wahl (1828), Ullmann (1840), into German; besides the great number of Persian, Turkish, Malay, Hindustanee, and other translations made for the benefit of the various eastern Moslems. Of concordances to the Koran may be mentioned that of Flügel (Leip. 1842), and the Noojoom-ool-Foorkan (Calcutta, 1811). Of authorities whose works may be consulted on the Koran, we will chiefly name Maracci, Sale, Savary, Wahl, Geiger, Amari, Sprenger, Muir, Weil, Nöldeke.

KORDOFA'N, or the White Land, a province of the Egyptian territories in the Sudan, is bounded on the E. by the White Nile, which separates it from Sennaar, and is separated on the W. from Darfur by a strip of desert. It extends in lat. from 10 to 15 20' N., and the area of its more or less cultivated portion has been estimated at 12,000 square miles, and its population at 500,000. The province is traversed by no rivers; wells, however, abound, water being found almost everywhere, at a comparatively small depth. In the south, the surface is undulating, and the soil argillaceous and productive; and here dourra and maize are grown. In the north and west, the surface is an elevated plateau, and the soil sandy, but peculiarly fitted for the cultivation of millet, which is the staple article of food. The employments of the people are chiefly agricultural. In the south, horned cattle and horses are extensively reared, but in the north and west, the nomad inhabitants depend for support entirely upon their large herds of camels, which are hired out for the transport of produce and merchandise. The chief trees are acacias, yielding gum-arabic. Iron ore is obtained and wrought in the country. Slavery, which had formerly been general, and had formed an important branch of trade in K., was abolished in 1857 by Said Pasha, the Egyptian viceroy. The people are Mohammedans.

The inhabitants are partly Arabs, partly a mixed Arab and negro race. The capital is Il-Obeid or Lobeid (q. v.). In 1770, Adlân, king of Sennaar, made a conquest of K., and about six years after, the Sultan of Darfur overran the province, and annexed it to his territories. Under the sultan, the inhabitants were but lightly taxed; trade was opened up with the Sudan and Arabia; and the markets of Il-Obeid and Bara, the chief towns,

were stored with the produce of Arabia, India, and Abyssinia. This period of prosperity, however, was brought to a close by the invasion of K., in 1821, by an Egyptian army. Since then K. has remained a province of the Turkish empire, under the viceroy of Egypt.

KÖRNER, THEODOR, a patriotic German poet, was born at Dresden, 23d September 1791, and after the publication of a collection of immature verses in 1810, betook himself to the university of Leipsic. aptitude for serious and solid studies, was led into Here the young author, who had no several irregularities, which necessitated his leaving the university. After a short residence in Berlin, he went to Vienna, and began to write for the Die Braut (The Bride), and Der Nachtwächter (The stage. His Der Grüne Domino (The Green Domino), Night-watchman), are among the best German comedies. His two most important dramas, Zriny and Rosamunde, though destitute of that sagacity of thought and knowledge of mankind which are essential to the permanent success of such works, are full of noble enthusiasm. The uprising of the German nation against the despotism of Napoleon, inspired K. with patriotic ardour. He joined the in army of liberation, and displayed heroic courage several of them in the camp-and published under many encounters. The songs which he now wrotethe title of Leier und Schwert (Lyre and Sword), stirred his countrymen mightily. Their chief power, however, probably lies in their impassioned nationality; foreigners at least fail to recognise in them much more, yet the Germans regard them with a kind of sacred admiration that forbids criticism. The most famous of these pieces is his Schwert-Lied (Sword-Song). K. was killed in battle near Rosenberg, 26th August 1813. A collected edition of his works (Sämmtliche Werke, 1 vol. Berl. 1834; 4 vols. 1842, 4th edit. 1853) was published by Streckfuss. A biography of the poet, written by his father, has been translated into English, with selections from his poems, tales, and dramas,' by G. F. Richardson (Lond. 2 vols. 1845).

KÖRÖ'S, NAGY, or GREAT KÖRÖS, an important market-town of Hungary, in the county of Pesth, is situated in a sandy district, 49 miles south-east Black cattle and sheep of the city of that name. are here extensively reared, and an excellent red wine is grown. Pop. 16,100.-KISS KÖRÖS, or Little Körös, is a small town, situated 38 miles south-west of the foregoing, and also engaged in the production of wine. Pop. 6000.

KOSCIUSKO, TADEUSZ, a great Polish general and patriot, born about the middle of last century, in the province of Minsk, Western Russia, was descended from an ancient and noble, but not wealthy Lithuanian family. He became a captain in the Polish army, went to America, and served in the War of Independence. He returned to Poland in 1786, with the rank of general of brigade. In the campaign of 1792, he held a position at Dubjenka for five days with 4000 men against 16,000 Russians, although he had had only twentyfour hours to fortify it, and finally withdrew his troops without much loss. This brilliant feat of arms laid the foundation of his military reputation. When King Stanislaus submitted to the will of the Empress Catharine, K. resigned his command, and retired to Leipsic; but returned in 1794, and put himself at the head of the national movement in Cracow, and afterwards in Warsaw. With 20,000 regular troops, and 40,000 ill-armed peasants, he resisted for months the united Russian and Prussian army of 150,000 men. He was proof also against the most tempting proposals on the

