sage is carried is up to the director of the program which carries it, or up to the radio station.

Mr. LUDLAM. Practically every radio program on the air on every major network, both commercial and sustaining, and every station in the country, makes time available to the Government for war messages. The radio stations of the country and individual radio advertisers have made an enormous amount of time available to the Government at regularly scheduled intervals.

The Fibber McGee and Molly program is just one of about 270 national network commercial programs, all of which participate regularly in the Radio Bureau's operating plans. Every fourth week these programs schedule a Government war message. The way they handle it is their own. The Radio Bureau simply supplies the facts and any other material specifically requested.

To illustrate the work of the Radio Bureau in taking informational campaigns from the various Government departments and placing them on radio programs and radio stations, I can use as an example the week beginning May 7. During that week, the Radio Bureau scheduled war messages on behalf of Government agencies on 477 network and national programs, and 43,218 announcements on 893 United States radio stations.

That gives you, I think, a very good idea of the scope of the work, which is really a vast scheduling operation, planned to use to best advantage the quantities of free time that the radio industry and radio advertisers have made available to the Government.

DISCUSSION OF GOVERNMENTAL AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS' RADIO ACTIVITIES

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Is your function the same in respect to campaigns in behalf of policies which have already been agreed upon and established, as it is in respect to campaigns which have not yet been determined?

Mr. DAVIS. May I answer that? We feel that anything which has been clearly determined as a Government policy is the proper subject for a campaign by ourselves conducted through a proper medium or media on the request of the Government agency which is sponsoring that policy. Questions which are still subject to general controversy and dispute I do not think could properly be so conducted; but you were asking the other day about the Dumbarton Oaks. In undertaking that campaign at the request of the State Department, we were influenced to regard it as an established Government policy not only by the strongly expressed request of the State Department itself but also by the Connally and Fulbright resolutions passed in the two House of Congress by overwhelming votes, and by the fact that both political parties put into their platforms last year declarations favoring some sort of international organization, and both of the leading candidates for the presidency campaigned on that issue.

Dumbarton Oaks, of course, is not being presented as the best of all conceivable programs that might be laid out to execute those expressions of intention, but it is the only one that the leading powers were able to agree on after a long conference; it is the only one which is now before the conference in San Francisco for decision, and the one which is also before the public which will make up its mind and

which undoubtedly will come up to the Congress in due courseassuming that the conference adopts some form of international organization. And we consider it would be a proper exercise of our responsi bility of furnishing Government information to the people to help them to learn what the Dumbarton Oaks plan is and how it would would work if adopted. May I read to the committee off the record, since it is classified as confidential, a paragraph from a State Department memorandum on information about this plan?

(Discussion off the record.)

Mr. DAVIS. Inasmuch as these proposals were the only ones before the public for discussion, we felt it would be a proper governmental activity to engage in an information program on that and, to the best of my knowledge and belief we have consistently kept within the limitation laid down in the State Department's memorandum.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Please furnish a copy of this memorandum. Mr. DAVIS. The memo here requested by Representative Wigglesworth is classified "Confidential" by its originator, the State Department. Consequently it cannot be furnished for the record. A copy is being sent to Representative Wigglesworth under separate

cover.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Have you arranged for time on the air for Government agencies or Government officials in respect to the Bretton Woods proposals?

Mr. LUDLAM. I cannot recall offhand that we have. I do not think we have, but I would want to check that.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Have you done so in respect to the proposed change in the reciprocal trade agreements law?

Mr. LUDLAM. No, sir; I think not.

Mr. WIGGLESWORTH. Please furnish for the record amount of time on air arranged for to date by individual and agency in respect to (a) Dumbarton Oaks proposals, (b) Bretton Woods proposals, (c) change in reciprocal trade agreements.

(The information requested is as follows:)

(a) The Radio Bureau has secured no time for any agency of the Government nor has it placed speakers on any radio station or radio program, to advocate the Dumbarton Oaks proposals.

The Radio Bureau sponsored an information project carried on at the request of the State Department between January and April 1945, entitled "Preparing For Peace in Time of War." A copy of the Radio Bureau fact sheet on this subject is attached hereto together with two typical messages as they were broadcast by radio programs. It will be apparent from these three documents that the activity in question did not go beyond the scope of the Fulbright and Connally resolutions, that it dealt with peace through international cooperation only in the most general terms, and carefully avoided advocacy of any specific proposals such as the Dumbarton Oaks proposals.

