to indicate the weak and tender shootings of corn. He is represented as a child wearing the skull-cap or pschent, the crown of the upper and lower world, and holding in his hands the whip and crook, to expel evil influences. At the right side of his head his hair is gathered into a single lock, and his finger is placed on his mouth, an action indicative of youth, and mistaken by the Greek and Roman writers for that of silence, of which they made H. the divinity. Sometimes he wears an amulet in shape of a vase round his neck. The temple at Edfou or Apollinopolis Magna was dedicated to him, and in the sculptures he symbolises the sun in the earliest hours of the day. He has generally been considered to be the winter sun, but rather represents the feeble and nascent sun of the later mythology. Lions were placed under his throne; cynocephali are said to be dedicated to him, probably from confounding him with the lunar god Khons; and the lotus, on which he is often depicted sitting, and which was thought to open at sunrise and close at sunset, was particularly sacred to him. So was the Persea, or Cussia Fistularis. His worship was introduced as part of the Isiac cult into Rome, and he was supposed to be very efficacious in giving dreams; an edict of the people being, however, directed against it in the consulship of Gabinius. In the consulship of Piso and Gabinius, his worship was driven from the Capitol; but he was very popular in the days of Pliny. Although the name of H. is not mentioned earlier than Eratosthenes, yet as he mentions it as part of that of an ancient monarch, it was undoubtedly of high antiquity. Birch, Gallery of Antiquities, p. 37; Wilkinson, Sir G., Mann. and Cust., iv. p. 405; Iablonski, Pantheon, i. p. 241.

HARPOO'N, the weapon with which whales and other large cetaceans are killed. See WHALE.

HARP-SHELL (Harpa), a genus of gasteropodous molluscs of the whelk family (Buccinida), having the last whorl of the shell very large, the shell ribbed longitudinally, the foot of the animal very large. The species, which are not very numerous, are found in the seas of warm climates, and particularly at the Mauritius. The shells are much

Specimens of the harpsichord, although now becoming more rare, are still to be found in good preservation, but rather as articles of vertu or curiosity, than as useful musical instruments. Many Italian and Dutch harpsichords were highly ornamented by the most eminent artists with valuable oil-paintings on the inside of the lid. The date of the invention of the harpsichord is uncertain. Before the 15th c., there is no trace of its existence. It was introduced into England early in the 17th century. In the 18th c., Kirkman, and later, Broadwood and Schudi, were the famous makers in London. After the invention of the pianoforte, the harpsichord and all instruments of the same kind, such as the spinet, were in time entirely superseded. See PIANOFORTE HARPY, a fabulous creature in Greek mythology, considered as a minister of the vengeance of the gods. Various accounts are given of the numbers and parentage of the Harpies. Homer mentions but one, Hesiod enumerates two-Aëllo and Okypete, daughters of Thaumas by the Oceanid Electra, fair-haired and winged maidens, very swift of flight. Three are sometimes recognised by later writers, who call them variously daughters of Poseidon or of Typhon, and describe them as hideous monsters with wings, of fierce and loathsome aspect, with their faces pale with hunger, living in an atmosphere of filth and stench, and contaminating everything that they approached. The most celebrated tradition regarding the Harpies is connected with the blind Phineus, whose meals they carried off as soon as they were spread for him; a plague from which he was delivered by the Argonauts, on his engaging to join in their quest. The Boreads Zetes and Calais attacked the Harpies, but spared their lives on their promising to cease from molesting Phineus.-A harpy in heraldry is represented as a vulture, with the head and breast of a woman.

Harpy.

prized for their great beauty, but must be kept in drawers, and not exposed to light, or their delicate and brilliant colours will fade.

HA'RPSICHORD, a keyed musical instrument, formerly in extensive use, but now little known. In shape it was exactly like a grand pianoforte, to which its internal arrangements were also similar. The sound from the strings was produced by a small piece of crow-quill, or a piece of hard leather, which projected out of a slip of wood, called the jack, that stood upright between the strings, and was pushed upwards by the key, till the quill, or leather, twitched the string, causing a brilliant, but somewhat harsh sound, entirely deficient of any means of modification, in respect to loudness or softness.

