GRETNA GREEN-GREY.

minors or not. This declaration generally took place in presence of a blacksmith, who in reality was no more necessary than any other witness, but who gradually assumed an authority which imposed on the credulity of the English strangers, and thereby profited by the liberality usually dispensed on such auspicious occasions for his trifling services. The declaration of marriage being exchanged, the parties could return at once to England, and their marriage was held ever after to be valid there and all the world over.

transactions. As he was a Protestant, Queen Mary, on her accession, sent him his dismissal; but on presenting a memorial of his past services, he was soon reinstated. By Queen Elizabeth, he was, in 1559, knighted, and appointed, for a short time, English ambassador at the court of the king of Spain's regent at Brussels. The troubles in the Netherlands compelled him, in 1568, to withdraw finally from Antwerp, to which city he had made more than forty journeys on the service of the state, in one of which, in 1560, he was thrown from his horse, and rendered lame for life. In 1569, by These marriages have received much discouragehis advice, the plan of borrowing money from the ment of late. Not only has the strictness of the London merchants, instead of from foreigners, was English law of marriage been dispensed with, by adopted, to the great advantage of the mercantile allowing marriages to be contracted in England body. Having, in 1564, lost his only son, Richard, in comparative secrecy before the superintendent he resolved upon devoting a portion of his great registrar, without going before a priest, but the wealth to the erection of a bourse or exchange, in Scotch law has also been altered, with a view of imitation of the one at Antwerp, for the London checking this evasion of English law. By 19 and merchants, who were wont to meet in the open air 20 Vict. c. 96, no irregular marriage of that kind -a project which had originated with his father. in Scotland is now valid unless one of the parties It was formally opened, in 1570, by Queen Eliza- had at the date thereof his or her usual place of beth in person, on which occasion she dined with residence there, or had lived in Scotland for 21 the founder, and named it the Royal Exchange. days next preceding such marriage. The effect of Renowned for his hospitality and liberality, he this statute is, therefore, an obstacle to runaway frequently entertained foreign personages of dis- marriages from England so far, that one of the tinction, and erected a magnificent mansion at parties must at least have resided in Scotland 21 Osterly Park, near Brentford, where he was visited days. In reality, therefore, the Gretna Green marby Queen Elizabeth. For the endowment of a riages may yet be resorted to by English parties, college in London, he directed by his will that his provided the intended husband comply with this town-mansion in Bishopsgate Street should be requisite, which may easily be done; and it is needconverted into a residence and lecture-rooms for less to observe, that if either party has been living seven professors, to be salaried out of the Royal in Scotland, he or she will still have no difficulty Exchange revenues. Gresham College was taken in eloping with the other party, for the recent down in 1768, and the ground on which it stood-statute will be no obstacle in such cases. now occupied by the Excise Office--was transferred to government. The lectures are now delivered in a lecture-hall built at the corner of Basinghall and Gresham Streets out of the accumulated fund. The subjects of lecture are divinity, physic, astronomy, geometry, law, rhetoric, and music. G. also provided for the erection and support of eight almshouses, and made many other charitable bequests. He died suddenly, November 21, 1579.

GRETNA GREEN, originally the name of a farmstead in the vicinity of the village of Springfield, in the parish of Graitney, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, but frequently applied to the village of Springfield itself, which is situated about a mile and a half north of the north-eastern extremity of the Solway Firth. The village was long the centre of extensive smuggling operations, and more recently it became famous (or infamous) for its irregular marriages. See next article.