part of the Prussian king. He was at last overpowered by superior numbers in the battle of Maciejowice, 10th October 1794, and fell from his horse, covered with wounds, and uttering the words 'Finis Polonia.' He was kept a prisoner till after the accession of the Emperor Paul, who restored him to liberty, gave him an estate with 1500 peasants, and handed to him his sword, which K. declined to receive, saying: 'I have no more need of a sword, as I have no longer a country.' He afterwards resigned the estate, and sent back from London the money which he had received from the emperor. He spent the remainder of his life chiefly in France, and his chief enjoyment was in agricultural pursuits. When Napoleon, in 1806, formed a plan for the restoration of Poland, K. felt himself restrained from taking an active part in it by his promise to the Emperor Paul. The address to the Poles, published in his name in the Moniteur, was a fabrication. In 1814, he wrote to the Emperor Alexander, entreating him to grant an amnesty to the Poles in foreign countries, and to make himself constitutional king of Poland. He released from servitude, in 1817, the peasants on his own estate in Poland. His death took place on 15th October 1817, in consequence of his horse falling over a precipice. His remains were removed to Cracow by the Emperor Alexander, and were laid side by side with those of John Sobieski. See Falkenstein's K. nach seinen häuslichen und öffentlichen Leben (2d edit. Leip. 1834).

KÖSLI'N, a manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, on the Mühlenbach, 7 miles from the Baltic Sea, and 85 miles north-east from Stettin. There are iron-foundries, and manufactures of tobacco, paper, &c. Pop. 10,059.

He

KOSSUTH, LAJOS (LOUIS), the leader of the Hungarian revolution, was born in 1802 at Monok, in the county of Zemplin, in Hungary. His family is of noble rank, but his parents were poor. studied law at the Protestant college of Sarospatak, and practised first in his native county, and after wards in Pesth. In 1832, he commenced his political career at the diet of Presburg as editor of a liberal paper, which, owing to the state of the law, was not printed, but transcribed and circulated. The subsequent publication of a lithographed paper led, in May 1837, to K.'s imprisonment. He was liberated in 1840, and became again the editor of a paper, in which he advocated views too extreme for many of the liberal party amongst the nobles, but which took strong hold of the people in general, especially of the youth of the country. In November 1847, he was sent by the county of Pesth as deputy to the diet, and soon distinguished himself as a speaker, and became the leader of the opposition. He advocated the emancipation of the peasants, the elevation of the citizen class, the freedom of the press, &c., and after the French revolution of 1848, openly demanded an independent government for Hungary, and constitutional government in the Austrian hereditary territories. To his speeches must in great part be ascribed not only the Hungarian revolution, but the insurrection in Vienna in March 1848. On the dissolution of the ministry in September 1848, he found himself at the head of the Committee of National Defence, and now prosecuted with extraordinary energy the measures necessary for carrying on the war. To put an end to all the hopes and schemes of the moderate party, he induced the National Assembly at Debrecziu, in April 1849, to declare the independence of Hungary, and that the Hapsburg dynasty had forfeited the throne. He was now appointed provisional governor of Hungary; but being disappointed in his hopes for

The

the intervention of the Western Powers, and finding the national cause jeopardised by the arrival of Russia on the scene of action, he endeavoured to arouse the people to a more desperate effort. attempt was vain. Finding that the dissensions between himself and Görgei (q. v.) were damaging the national cause, he resigned his dictatorship in favour of the latter. After the defeat at Temesvar on 9th August 1849, he found himself compelled to abandon his position, and to flee into Turkey, where, however, he was made a prisoner; but though his extradition was demanded both by Austria and Russia, the Porte, true to the principle of hospitality, resisted all their demands. In September 1851 he was liberated, and the government of France refusing him a passage through their territory, he sailed in an American frigate to England, where he was received with every demonstration of public respect and sympathy. In December of the same year he landed in the United States, where he met with a most enthusiastic reception. He returned in June 1852 to England, and there he chiefly resided, until the Italian war broke out against Austria, when almost the whole of the Hungarian emigrants left for Italy with Kossuth. He now (1863) resides in Turin.

KOSTRO'MA, capital of the government of that name, in European Russia, is situated near the junction of the Kostroma with the Volga, and 564 miles from St Petersburg. It was founded in the middle of the 12th c., and suffered much from the invasions, first of the Tartars, afterwards of the Poles. K. has considerable manufactures, chiefly of linen, and trades in corn, tallow, timber, linseed oil, and leather. Pop. 20,630.

KOSTROMA, a government of Great Russia, is bounded on the W. by the government of Jaroslav, Area, and on the E. by the district of Kazan. 30,834 square miles; pop. (1858) 1,075,988. The surface is generally flat, marshy, interspersed with lakes, and, especially in the north and east, with The greater part of extensive and dense forests. the soil is uncultivated. The chief rivers are the Volga, with its tributaries the Kostroma, the Unja, Agriculand the Vetluga. The climate is severe. ture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants, and grain is produced in sufficient quantity for local consumption. Flax and hemp are extensively cultivated; mats, pitch, tar, and potash are largely manufactured and exported; and there is a flourishing trade in timber.

KOTAH, the chief town of a protected state of the same name, is situated in Rajpootana, in lat. 25° 10' N., and long. 75° 52′ E. It is on the right bank of the Chumbul, and is fortified with a rampart and a ditch. The town is tolerably wealthy, being, moreover, of considerable size, and of some architectural pretensions. In 1857, notwithstanding the fidelity of the rajah to the British government, K. fell under the power of the mutineers, remaining in their possession until 30th March 1858, when it was stormed by General Roberts. The principality contains 4400 square miles, with an estimated population of 440,000.

KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON, a most prolific German dramatist, was born at Weimar on 3d May 1761, and after a checkered life, spent first in Russia, and afterwards in Austria and Germany, was assassinated at Mannheim, 23d March 1819, on account of his hostility to the liberal movement. Among his dramatic performances (the chief merit of which consists in their superior knowledge of stage-effect), may be mentioned Die Indianer in England (The Indians in England), Menschenhass und Reue (Misanthropy and Repentance)