Harpy Eagle (Harpyia destructor): From a specimen in the Royal Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 1851.

The name H. has also been given in modern times to some of the Falconida, as the Marsh

having the feathers around the eyes placed in a radiating manner, somewhat as in owls, a peculiarity which distinguishes them from all the other Falconidae. They are remarkable for their low flight, skimming along the ground in pursuit of small quadrupeds, reptiles, &c. The MARSH H. (C. aeruginosus), also called the MOOR BUZZARD, and sometimes the HARPY and the DUCK HAWK, is the largest British species, being about 21-23 inches long. The head of the adult male is yellowish white.-The HEN H. (C. cyaneus) is 18 or 20 inches long, the adult male of an almost uniform gray colour, the female brown. The female is known as the RINGTAIL, from a rust-coloured ring formed by the tips of the tail-feathers. The Hen H. derives its name from its frequent depredations in poultry-yards. The male of the Hen H. is called the Blue Hawk in Scotland.

HARRI-KARI (Happy Despatch), the term applied by the Chinese to official suicides in Japan. According to Dr Macgowan, the Japanese estimate the number of these suicides at 500 per annum, exclusive of suicides by hanging or drowning. All military men, and persons holding civil offices under the government, are bound, when they have committed any offence, to rip themselves up, which they do by two gashes, in the form of a cross; but not until they have received an order from the court to that effect; for, if they were to anticipate this order, their heirs would run the risk of being deprived of their place and property. Not unfrequently, upon the death of superiors or masters, the same operation is self-inflicted by those who desire to exhibit devotion and attachment; sometimes also, in consequence of a disgrace or affront, it is resorted to, when no other resource presents.

HARRINGTON, JAMES, an English political writer, was born in Northamptonshire, of a good family, in 1611, studied at Oxford under the celebrated Chillingworth, and, at the termination of his university career, proceeded to visit the continent. His travels embraced the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, France, and Italy. breaking out of the civil war, he took part with the parliament, and in 1646 was appointed by the parliamentary commissioners one of the personal

On the

attendants of the monarch. After the execution of Charles, he withdrew from public notice, and devoted himself to the elaboration and completion of his political system. The result was his famous Oceana, a kind of political romance, on the plan of Plato's Atlantis. The work was first published in 1656, and was dedicated to Cromwell, who read it, but was not overwell pleased with its straitlaced and somewhat finical republicanism, and its animadversions upon usurpation. The gentleman must not think,' the Protector is reported to have said, 'to cheat me of my power and authority; for what I have won by the sword, I will not suffer myself to be scribbled out of.' Hume allows it to be a work of genius and invention,' and Dugald Stewart calls it one of the boasts of English literature.' Hallam's verdict is less favourable; he pronounces the author to be in general 'prolix, dull, pedantic, yet seldom profound; but he admits that he 'sometimes redeems himself by just observations.' After the publication of Oceana, H. continued to exert himself in diffusing his republican opinions, founded a club called the Rota,' fell under suspicion after the Restoration, and was imprisoned, but afterwards released. Meanwhile, however, an attack of insanity had supervened, from which he never perfectly recovered. He died at Westminster, September 11, 1677. An edition of his writings was

