publish generalized information which is a guide in establishing specifications. RELATION OF DIET TO HEALTH Mr. UMSTEAD. A few years ago I noticed that some of the school children had under the direction of the school teachers been keeping some rats, and then exhibited the rats to show just what you have shown here the difference between the appearance of the rats that had not had any milk and the rats that had had milk. Did your bureau have anything to do with starting that? Dr. STANLEY. We sent out the rats and the directions for doing that. Mr. UMSTEAD. You sent out the rats? Dr. STANLEY. Yes. We sent them out. We sent only those rats that we were unable to use ourselves, but which would be valuable for demonstration purposes. They paid the freight. Mr. UMSTEAD. Then it was your bureau that sponsored that? except for the transportation charges. We sent them out free Mr. UMSTEAD. Isn't it a fact, based upon your reports from various sections of the country, that it resulted in a very fine educational program? Dr. STANLEY. It is one of the best methods I know of educating children to the value of certain foods in the diet. Mr. UMSTEAD. Particularly in the drinking of milk? Dr. STANLEY. Yes. Particularly in the drinking of milk. Mr. BUCKBEE. In the discussions in bulletins and publications by hospitals and doctors and other individuals have you noticed any increase in the emphasis on diet? Dr. STANLEY. Yes. Very much so. That increase has taken the form of placing more dietitians in hospitals. We cooperate with them in the preparation of data on diet. Mr. BUCKBEE. In which do you notice the more increased interest, in dietitians or doctors? Dr. STANLEY. Dietitians are more conscious of it than doctors. Doctors are increasingly conscious of the importance of diet. If you have followed this year's meetings of the American Medical Association, you will notice that their discussion contained much on the importance of diet. The health committee of the League of Nations has become very diet conscious. They have an international committee on nutrition. That committee is composed of experts called to set standards for nutrition which can be accepted internationally. FOOD-CONSUMPTION TRENDS Mr. CANNON. Have you had any further complaint that your Bureau is discriminating against the use of cereals? Dr. STANLEY. No. In fact, we have been working very closely with the milling industry. I think that difficulty, if any there was, arose from that fact that they were discussing one set of figures and we were discussing another. We were talking about actual consumption figures, and all their reports were based upon disappearance figures. There is a great deal of difference between the two. Mr. CANNON. As a matter of fact, what is the trend in the consumption trend in the last 20 years, the relative trend, of meats, cereals, fruits, and vegetables and dairy products? Dr. STANLEY. Since the war the consumption of fruits and vegetables has consistently gone up except for interruptions due to drought conditions. Dairy products have tended to go up. Until the last 2 years there has been a decrease due to depleted stock of both dairy cows and feed as a result of the drought. In diet studies of individual families, cereal consumption has shown a slight tendency downward, but that depends upon the economic level of the diet standard. We have recently analyzed figures collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on diet, and we find that there is a very inadequate total consumption of foods in the low-income levels. Mr. CANNON. Do you mean a lack of variety or a lack of quantity and quality? Dr. STANLEY. Total quantity and quality both. The thing that surprised us was that in some of the lower-income levels the food consumption was low. The total calories of the diet were low. Mr. CANNON. So low as to be deficient? Dr. STANLEY. It was deficient even in the total calories. There is a tendency for the diets in the lower-income levels to be of poor quality. I would say that, rather than having too much cereal in the diet, it does not have enough of the other foods, particularly milk and fruit and vegetables. Mr. CANNON. Cereals are the cheapest of all of the five groups named? Dr. STANLEY. Yes. They are among the cheapest of all the foods taking all things into consideration. Mr. CANNON. What is next? VALUE OF SUGAR IN THE DIET Dr. STANLEY. If you consider only energy, probably energy in the form of sugar costs less than some of the cereals by the time it reaches the consumer Mr. CANNON. Do you adivse an emphasis on sugar in the low diet menus? Dr. STANLEY. Where the energy or calorie value of the diet is low more sugar may be added to advantage provided it does not replace other necessary foods. When sugar was being distributed by the Federal surplus relief, we recommended that it be used in the form of sirup rather than as sugar, because when they use it as sirup, they get, in addition to the calories or carbohydrates, the vitamins and the minerals. COOPERATION WITH OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Mr. CANNON. Do you cooperate with any of the other bureaus of the Government? For instance, have you any official relations with the Children's Bureau? Dr. STANLEY. We have done one or two joint publications with them on diet. Some 3 or 4 years ago when we were getting out low-cost-diet information, they needed suggested diet lists for children. We made those joint publications. We confer with them on any publications having to do with feeding children and they usually confer with us about any material on nutrition planned for publication. We avoid duplication. We have very close cooperation at the present time with the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a joint study on consumer expenditures which we are undertaking. We work very closely with the other consumer divisions of the Government. For instance, the consumer division of the N. R. A., which is now in the Department of Labor, and the consumer counsel of our own triple A. We have worked with the P. W. A. on housing, and with the Resettlement Administration, and with the R. E. A. on this electrical equipment. Mr. CANNON. You are continuing those studies? Dr. STANLEY. Yes. EMERGENCY FUNDS Mr. CANNON. What emergency funds have you used in your work? Dr. STANLEY. During the past year we have had a small triple A fund for statistical work in calculating some diets as a basis for study or probable demands for foods. Then we had another small fund for the study of dried skimmed milk. Recently the W. P. A. has been given a grant for a group of statistical projects, one of which we are handling. It is a Nation-wide study of the consumer purchases. That study does not appear in the record because it has only recently been made available. Mr. CANNON. Do you anticipate further funds from any source other than this appropriation? Dr. STANLEY. No. None