appropriated for the purpose of giving work to the unemployed, and at the same time of intensifying and stepping up the work.

Mr. UMSTEAD. The State that is slow and reluctant profits under that plan.

Dr. MOHLER. That is the result, but the principal aim is to give employment to the unemployed in these three States to that extent, and in addition to the employment of these idle people the appropriation permits of buying cement, wood, tools, paint, and disinfectants so as to get the work finished as promptly as possible.

Mr. TARVER. The doing of any other work customarily paid for by the States or local subdivisions of the States would be justified by the same argument.

Dr. MOHLER. That is very true.

Mr. TARVER. But basically there would be no reason founded in justice why these States should not discharge this expense just as other States have done heretofore in carrying on similar work?

Dr. MOHLER. That is also true. The idea originally stressed was to clean up this remaining territory in 12 months' time. Of course, that has been made impossible because these emergency funds were not made available until after August, and the season of tick eradication is practically over then. As a matter of fact, we have spent only $23,000 of the $554,000 thus far in Louisiana. We have spent only $67,000 of the $200,000 available for Florida, and only $36,000 of the $700,000 available for Texas, because we cannot get the type of people off the relief rolls to do this kind of work. You have to have men that know cattle, that can ride horses, rope the cattle and cut them out, and things of that kind. It has been a very difficult thing to get the type of man that can do it from the relief rolls.

In Florida we were able to get a fair proportion of the right kind of people at these small wages. The highest wage we can pay these men in Florida is only $68 a month, which includes transportation, usually a saddle horse; but it has been a godsend to those people that did not have a job before this work started.

Mr. THURSTON. According to your statement, then, there would not be much use to allocate so much money if they would not use but one-tenth of it?

Dr. MOHLER. Well, we are having that difficulty. According to the regulations, we have to take 90 percent of the labor off the relief rolls, and 10 percent for the supervisors, who do not have to be taken from the relief rolls. It is a very hard thing to get that proportion, and we are now asking for a more satisfactory allotment.

Mr. THURSTON. In the past, what did the States customarily contribute toward a program of this kind? Half?

Dr. MOHLER. They contributed more than half. They bought all of the cement, dipping materials, paints and things of that kind from their own appropriation, because our appropriation in the regular bill prohibited any participation of that kind.

Mr. UMSTEAD. Doctor, it is also true, is it not, although this is not a part of your work, that practically all the things for which work relief funds are spent are things on which the States, the counties, and the towns have spent money?

Dr. MOHLER. I think so.

Mr. UMSTEAD. Now, theoretically at least, and, I think, practically, the allocation of work-relief funds throughout the country has been made upon the basis of unemployment and the relief load?

Dr. MOHLER. That is right.

Mr. UMSTEAD. And in instances where States or counties or Government units have made application for funds which have been approved by the Comptroller General of the United States, then the State was given the privilege of electing from the group of projects approved by the Comptroller General those things that the State wanted done most as far as it could within the regulations, and so, if it happens in Texas or in Florida or in any other State that a project of this kind has been entered into, it is no more an injustice to any other State than it would be if the money had been spent on any other project? That is subject to this qualification, that in all States the State is not allowed the privilege of selecting projects that it desires to have done. In my own State of Georgia, for example, the State has had nothing to do with these projects.

Mr. THURSTON. I see one item here where they have a comfort station for swine over in Maryland.

ERADICATING DOURINE

Mr. CANNON. The next item is "Eradicating dourine", on which the item in the bill is as follows:

Eradicating dourine: For all necessary expenses for the investigation, treatment, and eradication of dourine, $8,613.

Dr. MOHLER. The following statement is presented for the record: Appropriation Act, 1936Budget estimate, 1937...

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

$8, 613 8, 613

In cooperation with State livestock sanitary authorities and on Indian reservations with the Office of Indian Affairs, horses in areas where the infection of dourine is believed to exist are rounded up and samples of blood obtained for subjection to a laboratory test. Horses reacting to the test are slaughtered and owners other than Indians on a reservation indemnified by the State and Federal Government. Indemnity to Indians is paid by the Office of Indian Affairs. Surplus stallions are castrated. Wherever possible the round-up in the early summer is followed by a further round-up and retest later in the season. It is hoped that with more vigorous effort this malady may soon be completely eradicated.

Mr. CANNON. Have you anything to add to that statement?

Dr. MOHLER. Dourine has been eradicated from nearly all parts of the country in which it was at one time prevalent. An area comprising contiguous portions of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon is the only section in which there is reason to believe that dourine infection may still exist.

