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Publications, $10,000: Request is made to increase the funds available for printing of publications for which no increase has been requested since 1954. Printing costs have risen since that time to such an extent that it is impossible to schedule the printing of necessary publications which are tools in the trade much less new bibliographic materials. Forms, $6,000: Continued expansion of the acquisition and processing of library materials, of personnel, services, and operations of the Library creates greater use of printed forms. In addition increased prices due to pay increases at the Government Printing Office make it necessary to request this increase for printed forms.

Photoduplication, $10,000: The need for this increase is twofold. First, the photoduplication service increased its prices by 15 percent effective in October 1965, and secondly, the use of Xerox as a copying device continues to expand. 8. Financing of the Monthly Index of Russian Accessions_-

In fiscal year 1966 one-third of the financing of the Monthly Index of Russian Accessions project was provided by direct appropriation to the Library of Congress and two-thirds by transfer from the National Science Foundation. Request is made to provide full financing of this important project by direct appropriation.

9. New positions required (58) -

Processing Department (32):

To provide for increase in binding requirements:

1 GS-5 and 2 GS-4_.

Contribution to retirement_

Contribution to health insurance---

Group life insurance_.

Total.

To provide financing for the Cyrillic Bibliographic Pro

+$162, 200

+399, 134

14, 457

940

150

48

15,595

ject:

26 positions___

Contribution to retirement_

Contribution to health insurance_-_

Group life insurance_.

Total_____

To augment the staff applying Class K (Law) to the legal
collection in the Library:

2 GS-2_.

Contribution to retirement_.

Contribution to health insurance__
Group life insurance....

Total____

To provide additional clerical assistance:
1 GS-4--

Contribution to retirement-.

Contribution to health insurance_-_.
Group life insurance_.

Subtotal_.

Total, processing department---.

63-051-66-12

207, 857

13, 511

1, 300

693

223, 361

7,612

495

100

26

8, 233

4, 639

301

50

15

5, 005

252, 194

Reference Department (19):

To provide for the continually growing acquisitions, ref-
erence, and bibliographic activities relating to the
African countries:

1 GS-9, 1 GS-5, and 1 GS-4..
Contribution to retirement....

1. Contribution to health insurance..
Group life insurance..

Total_

To strengthen reference and circulation services:

1 GS-9, 1 GS-7, 3 GS-5, 1 GS-4, and 4 GS-3_.

Contribution to retirement__

Contribution to health insurance.
Group life insurance.

Total_

To organize material for service to readers:

2 GS-9, 1 GS-6, and 3 GS-4_

Contribution to retirement___.

Contribution to health insurance.

Group life insurance.......

Subtotal___.

Total, Reference Department---

$17, 306 1, 125 150

58

18,639

50, 481 3,281 500

168

54, 430

34, 592

2,248

300

115

37, 255

110. 324

Law Library (3):

To provide assistance in development, maintenance, and servicing of American-British law collections:

1 GS-9___

Contribution to retirement-.

Contribution to health insurance.

Group life insurance_.

Total___.

To provide assistance in the preparation of records and briefs in the American-British Law Division:

1 GS-5---.

Contribution to retirement_-_.

Contribution to health insurance

Group life insurance..

Total_____

To provide assistance in the application of Class K (Law) classification to the collection of the Law Library:

1 GS-4__

Contribution to retirement__

Contribution to health insurance_

Group life insurance__

Subtotal

Total, Law Library-----

7,488

487

50

25

8,050

5. 179

337

50

17

5.583

4, 639

301

50

16

5, 006

18, 639

Administrative department (4): To provide additional book cleaning and general labor in order to maintain cleanliness, relieve congestion, and improve service:

4 WC-3-

Contribution to retirement_

Contribution to health insurance.

Group life insurance....

Total, administrative department....
Total increases_.

Net increase__

$16, 640 1, 082 200

55

17,977

+2, 347, 828

+2, 347, 300

INCREASE REQUESTED

Mr. ANDREWS. You ask for $14,342,000, an increase of $2,347,300 over direct appropriations for fiscal 1966?

Dr. MUMFORD. Yes, sir.

Mr. ANDREWS. According to your earlier summary sheet, of the total increase, $483,994 is to maintain just the present level of staff; $4,700 is for price increases; and $1,859,134 is for 58 new jobs, space rental, and the automation program, and so on. Will you take up each item, and we will ask you about them as we go along.

Dr. MUMFORD. If we begin on page 4 of the green sheets, Mr. Chairman, there is a small decrease in accident compensation.

WITHIN-GRADE INCREASES, REALLOCATIONS, AND WAGE BOARD INCREASES

The next item is the usual one for in-grade increases, reallocations, and so forth.

Mr. ANDREWS. That is $183,824?

Dr. MUMFORD. Yes, sir.

Mr. ANDREWS. We see this item in your budget every year. Why don't savings from turnover give you enough to cover that without asking for additional funds?

Dr. MUMFORD. As I am sure you are well aware, Mr. Chairman, there is a lapse factor. In other words, the money that is available does not cover fully the positions that you authorize for a full year. Discount is made and sufficient savings have to be made first of all to get us on an even keel. This lapse factor runs about 3 or 311⁄2 percent. Then if we have savings over and above that, it is desirable and necessary to employ temporary help when a position is vacant to carry work on; the work has to go on. Therefore we would not have savings available to take care of the within-grade promotions or reallocations.

the

Mr. ANDREWs. Are the reallocations to be expected every year at about the same rate?