other than those which we have mentioned. TEXTILES We have not touched at all on the textile field. Miss O'Brien has a series of charts which she can leave with you. Most of the work that we have done there has been in buying guides for household buying, and quality guides in household blankets and sheets and pillow cases. Most of that work has been done with cotton and wool with the idea of showing the relationship between the qualities which are desirable to the consumer of these products and the market grades as they have been established. Mr. CANNON. I wonder if you would supply a copy of each of these bulletins to members of the committee. Dr. STANLEY. I would be very glad to. TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1936. GRAIN FUTURES ADMINISTRATION STATEMENTS OF DR. J. W. T. DUVEL, CHIEF; RODGER R. KAUFFMAN, ASSISTANT CHIEF INVESTIGATOR; AND ALBERT STRACK, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT ENFORCEMENT OF THE GRAIN FUTURES ACT Mr. CANNON. We will take up the item on the enforcement of the Grain Futures Act. The item in the bill is as follows: To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to carry into effect the provisions of the Grain Futures Act, approved September 21, 1922 (U. S. C., title 7, secs. 1-17), $201,640, of which amount not to exceed $50,740 may be expended for personal services in the District of Columbia. Dr. DUVEL. The following statement is presented for the record: Appropriation act, 1936.... Budget estimate, 1937. Increase. The increase of $5,140 for 1937 includes: $196, 500 201, 640 5, 140 (a) $3,700 for additional personnel at Chicago, Ill.-A more thorough and comprehensive analysis of trade information and reports relating to market conditions and factors of supply and demand emanating from commission houses, market news agencies, and the like, together with a more searching analysis of the trading operations of commission houses and speculators responsible for such trade gossip, is essential for proper control and a better understanding of the effect of certain classes of gossip on grain prices. Trade gossip is one of the major influences in grain-trading operations. The services of one junior marketing specialist at $2,000 per annum, one stenographer at $1,440, and $260 additional for travel will enable this office to check and study the circulating gossip to a much greater extent than is now possible with the present organization. (b) $1,440 for additional assistance at New York, N. Y.-It is not possible for the New York office to keep pace with the continually increasing amount of work due to the extensive trading activities of grain houses of clearing members of the Chicago Board of Trade located at New York City and other points in the eastern territory, through which flows much foreign as well as domestic business. The New York houses, in addition to carrying a rather heavy domestic business, handle the bulk of foreign accounts, the latter frequently resulting in a rather high percentage of the open commitments. The employment of a typist at $1,440 will help to meet this situation. WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION The work under this appropriation, pursuant to the Grain Futures Act, requires the control and supervision of future trading in grain on 15 boards of trade and exchanges designated as contract markets by the Secretary of Agriculture. This work is carried on through six field offices located at Chicago, Ill.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Kansas City, Mo.; New York, N. Y.; Seattle, Wash.; and Sacramento, Calif., and involves (1) observation of trading operations, (2) compiling and publishing daily reports on volume of trading and amounts of open interest, (3) examination of books and records of clearing members for the purpose of discovering and preventing irregularities, (4) examination of market news and gossip items to prevent the dissemination of false and misleading crop and market information, (5) maintenance of a daily check on accounts of large traders, (6) investigation of complaints, and (7) special studies and investigations relating to economic functions and general utility of the future markets for hedging and merchandising purposes. ADDITIONAL PERSONNEL FOR CHICAGO AND NEW YORK OFFICES Mr. CANNON. I note that you are asking for an increase of $5,140 for the enforcement of the Grain Futures Act. Do you propose to expend this for personnel? Dr. DUVEL. Part of it-$3,440-is for personnel in our Chicago office. Mr. CANNON. And you require additional help in your New York office? Dr. DUVEL. We require one extra clerk in the New York office. Mr. CANNON. In what respects has your present staff been unable to handle this work? Dr. DUVEL. The work in the Chicago in the way of checking the market gossip. more examination of books and records. quite been able to take care of it. office involves a great deal There is more trading and The regular force has not Mr. CANNON. How does the volume of the trading on these two markets compare with the volume in 1929? Dr. DUVEL. It is not as heavy as it was in 1929. But recently they have restored to trading in privileges which has increased very materially the work in the Chicago office. Mr. CANNON. What legislative change has been made in the law authorizing this activity since its organization? Dr. DUVEL. There has not been any. Mr. CANNON. You are working under the same law? Dr. DUVEL. We are working under the same law that we had in 1922. Mr. CANNON. How do you propose to expend this $5,140? What additional personnel would you take on? Dr. DUVEL. We would take on one junior marketing specialist, at $2,000, and one junior clerk-stenographer at $1,440 at Chicago and one junior clerk-typist at $1,440 at New York. Mr. CANNON. How many stenographers have you at the present. time? Dr. DUVEL. I cannot give you the exact number of stenographers, but we have in our Chicago office about 30 employees of all classes. Mr. CANNON. Do your stenographers work in a pool or are they assigned to individuals? Dr. DUVEL. They first operate under the head clerk, who has charge of the clerical work; and they are then assigned to individuals as needed. Mr. CANNON. Are they in a pool? Dr. DUVEL. Yes, sir. Mr. CANNON. Are they called as they are required, or are they assigned to individuals? Dr. DUVEL. It is really a combination. They give part of their time to certain individuals, who have first call on them; and when not so engaged they are open to call. Mr. CANNON. The pool system has been very successfully operated here in the departments in Washington, and it has resulted in a great saving of staff. What objection would there be to your working your stenographers in a pool subject to call whenever needed? Dr. DUVEL. Those engaged exclusively on clerical work are in the pool part of the time. Our clerical force is made up primarily of the |