During the past year a considerable number of horses for slaughter were shipped from this area. Blood samples were taken from 305 of them at time of slaughter and tests were made with 10 positive reactions. State quarantines are being maintained upon this section of country and it will be desirable to continue to cooperate with the three States involved until elimination of the disease is assured.

HOG-CHOLERA CONTROL

Mr. CANNON. Your next item is on hog-cholera control, as follows: Hog cholera control: For the control and eradication of hog cholera and related swine diseases, by such means as may be necessary, including demonstrations, the formation of organizations, and other methods, either independently or in cooperation with farmers' associations, State or county authorities, $127,192.

Dr. MOHLER. The following statement is in explanation of this estimate:

1 Used for hog-cholera research and estimated for 1937 under "Diseases of Animals" in order to consolidate funds for research.

2 Regulatory work, estimated for 1937 as a separate item.

CHANGE IN LANGUAGE

It is proposed to change the title of this appropriation from "Eradicating hog cholera" to "Hog cholera control", in view of the transfer from this item of the hog-cholera research fund to "Diseases of animals" and the setting up of a separate new item for administration of the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act. By substituting the words "control and eradication" for "investigating", with other minor alterations in the text, and by elimination of the proviso covering the administration of the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of March 4, 1913, the authority under the paragraph will then be limited to the control phases of the work.

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

Hog cholera is the most destructive disease of swine in our country. The direct annual losses have varied from 18 to 65 million annually. Measures for its control are carried on in cooperation with the various States. Under this item work is carried on in the control and eradication of hog cholera in the field by demonstrations, the formation of organizations, and other methods, either independently or in cooperation with farmers' organizations and State and county authorities. Meetings are held and demonstrations are made from time to time to gatherings of farmers and others interested in preventing losses. Outbreaks are investigated, swine diseases diagnosed, owners are instructed in methods to prevent losses, and local veterinary practitioners are assisted in the use of the preventive treatment. In sections of the South where no veterinary services are available Bureau inspectors immunize swine, in addition to their other duties, and in States where the laws and regulations permit laymen are trained to immunize swine.

Dr. MOHLER. As the language of the item indicates, this appropriation is used in the control of hog cholera and related swine diseases, including educational work introducing sanitary measures to reduce losses from parasites and parasitic diseases.

The project continues in effect in 25 States, namely: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Oregon, and Wisconsin; and the services of 30 veterinarians are utilized in this work. In cases of emergency, however, the services of Bureau veterinarians are available for use on other projects, such as the drought relief this year.

The nature of hog cholera makes it important that control measures be continued in an effort to prevent extensive outbreaks and a spread of the plague. A possible dangerous factor at this time lies in the fact that apparently farmers have not been financially able to have their herds immunized, which leaves a large number of hogs susceptible to cholera infection.

I have already discussed the transfer of $27,520 from this item to "Diseases of animals", because the latter deals entirely with research, and we are trying to consolidate all of the funds provided for investigating animal diseases in one item for research work on the diseases of animals.

A separate item for virus-serum-toxin control has been set up. To do this we deducted $218,719 from the hog cholera control item and placed that sum under a separate project, leaving only $127,192 for strictly regulatory work under "Hog cholera control." That, of course, involves a change of language, which has been made, as you will note.

INSPECTION AND QUARANTINE

Mr. CANNON. We will take up next the item of "Inspection and quarantine", as follows:

Inspection and quarantine: For inspection and quarantine work, including all necessary expenses for the eradication of scabies in sheep and cattle, the inspection of southern cattle, the supervision of the transportation of livestock, and the inspection of vessels, the execution of the 28-hour law, the inspection and quarantine of imported animals, including the establishment and maintenance of quarantine stations and repairs, alterations, improvements, or additions to buildings thereon; the inspection work relative to the existence of contagious diseases, and the mallein testing of animals, $681,174.

Dr. MOHLER. The following statement is presented for the record in explanation of this item:

Appropriation act, 1936.
Budget estimate, 1937---.

WORK DONE UNDER THIS APPROPRIATION

$681, 174 681, 174

General. This appropriation provides for the eradication of scabies in sheep and cattle, inspection of southern cattle, control of the interstate transportation of livestock, inspection of vessels, enforcement of the 28-hour law, inspection and quarantine of imported animals, including the establishment and maintenance of quarantine stations; supervision over the sanitary handling of hides, skins, wool, and other animal byproducts, feeding materials, and fertilizers offered for importation; investigational and inspection activities relative to the existence of contagious diseases; and the inspection and mallein testing of animals.

