Most of them were suffered to go into exile; | away, father, the stranger will do you harm." but Coes, the counsellor of Darius, was stoned Cleomenes accepted the omen and left the to death by the people of Mitylene, and liberty room, and Aristagoras soon after quitted Sparta. was everywhere re-established in the revolted cities.

ings towards Persia, and had convinced them
that they had nothing but enmity to expect from
it. When they were threatened with invasion
by Cleomenes after his ignominious capitula-
tion, they had sent envoys to Sardis to propose
an alliance with Persia and to solicit aid: the
first example of the fatal policy which afterward
brought so many calamities upon Greece. The
satrap, who had never heard of Athens, and
could scarcely understand an alliance with his
master which was not subjection, consented to
protect the Athenians if they would present the
usual signs of submission. The envoys, either
thinking the danger so pressing that deliverance
was cheap at any price, or not interpreting the
act required in the same sense with Artapher-
nes, undertook to give earth and water.
on their return they were sharply censured, and
their concession was not ratified. This inci-
dent probably strengthened the arguments of
Hippias, who was now at Sigeum or Sardis,
gnawed by revenge and disappointed ambition,
and was using all his efforts to induce Arta-
phernes to take up his quarrel. The Athenians,
hearing of his machinations, sent, as unwisely
as before, to deprecate the satrap's interference.
The answer they received was a just rebuke:
they should be safe if they would recall their
tyrant. As this was the worst evil they dread-
ed, they began at last to give up all thoughts
of appeasing the enmity of Persia, and prepared
themselves to defy it.

But

Athens was the second state in Greece, and here Aristagoras made his next application with Aristagoras having secured the steadfastness better hopes of success.. The Athenians had of his countrymen by these pledges, himself already had some transactions with Artaphersailed to Greece, to persuade some of the lead-nes which had raised in them no friendly feeling states to espouse his cause. He first bent his course to Sparta, where Cleomenes was now king in the line of Eurysthenes, and Demaratus in that of Procles. Cleomenes was the son of Anaxandridas by a second wife whom the ephors had forced him to marry, though they permitted him to retain his first wife, to whom he was much attached, but who had hitherto proved childless. After the second marriage, however, she became the mother of three princes, Dorieus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. Dorieus, a high-spirited youth, hoped on his father's death that he should succeed to the throne; and when Cleomenes was preferred to him as the lawful heir, quitted Sparta with a band of followers, and after various adventures on the coasts of Africa and Italy, fell in battle with the Phonicians near Segesta in Sicily. The headstrong temper of Cleomenes seems to have given him some advantage over his milder colleague in carrying his measures, and he was more inclined to new and bold enterprises. To him Aristagoras addressed himself. In a private interview he drew forth a brass plate, containing a map of the world, according to the most exact notion that had been then formed by the Ionian sages of its outline and its parts. The Persian Empire occupied the largest portion of it, and Aristagoras pointed out the situation of the provinces that lay between the Ægean and Susa, and extolled their wealth and fertility, and the immense treasures piled up in the capital. According to him, the Spartans had only The public mind at Athens was in this state to cross over to Asia, and they would find no when Aristagoras arrived. Here he had no obstacle to prevent them from marching to Susa, need of secrecy or of bribes. He found willing and making themselves masters of it. He re-hearers when in the assembly of the people he minded his hearer of the continual wars in unfolded the same tempting prospect which he which Sparta had been engaged with her neigh- had spread before Cleomenes-the wealth of bours of Messenia, and Arcadia, and Argos, and Asia, the rudeness of the Persian mode of fightof the hard struggles she had often maintained ing, the certainty and the fruits of victory. To for a paltry strip of barren land, like Cynuria, these motives he added one of piety-the reliand compared these laborious and unproductive gious obligation of protecting a distressed colconquests with the fair and opulent regions of ony of Athens. His eloquence prevailed: a Asia, which a slight effort would be sufficient decree was passed to send a squadron of twento subdue. Cleomenes took three days to con- ty ships to the assistance of the Ionians, under sider his answer. But when he again saw the command of Melanthius, a man of the highAristagoras, he asked him how many days' est reputation. Herodotus observes that the journey lay between the sea and the palace at thirty thousand Athenians were more easily deSusa. The Ionian was thrown off his guard, luded than Cleomenes. But it does not appear and did not conceal that the distance was a that in this case they were either grossly dethree months' march. On hearing this, Cleom-ceived or flagrantly rash. The twenty ships enes, astonished and alarmed, hastily broke off the conversation, and bade the stranger quit Sparta without delay. Aristagoras, however, had still one engine of persuasion left. With the ensigns of a suppliant he went to the king's house, and found him with his daughter Gorgo, a child eight or nine years old, by his side. She looked on unheeded while Aristagoras tendered to Cleomenes the price of his assistance. His offers gradually rose; but when they had reached fifty talents, the child, perceiving that her father was tempted to something which he thought to be wrong, suddenly exclaimed, "Go

were indeed the occasion of events which they could not have dreamed of; but they might not unreasonably consider the measure as one of prudent precaution, by which an avowed enemy was occupied at home, and diverted from an attack with which he had already threatened them.