(b) At the request of the Treasury Department, the Radio Bureau cooperated in placing Assistant Secretary of State Will Clayton as a guest speaker on the Metropolitan Opera program of March 17, 1945. Mr. Clayton spoke on the Bretton Woods proposals.

Also at the request of the Treasury Department, the Radio Bureau cooperated in procuring radio time over the Blue Network for two addresses by Secretary of the Treasury Henry M. Morgenthau, Jr., who also spoke on Bretton Woods. The first of these was on February 14, 1945, from 9:30 to 9:45 p. m. before the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce. The second was on February 26, 1945, at 1:30 p. m. before the Detroit Economics Club.

(c) The Radio Bureau has secured no time for any agency of the Government, nor has it placed speakers on any radio station or radio program, for a discussion of the so-called reciprocal trade agreements.

OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION

DOMESTIC RADIO BUREAU

WASHINGTON, D. C.

PREPARING FOR PEACE IN TIME OF WAR

SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT SHEET

(The material contained in this sheet has been approved by the State Department) The urgent need for information.

It is the conviction of the State Department, constantly stressed, that every American should know and understand right now, in the midst of war, our Government's conception of how to bring about a durable peace after victory. The prevention of future wars depends on the people-on their awareness of the problems of peace and the solutions proposed. The theme of peace through world cooperation set forth in this sheet represents the central thought of American foreign policy in building with our allies and with other nations the frame work of a lasting peace. The Government believes that the more Americans know about this policy, the more they think about it and discuss it, the more effectively will our Nation be able to act now and in the post-war world.

Groundwork of American foreign policy.

The longer the war lasts and the greater the sufferings and sacrifices demanded for victory, the more fervent and more personal grows the prayer of every American that war shall not come to this country again in the foreseeable future. We now know and feel, each of us, that the character of our daily lives from this time on, all our hopes for future happiness-and the fate of our sons and daughters and their children after them-depend on our country's being at peace. Beyond victory on the battle fronts today, which is our first aim, each of us looks toward a world without war for this and the coming generations.

Peace for Americans demands keeping war out of the world.

The events leading to the present was have proved beyond doubt that to keep war from the United States, war must be kept out of the world. Modern wars tend to spread, to get beyond the national limits of the belligerent nations. As President Roosevelt has said, "Wars grow in size, in death and destruction, and in the inevitability of engulfing all nations." Thus the safety, prosperity, and happiness of each of us is inextricably bound up with the safety and security of the world.

The world has shrunk. Distance no longer lends security. No longer are we remote from any part of the world. Today we can travel from New York to London overnight, from San Francisco to Sydney in 2 days. Our safety-we now know-can be threatened through an act of aggression thousands of miles away. There is no security for any, unless there is security

for all.

World peace requires world cooperation.

American foreign policy is based on the conviction that no one nation acting alone can insure against the outbreak of war in some distant part of the globenor against the spread of that war until it reaches everywhere. The problem of peace is thus a world problem-the problem of preventing war from springing up in any part of the world. The issues that might lead to war must be solved before peace is violated. But to guard the whole world against war, world-wide organization is needed. International good will and cooperation among peaceloving nations must be constantly developed and improved so that all nationsand all citizens of all nations-desire peace and remain determined to work for it despite any obstacles.

Both Houses of Congress, through the Fulbright and Connally resolutions, voted overwhelmingly in favor of the creation of an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security. Both political parties and their candidates for President approved American participation in such an organization.

Constructing the machinery of peace.

In its efforts toward world cooperation for peace, the United States Government has turned toward the United Nations, which came into existence 3 years ago as a combination of peoples resisting aggression. Formed after many of its member nations had been overrun by the Axis, and the United States had beca attacked at Pearl Harbor, the United Nations coalition was designed to stop the enemy and defeat him. But in carrying out the vast world operations necessar to military victory, various types of organized United Nations cooperative activities came into being. Thus the United Nations provide right now the nucleusperhaps the fundamental framework-of a post-war world organization striving to make certain that war does not come again. Already this war coalition Es begun to work in various ways toward a partnership for permanent peace. For example, at Dumbarton Oaks, important proposals were agreed upon by the principal United Nations with respect to specific mechanisms for the maintenance of world peace, subject to final approval by the participating nations. The job for radio.

A. Explain to the American people the official view of its Government on the need for cooperative action among nations in order to establish a lasting peac after victory. The following are the informational steps in the argument for cooperation toward peace:

1. All Americans share the profound hope that victory in the present wa will result in permanent peace. Each of us knows that our future happiness and the preservation of the things we value in our daily lives depend on the prevention of new wars after this one.