GRETNA GREEN MARRIAGES, the name given to marriages of English persons contracted at Gretna Green. This spot being the first convenient halting-place for runaway couples from England, gave the name to this kind of marriage, originally an easy mode of evading the Eng lish Marriage Act, which required the consent of parents and guardians, publication of banns, and the presence of a priest-all of which involved considerable publicity and an inconvenient delay, but which were got rid of by the parties passing the English border into Scottish ground. The rule being, that a marriage is valid if contracted according to the law of the place where the parties enter into the contract, it was easy for English couples to avail themselves of the mode of contracting marriage allowed by the law of Scotland, which required nothing but a mutual declaration of marriage to be exchanged in presence of witnesses -a ceremony which could be performed instantly and it was immaterial whether the parties were

GREY, CHARLES, EARL, K.G., head of the government which carried the Reform Bill, was born March 13, 1764, at Fallowden, near Alnwick. The Greys are a Northumberland family of great antiquity, celebrated for military achievements, and first ennobled in the time of Edward IV. The first earl was Sir C. Grey, K.B., a distinguished member of the military profession, who held commands in the first American war, and in the war against the French republic. He assisted in the reduction of Prince Ferdinand at the battle of Minden, where the West India Islands, and was aide-de-camp to

he was wounded.

ment.

Without the knowledge and against the wish of his more celebrated son, he accepted a peerage from Lord Addington's governHis son was sent to Eton, and thence to He then visited the continent; and Cambridge. in his 22d year entered the House of Commons as M.P. for his native county. He became a follower of Mr Fox, and his maiden speech was in opposition to the address of thanks to the king for negotiating the commercial treaty with France. He soon obtained a leading position in the House of Commons, and was one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings. He assisted Mr Fox in opening the charge respecting Cheyte Sing, and took an active part in all the subsequent proceedings. He was also one of the founders of the Society of Friends of the People, the object of which was to obtain a reform of the representation. In 1793, he was selected to present a petition from this society, in which the defects and abuses of the representative system were forcibly exposed. He supported the prayer of the petitioners in an able speech, in which he demanded a return to the old constitutional system of 'representation' as distinguished from the modern abuse of 'nomination.' He was outvoted on this occasion, and again in 1797. In 1799, he opposed the proposal for the Irish union, but recommended the abolition of forty rotten boroughs in Ireland as a means of securing

GREY.

remedy of demanding from the king a new and
large creation of peers. The king refused his con-
sent, and G. resigned. The popular excitement
increased. The king sent for the Duke of Welling
ton, but Sir Robert Peel refusing to join the Duke
in the attempt to form a government, G. again
returned to office, armed with the power of creating
as many peers as might be necessary to secure the
safety of the bill. On the 4th of June 1832, the
Reform Bill passed the House of Lords, and G.'s
friends crowded round him to congratulate him
on having crowned his long, honourable, and con-
sistent public career by a measure of such immense
advantage and importance. G. took office on the
principles of peace, retrenchment, and reform. His
larity in England by his deference to the hostility of
the Lords, and his attempt to conciliate his oppo-
nents by a division of patronage. In Ireland, Mr
Stanley's quarrels with Mr O'Connell and the Irish
Repealers also tended to weaken the government.
Many important measures were, however, passed-
the measure for National Education in Ireland, the
Irish Church Temporalities Bill, and the bill for
abolishing slavery in the West Indies. In Decem-
ber 1834, the Grey ministry fell to pieces on the Irish
Coercion Act. G. retired from the post of First
Lord of the Treasury with the respect and esteem of
the entire nation. A more honourable man never
existed. A moral dignity stamped his every action,
and over his truthfulness no cloud ever passed. He
passed the last ten years of his life in comparative
retirement, and died at his family mansion, Howick
House, July 17, 1845. His personal appearance was
stately and dignified, his gestures were animated,
and his tones lofty and sonorous.
He left eight
sons and four daughters to lament the loss of a
most revered parent.