published by Toland in 1700, and a more complete one by Dr Birch in 1737. The best edition is probably that by Hollis (with Toland's Life), in 1771. HARRIS, JAMES, an English philologist and logician, the eldest son of James Harris, Esq., of Close, Salisbury, was born July 20, 1709. His mother was the Lady Elizabeth Ashley Cooper, sister of Lord Shaftesbury, author of the Characteristics. He was educated at Salisbury, and Wadham College, Oxford, and entered upon the study of the law; but his father having died in 1734, leaving him a handsome fortune, he abandoned the pursuit of his profession, and gave his whole time, for a period of fourteen years, to the study of his favourite Greek and Latin authors. In 1745 he married a daughter of John Clarke, Esq., of Sandford, near Bridgewater, by whom he had five children, the eldest of whom, his only son, became the first Earl of Malmesbury. In 1761, he was returned to parliament for Christchurch, which seat he retained until his death. In 1762, he was appointed a Lord of the Admiralty, and the next year, Lord of the Treasury, and in 1774, Secretary and Comptroller to the queen. He died in 1780. He is chiefly known as the author of Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Language and Universal Grammar, a work of great erudition, published in 1751. It is written," says Coleridge, with the precision of Aristotle and the elegance of Quintilian.' He had previously published three treatises-On Art; On Music, Painting, and Poetry; and On Happiness. In 1775 appeared his essay On Philosophical Arrangements, part of a large projected work on the Logical System of Aristotle. His last work, entitled Philological Inquiries (1780), consists of a series of criticisms and comments on the principal ancient, medieval, and modern authors. His works, with Life by his son, the Earl of Malmesbury, were published at London in 1801.

6

HARRIS, or HERRIS, a district or parish of Scotland, in the Hebrides, comprises the southern portion of the island of Lewis and a number of adjacent islets. See LEWIS.

HA'RRISBURG, the capital of Pennsylvania, United States, America, is situated in the midst of magnificent scenery on the left bank of the Susquehanna River, 95 miles west-north-west of Philadelphia, lat. 40° 16′ N., long, 76 50 W. It has a handsome state-house, a court-house, jail, state arsenal, state lunatic asylum, numerous churches, several academies, eight or ten newspaper-offices, a railway bridge, 2876 feet in length, and seven diverging railways. It was settled in 1733 by John Harris, an Englishman, under a grant from the Penns, the original European settlers of Pennsylvania. Pop. in 1860, 13,406.

HARRISON, JOHN, a celebrated mechanician, was born at Faulby, near Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1693. His mechanical genius, which early displayed itself, led him to study the construction of clocks and watches, with a view to diminishing as much as possible their errors and irregularities, and by 1726 he had effected considerable improvements in their structure. In 1714, the government had offered prizes of £10,000, £15,000, and £20,000 for the discovery of a method for determining the longitude within 60, 40, or 30 miles respectively. After repeated attempts, H. constructed a chronometer, which, in a voyage to Jamaica in 1761-1762, was found to determine the longitude within 18 miles; he therefore claimed the reward of £20,000, which, after a delay caused by another voyage to Jamaica, and further trials, was awarded to him in 1765£10,000 to be paid on H.'s explaining the principle

of construction of his chronometer, and £10,000 whenever it was ascertained that the instrument could be made by others. The success of H.'s chronometer is owing to his application of the com pensation curb to the balance wheel, and on the same principle he invented the gridiron pendulum the going fusee and the remontoir escapement, were for clocks. These, along with his other inventions, considered to be the most remarkable improve ments in the manufacture of watches of the last century (see HOROLOGY). Square, London, in 1776.

H. died in Red Lion

HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY, ninth president of the United States, was born at Berkeley, in Virginia, not far from Richmond, in 1773. He served in the capacity of aide-de-camp to General Wayne in the war against the Indians which terminated in 1795. In 1801, he was appointed governor of the territory of Indiana, which responsible position he held more than ten years. In 1811, in the hard-fought battle of Tippecanoe, he defeated the Indians under the command of the famous Tecumseh. After General Hull's surrender in 1812, H. was appointed to the command of the army on the north-western frontier, with the rank of brigadier-general; he was made major-general in March 1813. In 1824, he took his seat in the senate of the United States, and soon after was chosen chairman of the military committee. He was nominated in 1836 candidate for the presi dency, by the party opposed to Mr Van Buren, and although defeated in the election of that year, became again the nominee of the Whig party in 1840; and in the subsequent election was chosen president by an overwhelming majority, John Tyler of Virginia being associated with him as vicepresident. H. was inaugurated at Washington on March 4, 1841; but he died before a month had elapsed; and according to a provision of the constitution, Mr Tyler became president for the unexpired portion of the term of four years.

