Reformed.. German Catholics.... Total expenditures...... ............................. 12,356,352 PUBLIC DEBT. The public debt of Saxony (Jan. 1, 1863) amounted to 68,480,642 thalers, of which 7,000,000 were non-interest-bearing Treasury notes. ARMY.-The active army of Saxony is estimated Church of England... as follows: Israelites... 2,175,392 41,363 4,515 1,722 1,655 460 233 2,225,240 Population of the Principal Cities, Dec. 3, 1861. Artillery and pontonniers........................ 2,420 Dresden... Total Leipsic...... 25,441 Chemnitz....... LII. SAXE-ALTENBURG.-Duchy. One of the German States. Area, 491 square miles. Population (1861), 137,162. Government, Constitutional Sovereignty. Capital, Altenburg. The reigning sovereign is the Duke Ernest, who 128,152 78,495 45,432 was born Sept. 18, 1826, and succeeded to the dukedom Aug. 3, 1853. The population of the town of Altenburg in 1861 was 17,168. LV. SAXE-WEIMAR-EISENACH.-Grand Duchy. The reigning sovereign is the Grand Duke | Alexander, who was born June 24, 1818, and succeeded to the grand dukedom July 8, 1853. The population of the city of Weimar in 1861 was 13,887; that of Eisenach was 11,517; and that of Jena was 6984. LVI. SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.-Principality. One of the German States. Area, 405 square miles. Population (1861), 71,913. Government, Constitutional Sovereignty. The reigning sovereign is the Prince Günther, who was born Nov. 6, 1793, and succeeded to the principality April 28, 1807. The population of the town of Rudolstadt in 1861 was 6033. LVII. SCHWARZBURG-SONDERSHAUSEN.-Principality. One of the German States. Area, 358 square miles. Population (1861), 64,895. Government, Constitutional Sovereignty. The reigning sovereign is the Prince Günther, who was born Sept. 24, 1801, and succeeded to the principality Aug. 19, 1835. The population of the town of Sondershausen in 1861 was 5818. LVIII, SPAIN. Area, 176,480 square miles. Population (according to an account of the Spanish Legation at Washington, 1863), 18,819,865. Government, Constitutional Monarchy. Legislature composed of Queen, Senate, and Deputies. Capital, Madrid. Religion, Catholic. The reigning sovereign of Spain is Her Majesty Isabella II., who was born Oct. 10, 1830, and succeeded to the throne Sept. 29, 1833, under guardianship until Nov. 8, 1843, when she was declared of age by the Cortez; married Oct. 10, 1846, to Francis d'Assise, her cousin-german, son of the Duke of Cadiz. MINISTRY. Aggregate ordinary and extraordinary expenses.................................................... 3,563,697,001 The above receipts and expenses, converted into dollars, will stand about thus:- Receipts, ...Don Pedro Nolasco Au- $171,642,483; Expenditures, $178,184,850. They were for eighteen months, from January, 1862, to June 30, 1863. President of Council...... rioles. General Secretary..........Juan Sunyé. Council of Ministers.* PUBLIC DEBT.-On the 1st of December, 1861, the funded debt of Spain amounted to 14,274,734,301 reals, or about $713,736,715, paying an annual înterest of about $15,090,910. COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION, 1860. Countries. Total (reals)........ 1,483,313,498 1,298,203,445 or, in dollars..... Arrivals and Departures of Vessels, 1861.-The arrivals were 10,127 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,351.988; the departures were 9097, tonnage, 1,244,520. This does not include the 784,305,000 cabotage, or coasting trade, in which the arrivals 755,290,500 were 48,932 vessels, measuring 1,895,721 tons, and 1,158,256,000 the departures were 48,812, tonnage, 1,879,827. 178,500,000 Direct taxes......... Indirect taxes.... Stamps, tobacco, salt, &c........ Excess of colonial chests.... The "Almanach de Gotha" for 1864 states the composition of the Spanish army as follows, for the year 1862:-Captain-generals, 8; lieutenantgenerals, 50; marshals of camp, 110; brigadiers, 312; other officers, 8723; soldiers, 227,098,-total officers and men, 234,261. Horses, 21,600. THE SPANISH FLEET, 1862.-According to the "Almanach de Gotha" for 1864, the Spanish navy contained the following numbers and classes of vessels in 1862, viz. :— 2348106 66 20 guns............... Total screw steamers....................... Total of all vessels..................................... 