the independence of Irish members. When the Whig administration of Lord Grenville came into office in 1806, G., now Lord Howick, became First Lord of the Admiralty. Mr Fox died in September, and was succeeded by G. as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and leader of the House of Commons. The cabinet was broken up in 1807, but not before it had carried the abolition of the slave trade, and the enlistment of soldiers for a limited period instead of for life. It was unfortunate, both for G. and the Whigs, that he was, by the decease of his father in 1807, removed from the House of Commons, where he might have led the opposition, to the Upper House, where his advocacy of measures of progress and amendment found little response. G. and Lord Grenville, as the leaders of the Whig oppo-government, however, lost a good deal of its popu sition, were more than once desired by the Prince of Wales, after he became Regent, to coalesce with the Tory ministry, but these overtures were firmly rejected. G. actively opposed the bill of Pains and Penalties against Queen Caroline. During the long period in which he remained in opposition, from 1807 to 1830, he gave a strenuous support to the abolition of religious tests, the removal of Roman Catholic disabilities, and the amelioration of the criminal code. The year 1830 was a period of great political disorder and discontent. The French revolution had familiarised the bolder and more ardent spirits with the idea of resistance to the government. Nightly conflagrations in the agricultural districts alarmed the timid. When parliament met in November, G. gave warning of the approaching hurricane, and again urged the adoption of measures of temperate reform. It was in answer to this speech that the Duke of Wellington made his memorable declaration against reform, and expressed his admiration of the existing system of representation. This was the death-blow to the Duke's government. Being outvoted on a motion of Sir H. Parnell's on the Civil List, the cabinet resigned, and William IV. sent for G., who formed a Whig government, of which he was of course premier. The Whigs set to work in good earnest to clear away the gross abuses and nests of corruption which had accumulated during nearly seventy years of Toryism; above all, a great, comprehensive, and searching measure of parliamentary reform was prepared by a sub-committee of the cabinet, consisting of Lord J. Russell, Lord Durham, Lord Duncannon, and Sir J. Graham. The bill was brought into the House of Commons, March 1, 1831, by Lord J. Russell, and electrified the nation. It was, however, fiercely opposed in both Houses. General Gascoyne carried a resolution against reducing the number of M.P.'s. G. thereupon advised the king to dissolve parliament. "The bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill,' was the watchword at the elections; and when the new parliament met, the bill was carried through the Lower House by large majorities. The second reading was moved by G. in the House of Lords, October 3, 1831. After five nights, the bill was thrown out by 199 votes against 158. The reply of the House of Commons was an immediate vote of confidence in ministers. The king prorogued parliament, in order that, after the shortest possible interval, the bill might be again introduced. Riots took place at Nottingham, Derby, and Bristol. At Birmingham, 150,000 men threatened to march upon London. The metropolis was in a fever of excitement. A second Reform Bill passed the House of Commons, which also passed a second reading in the House of Lords, the Tories being determined to mutilate it in committee. Lord Lyndhurst moved the postponement of the disfranchising clauses, and the Whigs being beaten, G. resorted to the extreme

GREY, LADY JANE, an English lady of royal birth and singular misfortunes, was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset, afterwards Duke of Suffolk, and Lady Frances Bran don. Lady Frances was the daughter of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and of Mary, sister of Henry VIII., who had been married to Louis XII. of France, but had become a widow. Lady Jane G. was born at Broadgate, Leicestershire, in 1537. Having discovered, at an early age, surprising talents, she was furnished with an excellent tutor, Aylmer, afterwards Bishop of London, and under his care, made extraordinary progress in arts and sciences, and particularly in languages, being able to speak and write Latin and Greek, as well as French and Italian. We have the testimony of Roger Ascham, that he found her reading the Phadon of Plato in Greek, while the rest of the family were engaged in hunting. She also sang and played well, and was versed in other feminine accomplishments.