HA'RROGATE, HARROWGATE, or HIGH HARROGATE, a village in Yorkshire, 20 miles west of York city, is celebrated for sulphureous and chalybeate springs. The sulphureous springs are also saline, and of laxative and diuretic quality, while the chalybeate waters are tonic. H. is a very agreeable residence, the surrounding country being full of beauty and interest; it is largely frequented by visitors in summer, and is now easily accessible by the railway from Leeds to Doncaster. The waters are of considerable activity, and should only be taken under medical advice. They are used both externally and internally, and are in great repute in many diseases of the skin, and in some cases of dyspeptic disorders, scrofula, gout, &c. Harrogate springs were discovered in 1571. A local report on their virtues, with analyses in detail, by Professor Hoffman, was published in 1854. Pop. of township, about 4000.

HARROW, an agricultural implement, used for smoothing and pulverising ploughed land, and for covering the seeds previously sown. It consists of a frame of a square or rhombic form, in which are fixed rows of teeth, or tines, projecting downwards. The harrow is a very ancient implement, having been in use beyond the dawn of history; but as in early times only the lighter soils were cultivated, it often consisted of bushes, or branches of trees, which merely scratched the ground. Subsequently, we find a wooden frame and wooden tines in use; next, the wooden frame with iron tines, a form of the instrument very much used at the present day, and especially in favour for light soils. For heavy soils, the harrow constructed wholly of iron is most used, as it is heavier and does more execution; and

Howard's Harrow.

portion of the surface escaping pulverisation. A brake' is a large harrow used for breaking down rough or hard land. The chain-harrow,' which is a congeries of iron rings, is useful for covering grassseeds, and especially for separating weeds from the earth or clods in which they are enveloped.

HARROW-ON-THE-HILL, a village of Middlesex, England, is finely situated on the summit of a small eminence about twelve miles north-west of London, on the London and Birmingham Railway. Pop. about 5000. The village derives its celebrity solely from the grammar-school founded here, in 1571, by John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman of the parish. The school was originally intended to afford a gratuitous education to poor boys belonging to the parish, and is still nominally free to all the boys of the parish, but, as in many other cases, it has been diverted from its primary purpose, and is now chiefly attended by the sons of the nobility and gentry, and possesses a very high reputation. It has several exhibitions to Oxford and Cambridge. Among the eminent men who have been educated at H. may be mentioned Sir William Jones, Dr Parr, Lord Byron, George Canning, and Sir Robert Peel.

HARRY, BLIND, a Scottish minstrel of the 15th century. Scarcely anything is known of his life beyond what is told by Dr John Major (or Mair) in his History of Scotland, published in 1521. When I was a child,' he says, Henry, a man blind from his birth, who lived by telling tales before princes and peers, wrote a whole book of William Wallace, weaving the common stories (which I, for one, only partly believe) into vernacular poetry, in which he was skilled.' In 1490-1492, Blind Harry is found at the court of King James IV., receiving occasional gratuities of five, nine, and eighteen shillings. The poem attributed to him, The Life of that Noble Champion of Scotland, Sir William Wallace, Knight, was completed before the end of the year 1488, when it was copied by John Ramsay. This copy, the oldest MS. of the work now known to exist, does not ascribe it to Blind Harry, nor is his name given to it in the earlier printed editions. The poem, which contains 11,861 lines, of ten syllables each, is written in rhyming couplets. The language is frequently obscure, and sometimes unintelligible, but the work as a whole is written with vigour; in some passages, it kindles into poetry; and it is altogether a surprising performance, if we receive it as the composition of one who was born blind. The author seems to have been familiar with the

