AUSTRALIA (continued)..

THE whole of Australia belongs to Great Britain, and is divided into five colonies, viz. New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia.

U. K. £6,536,661); exports, £15,525,138 (t U. K. £7,525,637). There are 850 miles of railway in operation. The capital, Sydney, has a university, observatory, public library, and 222,133 inhabitants.

VICTORIA is situated to the south of New South Wales, of which it formerly formed a part, but it was severed and formed into a sepa rate colony in 1851. Area, 87,893 square miles; population (1881), 858,582. Although one of the youngest, and in point of area the smallest of the colonies, it is, in regard to wealth, population, and commerce, the most important Its extraordinary progress is owing to its being the principal gold-producing colony. The value of the gold produced since its first discovery in 1851 is estimated at nearly £200,000,000. The country is eminently a pastoral one, and wool is the staple product: but of late years agriculture has made rapid progress, and wheat and oats are largely

NEW SOUTH WALES is situated in the southeastern part of the island, having on the north, Queensland; south, Victoria; west, South Australia; and east, the Pacific Ocean. Area, 310,937 square miles; population (1881), 750,000. The mountains here are the Australian Alps, Blue Mountains, Liverpool Range, and New England Range, which lie near the coast, and the seaward declivities and valleys of which are well cultivated, producing European grains and fruits in abundance. In the interior are extensive grassy plains, where immense flocks of sheep (35,400,000) are pastured. The staple product of the colony is wool; the mineral products are gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, mercury, iron, and coal. The government is vested in a governor, appointed by the crown, aided by an executive council and a parliament consisting of a legislative council and assembly. In 1880 the revenue was £4,904,230; expenditure, £5,560,078; public debt, £14,903,919; imports, £13,950,075 (from

cultivated. Manufacturing industry has also greatly advanced. A considerable quantity of wine is annually produced. There are 1200 miles of railway in operation. The govern ment is similar to that of New South Wales In 1880 the revenue was £4,621,282; expenditure, £4,875,029; public debt, £22,060,749: imports, £11,556,894 (from U. K. £5,568,593); exports, £15,954,559 (to U. K. £8,178,044). The capital, Melbourne, is the largest city in Australia, having 282,981 inhabitants, together with a university, museum, public library, etc.

QUEENSLAND comprises the whole of the north-eastern portion of Australia, and was formerly included in New South Wales, but was separated and organized into a distinct colony in 1859. Area 669,520 square miles. and population 226,077; the most populous part is the south-east. Along the coast the land is generally fertile, and much of it is well adapted for the growing of sugar, cotton, indigo, maize, and other crops; but the interior

The

consists very largely of arid steppes. staple product is wool, but sugar, timber, preserved meat, and the metals, are also largely exported. Queensland is rich in the metals, especially gold, copper, tin, iron, and mercury. The capital, Brisbane, has 30,955 inhabitants. In 1880, the revenue was £1,612,314: expenditure, £1,673,695; public debt, £12,192,150; imports, £3,087,296; exports, £3,448,160.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA originally comprised only the southern portion of central Australia, but in 1863, by royal letters patent, the limits of the colony were extended so as to include the whole of the central portion from south to north, so that the name is no longer strictly applicable. The area is 904,133 square miles, and the population 279,865. Much of this territory is still unexplored, but there is reason to believe that the greater part of it is little better than barren sandy waste. The most cultivated portion is the south-eastern, and

805

capital, Perth, with 7000 inhabitants, is situated on the Swan River, which formerly gave name to the whole territory.

TASMANIA, formerly VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, is an island lying south of Victoria, from which it is separated by Bass Strait. It is triangular in form, measuring about 160 miles each way, and having an area of 26,215 square miles. The surface is highly diversified with mountains, valleys, and plains, and is mostly covered with dense forests. Cradle Mount, the loftiest summit, is 5069 feet above the sea. The principal rivers are the Tamar and Derwent, and there are also a number of lakes. The climate is delightful and highly salubrious, resembling that of the south of England. The soil is generally very fertile, producing abundant crops of wheat, barley, oats, etc. The chief exports are wool, grain, fruits, and timber. In 1880 the total exports were £1,511,931, imports £1,369,223. The chief mineral products