In 1553, after the fall of Somerset, the Dukes of Suffolk and Northumberland, now ruling in the name of the youthful King Edward VI., and foreseeing his speedy death, determined to change the succession to the crown, and secure it to their own families. Lady Jane G., now 16 years old, was there. fore married to Lord Guilford Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland, in May 1553. The king, failing in body, and weak in mind, and surrounded by selfish or fanatical advisers, was per suaded to make a deed of settlement, setting aside the right of succession of his sisters Mary and Eliza beth, and Mary Queen of Scots, leaving the crown to Lady Jane, who was innocent of the conspiracy. After the king's death, her ambitious relatives hailed her as 'queen.' Lady Jane at first shrunk from honour so treacherously won, but ultimately yielded

GREY-GREYHOUND.

to the force of their entreaties and commands, and allowed herself to be proclaimed. The people of England resented the unscrupulous conduct of Suffolk and Northumberland, and learned, brilliant, and amiable as Lady Jane was, they rallied, with the true English instinct of loyalty, round Mary. Northumberland was defeated, sent to the Tower, and beheaded 22d August 1553; and in the following November, Lady Jane and her husband were also condemned. For a while, Mary hesitated to pronounce sentence of death against the young couple, but at length she issued the fatal warrant on the 8th of February, and, four days after, both were executed. Lady Jane reigned only ten days. She met her fate with remarkable firmness, making a brief address, in which she confessed the justice of her sentence; but said: 'I only consented to the thing I was forced into.' Several epistles and other writings attributed to her are extant.

running. There are varieties differing in other less important characters, but these are common to all. They have also prominent eyes and very keen sight, but their scent is not acute, and they pursue their prey not by the scent, like the Hounds (q. v.) properly so called, but by keeping it in view. Some varieties, however, as the Scottish Greyhound, probably from being crossed with the staghound or some other of the hounds, combine superior powers of scent with the ordinary qualities of the greyhound. Greyhounds have the parietal bones convergent, not parallel as in the hounds. The face exhibits an almost straight line from between the ears to the nose. The ears are small and sharp, half pendulous in the varieties best known in Britain, but quite erect in some of those of other countries. The chest is deep; the belly much contracted; the paws are small; the hair is long and rough in some varieties, short and smooth in others; the tail is

long and slender, curved up at the tip, and in the

GREY, SIR GEORGE, K.C.B., governor and commander-in-chief of New Zealand, was born at Lisburn, Ireland, in 1812. He was educated at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, and on attaining his captaincy, offered to explore the interior of Australia, then but little known, and on receiving the requisite permission from the Colonial Office, started on his arduous mission in 1837. In September 1838 he organised another expedition to explore the Swan River district. He returned to England in 1840, and began his Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-western and Western Australia during 1837-8-9. His enterprise and ability obtained for him, unasked, in 1841, from Lord J. Russell, then Colonial Secretary, the post of governor of South Australia. In 1846, he was made governor of New Zealand. Both here and in Australia, his first task was to acquire the language of the natives, with whom he became more popular than any preceding governor. His government appeared to the authorities at home to be so wise and conciliatory, that in 1848 he was made K.C.B. (civil), and in 1854 was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape of Good Hope. The task of allaying the asperities and irritation left by the Kaffir war demanded high powers of statesmanship; G. was, however, equal to the occasion. Industry revived, and brighter days began to dawn upon the colony. In 1858, however, the Colonial Office interfered with the measures which he con- common smooth-haired greyhounds of Britain and sidered necessary for the pacification and progress the west of Europe, is covered with hair similar to of the colony, and he threw up his post, and that of the rest of the body; but there are other came to England. Public opinion at the Cape was varieties with a bushy tail. It is probable that the so strongly manifested in his favour, that he was G. originally belonged to some of the wide plains requested by the government to return to the colony of Central Asia, or to the north of Africa; it has and resume his governorship. On the breaking out been very long employed by man as a hunting-dog; of the Indian mutiny, G. almost denuded the Cape it is figured in the monuments of ancient Egypt, of troops by despatching every man he could spare times in India, Persia, and other countries of Asia, to the assistance of the Indian government. received the acknowledgments of the British govern- as it has been also in Greece, and generally throughment, and the thanks of parliament for the prompti- out Europe. To the western parts of Europe, tude and energy which he displayed at this critical however, there is every probability of its having period. When troubles broke out in New Zealand been brought from the East; and old records shew in 1859, G. was thought of as the man to bring that a very high value was set upon it. It was about pacific relations with the Maories, and on long employed chiefly in the chase of deer; and on his arrival he was received with demonstrations of one occasion Queen Elizabeth was entertained with joy and veneration by the natives, who had not the pleasant spectacle of 'sixteen bucks, all having forgotten his beneficent rule. He still (1862) fayre lawe, pulled down with greyhounds,' which remains in New Zealand. In addition to his Aus- she viewed from a turret at Cowdrey Park, in tralian journals, G. has written an ancient tradi- Sussex, the seat of Lord Montacute. The right to tional history of the New Zealand race, entitled possess greyhounds was a proof of gentility; and Polynesian Mythology. the effigy of this dog often appears at the feet of monumental figures of knights in armour. killing of a G., in the good old times, was a felony, punished as severely as murder.

