ancient's, a council of five hundred,' and five rulers called a

directory.'

In June 1796, the French army entered the dominions of the pope, and thereby became possessed of many of those exquisite pieces of painting and ancient sculpture, with which they have since so richly adorned their capital. They landed a small force on the coast of Pembrokeshire on the 23d of February, 1797; but it was too insignificant to commit any depredations. This year is famous for the banishment of the accused members, and for the reduction of all Italy by the French troops under General Bonaparte.

Admiral Brueys, with the Toulon fleet under his command, left that port the latter end of May 1798, accompanied by Bonaparte and an army of 40,000 men. This vast force proceeded to Egypt. The army was safely landed, and continued masters of that country till 1801; but the fleet was attacked at anchor, on the 1st of August, by admiral Nelson; and all the line of-battle ships, except one, taken or destroyed. This was not the only check the French were now to experience. In the beginning of the year 1799, the emperor of Russia sent an army, under the command of field-marshal Suwaroff, to join the Austrian forces in Italy. The Russian troops were divided by their leader into three bodies; and with them, for a considerable time, he vanquished the enemy at every point. The fears of the directory increased with the repeated defeats of the army; but their minds were restored to tranquility the January following, when Suwaroff received an order from the court of St. Petersburg, as unexpected as it was sudden, to lead his soldiers into Poland. After various success in Egypt, Bonaparte received accounts of the disasters of the French in Italy. He therefore meditated a secret return to Paris, which, strange as it may appear, his good fortune enabled him to accomplish. On the 24th of August, 1799, he left the road of Aboukir in a small ship; and, notwithstanding the English fleets covered the Mediterranean, he landed safe at Frejus in the month of October following. On his return to the capital, the

1

unstable government of France was once more changed. The directory was abolished, and the executive power committed to three consuls. Bonaparte, the first of these, was invested with more than regal authority: the other two, little better than cyphers, were Ducos and the abbé Sieyes.—Turner.

The difficult passage of the French army of reserve, commanded by Bonaparte, over the mountains of St. Bernard, was followed by the entry of the French into Milan, and by the re-establishment of the Cisalpine Republic. This event leads us to the memorable battle of Marengo, which procured a peace to the European continent. The Austrian General Melas had disputed the field against the French with a most obstinate courage, and had thrice forced them to fall back and retreat; when General Desaix came up and decided the battle in favour of the French. This heroic officer was slain.

By the armistice, in July, which was concluded in two days after, a considerable number of fortresses were delivered up to the French. The definitive treaty of peace between Austria and France was concluded on the 9th of February, 1806.

On the 18th of May, 1804, the Legislative body of France conferred the imperial dignity on the first consul; which was presented to him, by the Senate in a body, in the following words-"NAPOLEON BONAPARTE is declared Emperor of the French, and the imperial dignity hereditary in legitimate descent from male to male, in the order of primogeniture, to the exclusion of females and their descent. The laws are to be promulgated thus:-Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the constitution of the republic, emperor of the French."

This decree of the legislative body, was submitted to the French people, and a register opened in each district, for 12 days, to obtain their sentiments thereon; having obtained a great majority of votes throughout the republic, it was finally sanctioned by the legisla

ture.

In April, 1805, Bonaparte was proclaimed king of Italy, at Milan.

In June, 1805, Bonaparte annexed Genoa, and the Ligurian republic, to France!

Bonaparte crossed the Rhine, on the 1st of October, 1805, with the whole of the Grand Army, and on the 4th hostilities commenced between the French and Austrians; the latter was defeated at Guntsburgh, and the Duke of Brunswick mortally wounded. On the 19th the imperial city of Ulm was attacked by the French, and the Austrians completely defeated; the whole line of the Iller forced, the city and vast magazines, cannon, &c. taken, and the Austrian commander General Mack: had he been a Mack Donald, or a Macknamara, the strong city of Ulm and its numerous garrison of brave Germans would not have been so easily conquered.

December the 2d, 1805, a most bloody battle was fought, between the French and the combined Austrian and Russian army at Austerlitz, in which the combined forces were defeated with great loss. The combined and French armies engaged in this dreadful contest are said to have amounted to nearly three hundred thousand men. This battle is remarkable for having three emperors present at it. The emperors of Germany, Russia, and France; a circumstance we believe unprecedented, at least in modern history.

Six days after the battle of Austerlitz, an armistice was signed between the emperors of France and Austria; by which the latter was compelled to consent to another dismemberment of his dominions.

The following is a list of new kings and princes created by Bonaparte.-The Elector of Bavaria, king of Bavaria; Elector of Wirtemberg, king of Wirtemberg; Elector of Hesse, king of the Catti; Elector of Baden, king of Baden; Joseph Bonaparte, king of Naples; Louis Bonaparte, king of Batavia; Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia; Eugene Beauharnois (son-in-law to the emperor) viceroy of Italy; Murat (brother-in-law to Bonaparte) duke of Cleves and Berg; M. Talley. rand, prince of Benevento; cardinal Fesh, (uncle to

Bonaparte) prince primate of the Rhenish confederacy; M. Bernadotte, prince of Ponte-Corvo; Marshal Lefevre, duke of Dantzick; and Marshal Berthier duke of Neufchatel.

On the 14th of June, 1807, a most bloody battle was fought between the Russians, Prussians and the French armies, at the town of Friedland on the River Alle. In this engagement, it is said, that the French had thirty thousand men killed and wounded; the Russians in this, and some previous engagements, lost about sixty thousand men, in killed, wounded and taken prisoners. An armistice took place shortly after this action.-Ser more of France in the Appendix.

CHAPTER XXVI.

INTRODUCTION TO SCOTLAND.

This country, anciently called Caledonia, lies between the 54th and 59th degree of north lat. and the 1st and 7th degree of west longitude from London. The River Teved on the eastern coast, and the Solway Firth on the west, determine the limits between England and Scotland.The German ocean, with the Deucaledonean and the Irish Seas, flow around its eastern, northern, and west-ern coasts. The isles of Orkney and Shetland lie contiguous to its most northern extremity; the Hebrides are adjacent to its north-western shores.

The highest mountain in Scotland is Ben-Nevis, in Inverness-shire, near Fort-William; on the north-east it is fifteeen hundred feet in height.

The principal rivers in Scotland are the Tay, the Clyde, and the Forth. The chief source of the Tay is the lake of the same name. Soon after this noble river issues from the lake, it is joined by several less streams; after passing the beautiful town of Perth, it is navigable; and flows by Dundee, below which it forms a grand estuary, or frith. The mouth of the Clyde, below Glas