here the country is essentially agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and other grains are grown, and large flocks of sheep, are reared. Breadstuffs and wool are the chief exports; the vine is also largely cultivated. Copper is the metal chiefly found here. In 1880 the revenue was £2,010,082; expenditure, £1,079,426; public debt, £9.831,100; imports, £5,581,497; exports, £5,574,505. The capital is Adelaide, with 37,892 inhabitants.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA comprises all that portion of the island lying west of 129° E. long. It is 1280 miles in length from south to north. by 800 from east to west, and has an area of 975,824 square miles. Little is known of this territory beyond the line of coast, in the southwestern part of which the inhabitants are mostly settled. Population only 30,200. A large portion of the country is covered with valuable timber; and iron, lead, copper, and zinc ores are found. The chief exports are wool, timber, and lead and copper ore. The

are iron, copper, tin, lead, coal. The form of government is the same as that of New South Wales, from which it was separated and formed into a distinct colony in 1825. The capital, Hobart Town, has 21,000 inhabitants.

NEW ZEALAND, a British colony comprising two principal and a number of smaller islands lying about 1200 miles south-east of Australia, between lat. 34° 20′ and 47° 20' S., and long. 166° 25' and 178° 35′ E. The northern island is about 460 miles in length by 70 in breadth, and the southern 880 by 110, the total area being 106,260 square miles. A chain of mountains extends from the middle of the northern island to the southern extremity of the southern, and has as its culminating point Mount Cook, in the latter, 13,200 feet high. The country is well watered by rivers, and there are also numerous lakes. A great part of the surface is covered by extensive forests of pines and other evergreen trees. The climate is mild and salubrious, bearing a considerable resem

blance to that of England. The chief grain crops are wheat, barley, and oats; and sheep are largely reared, so that wool forms a principal export. The mineral wealth is considerable, including gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, coal. In 1880 the total exports were £6,352,692, imports £6,162,011; public debt £28,583,231, The government resembles that of New South Wales. Population 463,729, besides 42,819 natives. The natives of New Zealand (Maories) are much superior to those of Australia, being tall, well-built, active, and intelligent. The capital, Wellington, has 21,582 inhabitants.

PAPUA or NEW GUINEA, the second in size of the Australasian islands, lies immediately north of Australia, from which it is separated by Torres Strait, between lat. 0° 20′ and 10° 45' S., and long. 130° 40′ and 150° E. It is about 1300 miles in length from north-west to southeast, by from 20 to 400 in breadth, and has an estimated area of 303,000 square miles. It is apparently traversed throughout its entire length by a lofty range of mountains, rising to the height of more than 13,000 feet. The soil is very fertile, and a large portion of the surface is covered with dense forests; but hitherto it has been little explored, and little is known of its nature or productions.

POLYNESIA is the name given to those islands in the Pacific Ocean which are sometimes included with Australasia under the name of OCEANIA. Of these are the Caroline Islands, Sandwich Islands, Society Islands, Friendly Islands, and others; but they do not require any particular description.

END OF "POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY."

THE participle expresses the same notion as the verb to which it belongs, but it possesses the form of an adjective, like which it is declined.

1. Active participles govern the case governed by the verb to which they belong-as Puella sibi placens, a girl pleasing to herself. Observe, a participle when used as an adjective denoting disposition or capacity for, governs the genitive case-as patiens (adjective) laborum, capable of enduring labours; but patiens (participle) labores, enduring labours.

(2) The Latin verb has no Perfect participle in the active voice, and no Present in the passive voice; having in the active voice only an imperfect and a future, and in the passive only a perfect and the gerundive participle of necessity.

(3) There are, however, some few active verbs, and also many deponent verbs, which have a perfect participle active.

The following is a list of the principal active

(4) There are two methods in use of supplying in other verbs the much felt want of the perfect participle: firstly, by the ablative absolute; secondly, by quum with the subjunctive mood -as in (1) Cognito Cæsaris adventu, Ariovistes legatos ad eum mittit, Ariovistus, having heard of Cæsar's coming, sends ambassadors to him; and (2) Epaminondas quum vicisset Lacede moneos apud Mantineam, atque ipse grati vulnere se examinari videret, quæsivit saleune esset clypeus, Epaminondas, having conquered the Lacedæmonians in the battle of Mantinea, and seeing that he was dying of a severe wound, asked if his shield were safe.

(5) The future participle active either denotes simple futurity or intention and purpose-as in Dies futurus, the day that will come; but Abiit victurus, he has gone for the purpose of conquering.