of the time, and he makes repeated appeals to two Latin lives of Wallace, one by his schoolfellow, Master John Blair, another by Sir Thomas Gray, parson of Liberton. But the poem has no claim to be regarded as history; it is full of gross mistakes or misrepresentations of facts known to every one, and it can only be looked upon as an embodiment of the wild and sanguinary legends which two centuries had gathered round the name of the martyred hero of a fierce struggle for national life. The work is believed to have been printed in the Scottish capital as early as 1520, but no perfect copy is known to be preserved of any earlier edition than that of Edinburgh in 1570, bearing the title of The Actis and Deidis of the Maist Illuster and Vailyeand Campioun Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie. The work was reprinted at Edinburgh in 1594, 1601, 1620, 1648, 1673, and 1758; at Glasgow, in 1665 and 1699; at Aberdeen, in 1630; and at Perth in 1790. The best edition is that of Dr Jamieson (from the MS. of 1488), published at Edinburgh in 1820, in 1 vol. 4to. The work was for about 200 years one of the most popular in Scotland, but gradually fell into neglect as its language, never very easy, ceased to be understood except by scholars. Its place was supplied by a modernised version by William Hamilton of Gilbertfield, published at Glasgow in 1722, with the title of A New Edition of the Life and Heroic Actions of the Renoun'd Sir William Wallace. This is a poor performance, but it continued to be widely circulated among the Scottish people almost to our own day.

HART, the name given to the Stag (q. v.) or male of the red deer, from the age of six years, when the crown or surroyal of the antler begins to appear. Great importance was formerly attached to the distinction of names proper to deer at different ages, and Guillim, in his Heraldry, defines hart as above, rebutting the notion that a stagge, of what age soever he be, shall not be called a hart until the king or queen have hunted him;' but if the king or queen do chase or hunt him, and he escape away alive, then after such hunting or chasing he is called a hart royall.'

HART, SOLOMON ALEXANDER, R.A., an English painter, of Jewish origin, was born at Plymouth, in Devonshire, April 1806, entered the Royal Academy, London, in 1823, and exhibited his first oil-picture, Instruction,' in 1828. Since then, he has painted, among other works, The Elevation of the Law' (1830); Isaac of York in the Donjon of Front-deBouf' (1830); English Nobility privately receiving the Catholic Communion (1831); Eleanor sucking Galileo in Prison' (1847); and The Three Inventors the Poison from Edward's Arm;' Milton visiting of Printing (1852). In 1835, H. was elected an Associate, in 1840 an R.A., and in 1855 he succeeded Leslie as Professor of Painting in the Royal Academy. His picturesque vigour and technical power are universally acknowledged.

HARTEBEEST. See KAAMA.

HARTFORD, a city, and one of the two capitals of Connecticut, United States, America, is situated on the west bank, and 50 miles from the mouth, of the Connecticut river, at the head of sloop navigation, and distant 111 miles north-east from New York. The legislature meets here and at New Haven alternately. It has a handsome state house, city hall, arsenal, deaf and dumb asylum, an admirable asylum for the insane, an Episcopal college, numerous churches, a free library, and many banks and insurance offices. It has a large trade and many flourishing manufactories, among which is the large establishment for the making of

Colt's firearms. The various manufactures amount to over £1,000,000 per annum. Railways connect the city with all New England, and many lines of steam-boats, packets, and sailing-vessels carry on an extensive commerce. Tobacco and silk are among its exports, and its manufactures of cotton, books, carriages, clocks, machinery, &c., are distributed over the whole continent. H. is one of the oldest towns in New England, the seat of early Puritanism, where were enacted the famous Blue Laws.' It was also the seat of the Hartford Convention (q. v.). HARTFORD CONVENTION, in the political history of the United States, was an assemblage of delegates from the New England States, at Hartford, Connecticut, December 15, 1814. This convention was proposed by the Massachusetts legislature, which appointed delegates from that state. The government of the United States, under the presidency of Mr Madison, declared war against Great Britain in 1812, for injuries to commerce growing out of the war with France, and the impressment of American seamen by British men-of-war. Of the two American political parties, the Democratic favoured France, while the Federalists took the part of England. As the war destroyed commerce and the fisheries, the chief interests of New England, which was also Federalist in politics, there was a violent opposition. The governors of these states would not allow the militia to leave them, and complained that while their people were taken by conscriptions, their own coasts were left undefended. The ostensible object of the convention was to devise means of security and defence. George Cabot of Massachusetts was elected president, and Theodore Dwight of Connecticut, secretary. It sat 20 days with closed doors, and as it was supposed to be of a treasonable character, it was watched by a military officer of the government. The convention, at rising, proposed certain amendments to the constitution free population as the basis of representation, a single term for the presidency, to exclude foreigners from office, to limit embargoes to 60 days, and to require a two-thirds vote of congress to admit new states, make war, &c. Though no treasonable act was committed, and no treasonable intention proved, the Federalist party never recovered from the odium of its opposition to the government, and Hartford Convention Federalist' has been to this day a term of reproach.