12 30 92 169 At that time the following vessels were in course of construction: viz., 2 ships-of-the-line of 82 guns each; 6 frigates of 40 guns each; 4 steam frigates of 50 guns each; 11 goelettes and 12 gunboats of 2 guns each. An account of the navy received from the Spanish Legation at Washington, Oct. 1863, differs very greatly from the foregoing. According to this account, the navy consists of 2 ships-of-theline, 19 frigates of 36 to 50 guns, 7 corvettes of 16 to 30 guns, 8 brigs of 6 to 9 guns, 21 goelettes of 1 to 7 guns, 19 transports of 2 to 4 guns, 24 sidewheel steamers of 1 to 6 guns, 18 steam gunboats. Population of Spain, the Balearic Islands, and the Spanish colonies in 1863, is communicated to us from the Spanish Legation in the following 44 44 figures: 10 LIX. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Area, 292,440 square miles. Population of Sweden (1860), 3,859,728; of Norway (1855), 1,490,047, total, 5,319,775. Government, Constitutional Monarchy. Each country has a separate Legislature. Capital, Stockholm. Religion, Lutheran. The reigning sovereign of Sweden and Norway Is King Charles XV., who was born May 23, 1826, succeeded to the throne July 8, 1859, and was crowned at Stockholm, May 3, 1860, for Sweden, and at Trondhjem, Aug. 5, 1860, for Norway. | 18,819,865 467,526 376,437 7,634,291 27,298,119 nobility 2d. The clergy. 3d. The burghers of the cities and towns. 4th. The peasantry or landholders not noble. These form four separate Chambers. The nobles of the kingdom number about 2300, but only about 500 of them assemble in the Diet. The clergy consist of 12 bishops and 60 diocesan deputies, and are presided over by the Archbishop of Upsala. The burghers are 97 in number, of whom 10 are from Stockholm; and the deputies of the peasantry number 144. The Diet assembles every third year, and their next meeting will be in 1865. FINANCES OF SWEDEN. Budget to 31st December, 1863. According to the Budget for the triennial period ending with 1863, the annual receipts were 28,971,500 rix-dollars of the Swedish mint; and the annual expenses were 26,911,710 rix-dollars. The rix-dollar of the mint is about 28 cents of American money. The Public Debt of Sweden (Dec. 31, 1862) was 49,847,066 rix-dollars. COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION OF SWEDEN (1861).In the year named, the value of the imports was 106.570,000 rix-dollars, and the exports were 81,084,000 rix-dollars. Of these amounts 6,425,000 of the imports were from the United States, and 841,000 of the exports were to the United States. The effective of the merchant marine was 3313 vessels, measuring 306,952 tons: of these there were 219 steamers, of an aggregate force of 8970 horse power. THE ARMY AND NAVY OF SWEDEN (1862).-The total available military of the kingdom is 124,807 men; but these are, of course, not embodied in an army. The navy was as follows:-8 ships-of-theline, of which 2 were steamers; 6 frigates, of which 1 was a screw-steamer; 7 corvettes, of which 3 were steamers; 4 brigs, 18 schooners; 88 gunboats, of which 12 were steamers; 6 small steamers, 112 gun-launches, and 12 small transports. Total, 24 steamers and 237 sailing-vessels, carrying 1215 guns. POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES, 1861. Stockholm........ 112,391 Malmoe............. 20,149 Gothenbourg 38,504 Carlscrona......... 15,523 Norrkoeping.... 20,828 CONSTITUTION OF NORWAY (LEGISLATURE). Norway is a limited hereditary monarchy united with Sweden under one sovereign. The legisla tive power is exercised by the Stor-Thing, or Great Court, the members of which are chosen by the qualified electors of the kingdom for a term of three years. This body is divided into two chambers, the Lag-Thing and Odels-Thing, consisting of one-fourth and three-fourths respectively of the Great Court. The king's veto in effectual unless the measure has passed three successive Stor-Things without modification. FINANCES OF NORWAY.-According to the triennial Budget for the period ending Dec. 31, 1866, the annual expenditures are estimated at 4,770,000 thalers, and the receipts at the same sura. The Norwegian thaler is about $1.10 of the money of West India Colony.-Island of St. Barts: popu- the United States. lation, 8500. The Public Debt (1860) was 7,651,800 thalers. COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION (1860).—The imports in 1860 were of the value of 15,597,750 thalers; and the exports were of the value of 10,742,217 thalers. The merchant marine in 1862 consisted of 5493 vessels, measuring 552,154 tons, manned by 33,953 seamen. THE ARMY AND NAVY OF NORWAY.