GREY FRIARS. See FRIAR.

He

GREYHOUND, a kind of dog distinguished by great slenderness of form, length of limbs, elongation of muzzle, swiftness, and power of endurance in

Greyhounds.

and has been common from the earliest historic

The

The smooth-haired variety of G., at present so common in Britain, and used for hare-hunting or

GREYWACKÉ GRIFFIN.

coursing,' was imported from France, and improved by further importations from Greece, Italy, the north of Africa, and India. The varieties previously in use were rough-haired, and some of them larger and stronger. The Irish G., now almost if not altogether extinct, was large and powerful, so that whilst wolves existed in Ireland, it was used to hunt them. The Italian G. is a very small and delicate variety, of gentle manners, well known as a drawing-room pet. Greyhounds do not, however, generally shew the strong attachment to particular persons so common in other dogs; and although so long reduced to the service of man, are inferior to many other dogs in the degree of their domestication. Yet the Grecian and Turkish greyhounds have been trained to stop if a stick is thrown among them when in full pursuit of a doubling hare. A whole pack will thus be stopped, and then one, singled out, will pursue the game.

The fleetness of the G. is well illustrated by an anecdote related in Daniel's Rural Sports, of a brace of greyhounds in Lincolnshire running after a hare a distance of upwards of four miles in twelve minutes the increase of distance by turns not being reckoned-when the hare dropped dead.

Various etymologies of the name G. have been proposed, than which none is more probable than that which refers it to the prevalence of a grey colour in the breeds once most common. Another derivation is from Graius, Grecian.-The gazehound, mentioned by old writers, is supposed to be the G., the name being probably given when a pure breed, hunting by sight alone, began to be introduced.

GREYWACKÉ (Ger. Grauwacke), a partially translated German word, used as the name of an indurated argillaceous rock, common in, though not confined to, Silurian and Cambrian strata. The great bulk of the Silurian strata of the south of Scotland is composed of this rock.

he published was the Synopsis Evangeliorum (2 vols. 1774-1775; 2d ed. 1809). This was followed, in 1775-1777, by an edition of the whole New Testament, which was published again in 1796–1806, and of which a re-issue was begun by D. Schulz in 1827, but has never been completed. The second edition has been twice reprinted in London, first in 1809, and again in 1818; an American edition was published at Boston in 1808. Besides smaller editions, a splendid one in 4to was published by Göschen at Leipsic in 1803-1807. G.'s other works, Populäre Dogmatik (1779; 4th ed., 1789), Commen tarius Criticus in Textum N. Test. (2 vols., 1798 -1811), and the Opuscula Academica (2 vols., 1824 -1825, edited by Gabler), are now less known. A very competent authority, viz., the eminent Dr Marsh, has pronounced G. to be the most consummate critic that ever undertook an edition of the New Testament.' The grand feature of G.'s critical system is his threefold division or classification of the New Testament MSS. These divisions he called recensions,' or 'codices.' They consisted of-1. The Alexandrine recension; 2. The Latin or Western recension; 3. The Byzantine or Eastern recension. G. endeavours to shew that the early Fathers, according to their locality, made use of a parti cular set of MSS., exhibiting certain peculiarities such as justify the above division. G. expressed his decided preference for the Alexandrine recension, both in regard to antiquity and purity; the Byzantine he considered the least trustworthy. Among the most memorable of G.'s triumphs as a critic is his exposure of the interpolation of the well-known passage in defence of the doctrine of the Trinity, 1 John v. 7. His life has been written by Köthe (Jena, 1812), Augusti (Berl. 1812), and by Eichstädt (Jena, 1815).