Scabies eradication.-Employees are assigned to cooperate with State livestock sanitary officials in inspecting all cattle and sheep in infected areas and in supervising the dipping of all affected or exposed herds or bands. Field forces in the West also cooperate with the Office of Indian Affairs in control and eradication measures on the reservations. The prosecution of this work is essential in order to prevent the spread of the disease to the free areas of the country.

Control over interstate shipments of livestock. Under this project is conducted the inspection service at public stockyards. All livestock received are inspected for communicable diseases, and animals found to be affected or exposed are given appropriate treatment or otherwise disposed of in such a way as to prevent the spread of diseases to country points. This service is of value to the producer (1) by affording a means of tracing diseased shipment to origin, thus enabling the local livestock sanitary officers promptly to apply appropriate measures, and (2) by preventing the further movement of diseased and exposed animals which, if it were not prohibited, would disseminate disease to noninfected premises and herds. An important activity under this project is the cleaning and disinfection

of cars.

Enforcement of the 28-hour law. The work under this project consists of inspections to prevent violations of the law requiring the humane treatment of animals in transit. Railroads on the whole are doing their utmost to observe the requirements of this law, and the situation during the past fiscal year was satisfactory. Determination by inspectors in the field of the existence of diseases.-Funds allotted hereunder are intended to provide for cooperation with local authorities in the suppression of outbreaks of anthrax, glanders, and other communicable diseases of livestock not provided for by a specific appropriation. The funds are used to pay salaries and expenses of employees assigned to such work and other authorized expenditures involved in arresting opizootics of these different diseases.

Quarantine of animals at ports of entry.-In order to fully establish freedom from disease, import animals of certain kinds are held in quarantine at times of entry at our coast and border ports. Quarantine stations are maintained by the Department at New York and Baltimore. It will be essential to maintain them in good condition and available in order to meet provisions of the quarantine laws.

Inspection of animals for import. The inspection of all import horses, cattle, other ruminants, and swine is required by act of Congress. Careful inspections at coast and border ports are essential to safeguard our domestic livestock industry from the menace of diseases of foreign origin. During the fiscal year 1935 approximately 300,000 animals were inspected before importation.

Supervision over the importation of hides and other animal by-products, forage, etc.-Inspectors at ports of entry supervise the sanitary handling and contorl of import hides, skins, hair, wool, gluestock, fertilizer of certain kinds, manure previously used bagging, feeding materials, etc. In order to guard against the introduction of foot-and-mouth diseases and rinderpest, consignments not properly certified in the country of origin are shipped in sealed cars to tanneries or other establishments for disinfection in process of manufacture or are otherwise controlled. Measures are taken to guard against the landing and feeding of garbage from ocean vessels provisioned with meat originating in regions in which either foot-and-mouth disease or rinderpest exists. A check is also kept upon importations of dressed poultry from any infected region to assure removal and destruction of the feet.

Inspection and testing of animals for export.-Livestock for export are inspected and in certain instances tested and, when found free from disease, certified as provided under specific regulations of this Department and as required by receiving countries.

Dr. MOHLER. As you will note, this item comprises a series of activities that we are engaged in, such as scabies eradication in sheep and cattle, inspection of livestock at public stockyards, the enforcement of the 28-hour law, quarantine of animals at ports of entry, and similar activities. One of the principal items is $177,632 that we spent the last fiscal year on the eradication of scabies in sheep and goats.

ERADICATION OF SCABIES IN SHEEP AND GOATS

This work is carried on in cooperation with the various State authorities and with the Office of Indian Affairs in respect to animals on reservations. All sheep and goats in districts where scabies exists or has recently existed are inspected, and infected and exposed flocks are dipped under supervision.

During the fiscal year 1935 the cooperating forces made 16,295,011 inspections, and 1,490,450 dippings were supervised.

In the western range areas only a few cases of sheep scabies in New Mexico and a few cases of goat scabies in southwestern Texas were found during the year. Careful inspections should be continued, however, to prevent spread from the few infected centers and to make certain that no infection is overlooked in other areas.

Watchfulness is necessary also along the Texas-Mexico border, as infection is sometimes introduced through the smuggling of sheep. In the midwestern feeding and farming country the disease is rather widely scattered in a few States. Eradication work is being continued in Kentucky, Louisiana, and Iowa, and has recently been undertaken also in Ohio. Complete eradication of the disease in these States, particularly Iowa and Ohio, will be difficult to accomplish because of the tremendous number of small flocks and the distribution of sheep through numerous local markets.

Scabies is caused by an external parasite that gets into the skin. of the sheep and causes the wool to die and large areas to become denuded. The animal becomes emaciated and large areas of the body become practically free from wool. The big loss is in the decrease of the meat on the body of the sheep, as well as in the reduction of the value of the fleece.