-The total military force of the line is 19,511 officers and men; the Landwehr numbers 15,604,-total, 35,115. The navy consists of 4 frigates, of which 2 are screw-steamers; 5 corvettes, of which 3 are screwsteamers; 3 schooners, of which 1 is a screwsteamer; 4 screw bomb-vessels, 125 gunboats, and 5 screw tugs,-making in all 146 armed vessels, carrying 854 guns. The available force for maritime conscription is 46,000 men. POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS. Christiania (city and suburbs, 1855)............................. 38,958 Bergen and suburbs......... Tröndhjem LX. SWITZERLAND. Area, 15,261 square miles. Population, 2,510,494. Government, Confederate Republic. Federal Assembly (Legislature) composed of Council of the States, and National Council. Capital, Berne. EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY OF SWITZERLAND.-The executive authority of Switzerland is vested in a Federal Council (Bundesrath) of 7 members, who are appointed for 3 years by the Federal Assembly. To the 7 members thus appointed, the administration of the executive departments is allotted. In 1863, the distribution of duties stood as follows: 25,770 THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY (LEGISLATIVE).—The leg islative power of Switzerland is vested in a Council of States (Staenderath), composed of 44 members, 2 from each canton; and a National Council (Nationalrath), composed of Deputies chosen by the people of the cantons respectively for three years, one Deputy for each 20,000 inhabitants. The number of Deputies in 1863 was 128, as follows:-Zurich, 13; Berne, 23; Lucerne, 7; Uri, 1; Schwyz, 2; Underwald (Upper), 1; Underwald (Lower), 1; Glaris, 2; Zug, 1; Fribourg, 5; Soleure, 3; Bâle (city), 2; Bâle (rural), 3; Schaffhausen, 2; Appenzell-Roads (without), 2; Appenzell-Roads (within), 1; St. Gall, 9; Grisons, 5; Argovie, 10; Thurgovie, 5; Tessin, 6; Vaud, 11; Neufchâtel, 4; Valais, 5, Geneva, 4: total, 128. FINANCES OF Switzerland for 1862.-In the year $19,911,656 francs, and the gross expenditures named, the gross revenue of the Republic was were $19,286,038 francs. 3,254,155 Customs........................................ 3,420,104 Soleure........................................................................................ 1,042,403 Schaffhausen... Executive Departments.. Army.... 634,986 Zug 19,608 105,523 69,263 40,683 51,582 35,500 Powders.... Mint.... 213,157 90,792 87,369 82,876 2,510,494 Polytechnic School... Telegraphic workshops......... 2,021,971 Appenzell-Roads (without)............ 68,753 THE SWISS FEDERAL ARMY.-According_to the Report of the Military Department, the Federal army comprises the following: Regular Army......................................... 82,280 Landwehr... Total The Regular army is made up of the men from 20 to 34 years old in the ratio of 3 per cent. of the population; the Reserves are composed of the men from 34 to 40 years old (who have served their term in the Regular army) in the ratio of 14 per cent. of the population; and the Landwehr comprises all men to the age of 44, able to bear arms, and who are not subject to duty in the Regular army or the Reserves. POPULATION OF THE SWISS CANTONS IN 1860. Argovie...... Thurgovie......... Tessin The religious divisions of the population of Switzerland were as follow in 1860-Protestants, 1,476,982; Catholics, 1,023,430; other Christians, 5866; Israelites, 4216. POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN 1860. Geneva Bâle Berne...... Lausanne.. Zurich St. Gall Lucerne. Uri.. 14,741 Neufchâtel FINANCES AND DEBT.-There is no recent official information on this subject. THE ARMY AND NAVY, 1861.-The active army (Nizam) was estimated in 1861 at 148,000 men,viz.: 36 regiments of infantry, mustering 100,800 men; 24 of cavalry, mustering 17,280 men; 6 of field artillery, mustering 7800 men; engineers, 1600 men; detached divisions, 16,000 men; and 5200 men to serve the artillery of the forts. The navy was estimated in 1861 at 48 vessels, carrying in all 1218 guns, and manned by 34,000 soldiers and sailors. Of the 48 vessels, 18 were steamers, 2 were ships-of-the-line, 5 were frigates, 6 were corvettes, and 5 were brigs. TURKISH POSSESSIONS IN ASIA AND AFRICA.-In 1844, the populations of the Turkish possessions out of Europe were as follows: Asia Minor, or Anatolia, with the Island of Cyprus...... 10,700,000 Armenia and Kourdistan .................... 1,700,000 Syria... 2,750,000 Arabia............ 900,000 Total of possessions in Asia........ 16,050,000 Egypt, Nubia, Sennaar, with Meroe...... 3,350,000 Tripoli, Barca, and Fez........................ 1,500,000 800,000 Tunis. Total of Asia and Africa............ 21,700,000 |