HARTLEPOOL, a municipal borough, seaport, and market-town of England, in the county of Durham, is situated on a small peninsula, north of the estuary of the Tees, 20 miles east-south-east of Durham. It consists of one principal, and of several smaller streets, and was formerly surrounded by walls. The harbour is safe, and easily accessible; extensive docks have recently been constructed. Fishing is here carried on with success. The facilities afforded by H. for sea-bathing formerly attracted many visitors hither during the summer months; but since its recent commercial revival, owing to the formation of railways connecting it with the coal-mines of Durham, it is no longer visited for that purpose. In 1861, 12,748 vessels, of 1,726,258 tons, entered and cleared the ports of H. and West Hartlepool (q. v.). The trade of H. is chiefly in coal. Pop. of municipal borough (1861)

12,245.

It consists of one principal and several diverging streets, and possesses a large and handsome Gothic church, several large hotels and dissenting chapels, a theatre, Athenæum, and Mechanics' Institute, Custom-house, Market-house, and other public buildings, and had (in 1861) a population of 13,601. The first harbour was constructed here in 1847, of 12 acres, and has since been enlarged to 44 acres. There are one coal and two merchandise docks, covering an area of 32 acres, besides timber-docks, ponds, and yards, of 44 acres, and two large gravingdocks. The whole area occupied by these works, including the floor area of two gigantic warehouses In 1847, the number of recently built, is 245 acres. ships entering the port was 460; in 1861, it was amounted to 54,202 tons; in the latter year, to 5964. In the former year, the coal shipped here 975,319 tons. The foreign merchandise exports from the manufacturing districts via West H. commenced in 1853, in which year their declared value was £23,846; in 1861, it was £5,926.909. In the former year, 83,010 qrs. of grain were imported, and in the latter year, 204,724 qrs. Besides coal, the following are the principal imports: Flax and hemp, grain, timber, butter, cheese, fruit, cattle, tallow, yeast, iron, zinc, &c.; the exports consisting of woollen, cotton goods, copper, cement, drugs, machinery, earthen-ware, yarn, hides, &c.; the trade being carried on for the most part with the Baltic ports, Cronstadt, St Petersburg, and Danzig, and with Hamburg and Rotterdam. Iron ship-building is carried on here to a large extent, and there are large iron-foundries and cement-works, but no other manufactories.

HARTLEY, DAVID, a celebrated mental philosopher of last century, was born August 30, 1705. His father was vicar of Armley, in Yorkshire. At 15, he entered Jesus' College, Cambridge, and became a fellow of the college. He studied at first for the church, but his turn for original and independent thinking led him to dissent from some points in the Thirty-nine Articles, and he, in consequence, had to abandon his original intention. What his precise difficulties were, we are not informed; we know only that, in his mature years, he impugned the eternity of hell-punishment, maintaining the ultimate restoration of the damned. In all other points, his published opinions coincided with the Church of England, and he continued to the last a member of the church. He finally chose the profession of medicine, in which he attained considerable eminence. He practised as a physician successively at Newark, Bury St Edmunds, in London, and at Bath, where he died on the 25th of August 1757, at the age of 52 years.

His work on the mind, entitled Observations on Man, on which his fame rests, was begun when he was about 25, and occupied his thoughts for 16 relates to the constitution of the human mind, and years. It was published in 1749. The first part is the really important and original part. The second part treats of religion and morals, and might have been written by any orthodox clergyman, if we except the opinion above stated with reference to future punishment.