GRIFFIN (Fr. Griffon, Lat. and Gr. Gryps), a chimerical creature, which the fancy of the modern has adopted from that of the ancient world. GRICES, in Heraldry, are young wild boars. The G. is first mentioned by Aristeas, perhaps GRIESBACH, JOHANN JAKOB, author of the about 560 B. C. (see Liddel and Scott's Gr. Dic.), first critical edition of the New Testament, was born though the accounts of Aristeas seem to be about at Butzbach, in Hesse-Darmstadt, January 4, 1745. as fabulous as those of the Griffin. See Smith's While G. was still a child, his father was called Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Biog. The origin of those to St Peter's Church, in Frankfurt-on-the-Maine, monstrous conceptions in general, of which the G. where he was also made consistorial counsellor. is one, has already been considered under Dragon G. accordingly received his first education at the (q. v.). The G. is variously described and repregymnasium of that city, and afterwards studied sented, but the shape in which it most frequently theology at Tübingen, where the old dogmatic was appears is that of an animal generated between a still predominant; at Halle, where Semler influ-lion and an eagle, having the body and legs of the enced his whole after-life; and at Leipsic, where he former, with the beak and wings of the latter. In became acquainted with Ernesti. Having resolved this form it appears on antique coins, and as an to devote himself specially to the criticism of the ornament in classical architecture. Like all other New Testament text, which had become a favourite monsters, griffins abound in the legendary tales of study among theologians, G. undertook a journey to the Teutonic nations, and the name in various forms, various libraries of Germany and Holland, to Lon- slightly differing from each other (Ger. Greif, Dan. don, Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris. On his return, Grif, &c.), is to be found in most Teutonic dialects. he published his De Codicibus Evangeliorum Ori- Whether in the two cases both the name and genianis (1771), and commenced lecturing as Privat- the notion might not be traceable to a common docent in Halle. In 1773, he was made extraordinary source, or whether it was through barbarian or professor; but in 1776 was called as ordinary pro- classical channels that they found their way into fessor to Jena, where he continued to teach with the nomenclature and the practice of heralds, are great success, and in the enjoyment of many honours, subjects on which we do not venture an opinion. till his death on 24th March 1812. The great work Certain it is, however, that there are few fabulous with which his name is associated is his critical conceptions with which the science of heraldry is revision of the New Testament text. Besides pointing more conversant than the griffin. Nor were they out new sources for the discovery of the original regarded by the patriarchs of that science always reading, attempting a history of the sacred text as mere creatures of the imagination, for incredible (Cure in Historiam Textus Epp. Paul., 1777), and as it may seem, we find Gerard Leigh, a herald of laying down more certain laws of criticism (Sym- great reputation in the time of Elizabeth, talking bole Critica ad Supplendas et Corrigendas Varias of them with entire sincerity as existing animals. Lectiones N. Test., 2 vols., 1785-1793), G. was the I think they are of great hugeness,' he says, 'for I first who dared to print the New Testament text, as have a claw of one of their paws, which should shew he had been enabled to determine it by his critical them to be as big as two lions.'-See Newton's science. The first specimen of the revised text that Display of Heraldry, p. 126. In the heraldic G.,

GRILLPARZER-GRIMM.