(6) The neuter of the perfect participle is often used as an abstract substantive-as in Nam priusquam incipias CONSULTO, et abi con sulueris mature facto opus est, you want good counsel before you begin, and when you have taken good counsel you want ready action

(7) Participles are occasionally used in Latin to avoid the use of conjunctions where several predicates are united in a sentence-as Tr capta et incensa jacet, the city is taken, is burnt, and is laid even with the ground.

(Observe that the future participle occurs most frequently in combination with the verb sum-as in Ille imperator domi rediturus erat, that emperor was about to return home.)

Self-Examination Questions and Exercises.

What do you mean by a participle? How does it differ from the verb, and how does it differ from the adjective, and yet partake of both? What participles are those in the active voice, and what in the passive voice, in Latin? How are the deficiencies of Latin participles for the perfect active supplied? Give examples of the two different methods employed. What is the twofold notion in the future participle active? In what combination does the future participle active occur? What is often the sense of the perfect participle passive when used in the neuter gender? Give examples. Can you mention what may be termed an abbreviating use of the participle, and give What is instances of this peculiar usage. meant by the ablative absolute? and show by examples what participle it supplies.

Translate into English:

Imperator, quùm vidisset hostes a proelio currentes, secundam legionem sequi jussit. Victimis cæsis, sacerdos Deos, pacem petiturus, invocat. Tyrtæus Græcus poeta, non miles, carmina compositâ exercitui recitavit. Mucius solus in castra Porsennæ venit, eumque interficere, propositâ sibi morte, conatus est. Quum civitas in labore assiduo reficiendæ urbis teneretur. Perseus rediit, belli casum de integro tentaturus. Quibus rebus cognitis, nautæ ad naves suos revertuntur. Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venerat. Nondum comperto, in quam regionem venisset. Cæsar exposito exercitu, ad hostes contendit. Ipsa suâ Dido concidit usa manu. Scripta tua jamdiu expectans non audeo tamen flagitare. Ille multa ausus, et multos osus, et præterea permultum gavisus ex hac terra abiet periturus. Hi soliti benè vivere de curis alienis nihil agunt. Hoc adeptus est contentus. Res adversus jampridem expertus accipere res meliores gavisus est. Has terras populatus, domi rediit. Regnum paternum partitus et cum patribus sanctissimum foedus pactus, urbem, capere Grande jusjurandum juratus, et patriæ, adiit. suo gladio solo fisus ad bellum gerendum cum hostibus verterat. Cænati, non pransi, ad theatrum læti currunt. Ille, regem in itinere comitatus, et multum de regiis doloribus meditatus, se ad supplicationem Deorum recepit. Hæc omnia testatus. et sua scelera confessus, mortem libenter (willingly) obiit,

Translate into Latin :

ANCIENT HISTORY.

XLVIII.

ROME (continued).

Battle of

POMPEIUS' forces probably amounted to 100,000 men, while Cæsar had some 15,000. But these were old seasoned veterans accustomed to fight together under tried captains, and to be led to victory against all kinds of odds by their great leader, while the hosts of Pompeius were untried and without organization or community of feeling. Pompeius seems to have felt that his army, large as it was, was yet no match for Cæsar's little band of veterans, and for a long time he shrank from meeting them in pitched battle. At last, however, they met for the deciding struggle Pharsalia. on the plain of Pharsalia, in the north of Greece. The victory remained with Cæsar; and Pompeius, seeing that his cause was lost, fled with all haste to Egypt with only 2000 followers. There he hoped to collect another army before Cæsar could follow. But the Egyptians, fearing he might take part in their internal dissensions, inveigled him into a boat and murdered him, cutting off his head and throwing the headless trunk into the sea. It was washed up on the shore, and his freedman recognizing it burned it on a funeral pyre made from a wreck which he found near it, A rude and buried the ashes in the sand. stone, on which his faithful freedman scrawled with a blackened stick the word "magnus (great) was the only monument that marked the resting-place of the great Pompeius' ashes. Cæsar followed him to Egypt as quickly as he could, and on landing was greeted with the news that his great rival was dead. It is said that he wept when Pompeius' head was brought to him, and it may well be that so sorry an ending of such a brilliant career may have stirred his deepest emotions.

Death of Pompeius.

Cæsar found a quarrel going on in Egypt