2. But no single nation can realize this hope of peace for itself alone, n matter how great its desire or how formidable its armament. Modern a tend to spread and become world wars. The United States can be sure of peace only if the world is at peace.

3. World peace requires world cooperation. The action of the United States alone or that of any other nation-cannot insure the maintenance of peace in the world. To guard the world against war, world organizati and cooperation are necessary to solve beforehand the problems that mig

cause wars.

4. But the problems of peace are only in part the respnosibility of statemen and diplomats. They are, first of all, the responsibility of every peaceloving citizen within the world community. As President Roosevelt said his recent message to Congress: "The firm foundation can be built-and if will be built. But the continuance and assurance of a living peace must, in the long run, be the work of the people themselves."

B. Point out that the United Nations are a group of nations bound to a comm? war purpose by the United Nations declaration and that we are working with this group and with associated like-minded nations in the interest of future peace as in the interest of victory in the present war.

1. The United Nations have been, first and foremost, a war team-s team that has won great success in resisting aggressors and turning the wa in our favor.

2. In our fight for victory we have learned to work together and develop machinery for successful cooperation.

3. Today the United Nations, while still a war coalition, have already begun to work as a partnership for the establishment of permanent peace.

SUGGESTED THEME

"Let each of us recognize that world peace is of immediate vital concern to every living human being, because the issue means literally life or death for ourselves and for our children. Let each of us resolve to make world cooperation for peace our own personal business-study the proposals for attaining it, discuss it, will it, make it succeed."

Program: Valiant Lady.

Sponsor: General Mills, Inc.

Network: Columbia Broadcasting System.

Date: April 17, 1945.

JOHN. The war situation has certainly been progressing swiftly.

JOAN. I've been reading a lot about it lately.

JOHN. So have I, Joan.

JOAN. History's being written every day-John, I don't have to be a great thinker, do I?—I don't have to be patting myself on the back when I say that above all the confusion in this world, I know what we're fighting for.

JOHN (quietly, gently). What do you mean, Joan?

JOAN. All of us in America are agreed, aren't we, that we don't want any more wars?

JOHN. Right.

JOAN. Then it would seem to me we'd have to cooperate with the other peaceloving nations of the world to see to it that we don't. Some form of world cooperation for peace, including us, has got to come out of this war or we shall have failed in what we're fighting for-in what our men, like you, are fighting for. JOHN (tender, simple, strong). This is very like you, Joan.

JOAN. We, in this country, aren't fighting for territory. We're fighting for peace in the world; for a world where war won't come to our country. We're fighting with the United Nations-for that end. (Clear, definite.) To defeat the enemy first-then work together to insure world peace.

JOHN. That was President Roosevelt's goal-the great ideal for which he worked. As you say, we must not fail him and so many others who have died for their country.

JOAN. And people like me, John-the millions and millions of us at homewe've each got to read and think and try to understand what we must do to preserve peace after the war-what the meeting in San Francisco should mean for example.

JOHN. World peace after the war.

JOAN. Oh, there will be differences among the United Nations on this point or that. It won't be easy. But we'll manage! Why, how can you have 45 nations in the United Nations and never have a disagreement?

JOHN. To me, this thing is rather like a marriage-or being in love.

JOAN. In what way?

JOHN. You have your disagreements, but what do they mean in the end? You're so lucky to have each other.

JOAN (thinking of her and Truman's problems). Oh, John, there's a world of wisdom in what you said. (Note of hope and joy.) In fact, you've said more than you know-not only in the course of world peace, but my peace.

Program: Design For Listening.

Sponsor: Sustainining.

Network: National Broadcasting Co.

Date: March 29, 1945.

ANNOUNCER. We have heard it said, "In time of peace prepare for war." And the opposite of this is true too: in time of war, let us prepare for peace-so that there shall be no more war. This, in fact, is what our Government is now doing-in working to prevent futrue wars which, in a world grown smaller and more complex, will be sure to engulf us, if we let them so much as begin. Thus, we can be sure of peace only in a world, mind you, a world, of peace. And so we can see that world peace depends on world cooperation. The other nations of the world must work for peace; we of the United States of America must work for peace. Peace is the business, the concern, and the duty of every citizen who hopes to live a normal, uninterrupted life. It is the concern of every man and woman who seeks to pass on a good world to the generations to come. The United Nations have proved themselves great in war. They are now faced with the prospect of making and maintaining peace. This, too, can come to pass. Preliminary work is already under way. Both major political parties are committed to some form of world organization. But each of us must do our part. We must study the peace plans and discuss them. We must have the will for We must make peace succeed.

peace.