Dr. MUMFORD. There will be some each year, Mr. Chairman. They have been higher for the last several years because of the fact the Library had not had a complete review of the classification of positions until several years ago, when we began these cyclical reviews, and we have now completed the circle twice and the reallocations will tend to be less each year. I do not think they are likely to increase. Several years ago we presented to the committee the fact that many of our positions had not been reviewed and were undergraded, and it took considerable money to provide for the allocations that came about at that time. Actually they are smaller now than they were.

Mr. ANDREWS. According to page 113 of the committee print, your average grade level dropped from 7.2 last year to 7.1 this year to 7 projected next year. How do you explain a drop when you are reclassifying upward and have been doing so all along to a certain extent? Dr. MUMFORD. We are constantly trying to get positions at the level at which they belong according to Civil Service standards. The reduction in average grade would result from the fact that many of the additional positions you have authorized have been at low-grade levels and we have not been adding a large number of people at the higher grade levels.

Mr. ANDREWS. On the wage board item of $20,920, when did that go into effect?

Mr. ROSSITER. December of 1965, Mr. Chairman, and this amount is for the full year's cost of those raises.

AUTOMATION STUDY

Mr. ANDREWS. On page 6 there is a plus item of $475,000 for an automation study, bringing the total to $685,000. Tell us where you stand on this project.

Dr. MUMFORD. This is a sizable item, Mr. Chairman, and I would like to request that pages 80 to 86 be placed in the record as a full explanation of what we are doing and I will undertake to speak to it, if I may.

Mr. ANDREWS. Pages 80 through 86 will be inserted at this point in

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In 1963 with foundation funds supplied by the Council on Library Resources, Inc., a survey team consisting of seven distinguished experts in various aspects of the application of computer technology to information problems completed a study of the possibilities of automation in the Library of Congress. Its report, Automation and the Library of Congress, was published by the Government Printing Office in January 1964.

The report concluded that automation of certain major portions of the basic bibliographic processes of the Library was both desirable and feasible. This conclusion was hailed with enthusiasm by many individuals, professional associations, and institutions in the library and research world, who agreed that the Library of Congress should through automation serve as a mass electronic store of library bibliographical information, furnish a standard for American libraries in utilizing computer techniques, and become the focal point for the development of a network of libraries offering automated research services.

The survey team recognized the vastness of the problem of applying automated techniques to the Library of Congress and also recognized the difficulty in estimating costs. It suggested that at least $750,000 would be required for obtaining a system design and specification and that from $50 million to $70 million would be required for implementing the design. Library of Congress specialists also recognize that such costs can represent only rough estimates, inasmuch as we are still several years away from achieving an operational system.

Since the publication of the survey report in 1964, the Library, under the direction of its Information Systems Office, has proceeded in an orderly and gradual manner, analyzing the Library's bibliographic tasks and operations and consulting with research libraries throughout the country at each step. Accomplishments to date are:

1. A comprehensive survey and systems analysis was started.

2. The preliminary version of a standard format for a machine-readable bibliographic record, corresponding to the present library catalog card, was developed.

3. A computer-controlled book and card printing process was developed in cooperation with the Government Printing Office.

4. Several library operations have been programmed and tested under automated conditions.

5. The development of procedures for a pilot test, and a feasibility study for a proposed new subscription service for supplying to other libraries catalog data in machine-readable form is under way with added foundation support.

6. The first steps toward awarding of a contract with a consulting firm for the first three stages of a seven-stage plan to automate the Library's central bibliographical control functions were taken.

Proposed automation activities in fiscal year 1967

1. Contractual services with consulting firms to continue the Library of Congress system development, which constitutes the Library's central bibliographic effort--

2. Studies by the Library staff in support of the contractual efforts; ad-
ministration of contractual services and the entire automation
effort; and furnishing information on library automation to
U.S. libraries_-_-

3. Pilot project to furnish machine-readable catalog data on tape to
other libraries, based on work done under a foundation grant in
fiscal year 1966.
Total_____

$450,000

135, 000

100, 000

685,000

A more detailed description of the program for fiscal year 1967 follows: Contractual services for systems design, $290,000 increase

By the end of the fiscal year 1966, the systems analysis of the present Library of Congress operations will have been completed and summarized, resulting in a cohesive statement of system requirements. In addition, work on the functional design of the proposed automated basis for future operations will have begun. This functional design provides the basis for the preparation of systems specifications which can eventually be submitted to prospective equipment contractors. Such specifications will describe in engineering terms, such elements as storage capacity, data transmission lines between key points, control paths, capabilities in numbers of several types of consoles, requirements for interrogation and response, estimates of retrieval needs for both real-time and batched services, and display requirements. In addition, the major data studies, file organization, indexing techniques, and other software requirements will be accomplished under this project.

A number of alternate automated approaches to input, display, and retrieval are also planned. The survey team in 1964 suggested that use of display consoles on-line to a computer would be the only satisfactory solution to bibliographic automation. This approach is still considered fundamental to automating a library. The system envisaged will require the use of the display consoles, multiple simultaneous operations, and communication facilities for interrogation of the Library's computer files from remote terminals.

Administration of the program and studies by Library staff, $85,000 increase The Information Systems Office consists of a staff of five appropriated positions. To obtain flexibility in an area which is essentially research and development, it is proposed to continue the practice of adding additional staff on a temporary basis as needed. This staff will administer the contractual services and the entire automation effort and will also furnish library automation information needed by U.S. libraries.

A number of smaller engineering and data studies, which support the main effort to be performed by contracts, will be undertaken in-house by the Library

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