Aristagoras sailed back to Asia before the Athenian squadron, and on his arrival took a step for which no motive can be assigned but the desire of provoking Darius. He sent a message to the transplanted Pæonians, and offered, if they would make their way to the

a goddess revered by the Persians as well as the Lydians. And this accident, which was probably interpreted as a sacrilegious outrage, inflamed the resentment of the king and the whole nation. His first care, however, was to quell the Ionian insurrection, which was beginning to spread into other parts. He called Histiæus into his presence, upbraided him with the revolt of his kinsman, and expressed strong suspicions of his own fidelity. But the artful Greek not only persuaded Darius of his innocence, but even obtained leave to go to Ionia, where he undertook to suppress the rebellion, which, he observed, could never have broken out but in his absence. Gross as this dissimulation was, it certainly succeeded; but, however great the simplicity of Darius may have been, it sounds incredible that he should have been caught by a promise which Listiæus is said to have held out, of subjecting the island of Sardinia to his empire, unless, indeed, he was totally ignorant of its situation, or rumour had prodigiously exaggerated its wealth and importance.

coast, to furnish them with the means of returning to their native land. They forthwith set out in a body with all their households, outstripped the pursuit of the Persian cavalry, and reached the seaside, where they found Ionian vessels which transported them to the coast of Thrace. In the mean while the twenty Athenian ships came to Miletus, accompanied by five galleys from Eretria. The Eretrians were still more imprudent than the Athenians, for they had never been threatened by the Persians; but, without calculating the danger, they joined in the expedition, to discharge a debt of gratitude for succour which they had once received from the Milesians in a war with their neighbours of Chalcis. The united forces proceeded to Ephesus under the command of two Milesians, one a brother of Aristagoras, for he himself stayed at Miletus. At Coressus in the Ephesian territory the troops landed, and, re-enforced by a strong body of Ionians, set off with guides from Ephesus up the vale of the Cayster. Then ascending Mount Tmolus, they crossed over to its northern side, and poured down like a torrent on the unguarded capital of Lydia. Arta- In the mean while Aristagoras had in vain phernes was there he threw himself into the solicited fresh succours from the Athenians, citadel, which was capable of standing a long who were disheartened by the issue of the exsiege; but the city fell into the hands of the in- pedition. But the Ionian fleet, though aban vaders, who immediately began to plunder it. doned by their squadron, was not inactive. It The houses of Sardis were chiefly of wicker- first sailed to the north: its presence induced work, and those which were built of bricks were Byzantium and the other cities of the coasts thatched with reeds: a precaution against the between the Ægean and the Euxine to rise effects of the earthquakes to which this region against the Persians, and enabled them to asis peculiarly subject. A soldier in the heat of sert their independence. Caria had been wa pillage set fire to a house; the flames soon vering; but the tidings of the capture of Sardis, spread through the town. The inhabitants, probably because it proved that the Ionians driven out of their houses, rushed in a body to were in earnest, decided almost the whole countheir market-place on the Pactolus, their last try to embrace their cause. At the same time retreat, and with the courage of despair defend- Cyprus shook off the Persian yoke. Yet all ed themselves against the enemy. The Athe- these fair prospects were soon overclouded. nians and their allies, kept at bay in the midst The generals of Darius, who had driven the of a burning city, began to think their own sit-Athenians to their ships, and had routed the uation dangerous. They might soon be attack- Ionian army at Ephesus, proceeded to reduce ed in the rear by an army which would proba- the maritime cities to obedience. Daurises bly be sent to the relief of Artaphernes, and took several towns on the Hellespont and the they could not hope to effect the reduction of Propontis at the first assault, and was pushing the citadel. They therefore resolved to make his conquests in this quarter, when he received a timely retreat, and hastily retraced their march tidings of the rebellion in Caria, and immediover the ridge of Tmolus, and down the vale of ately marched to suppress it. The Carians rethe Cayster. They had not long left Sardis be-jected the counsel of one of their countrymen, fore the whole force of the province, which had been promptly levied on the news of the invasion, came up to protect the capital. It overtook them in the Ephesian territory, where a battle took place in which they were defeated: the Ionian troops dispersed among their cities, and their allies sailed home to Eretria and Athens.

The indignation of Darius, when he heard of the destruction of Sardis, was bent not so much against the Ionians as against the obscure strangers who had dared to defy his power, and to side with his rebellious subjects. His first question was, who the Athenians were; his first prayer, that he might live to punish them; and one of his attendants was charged, every day before the king began his meal, to recall the name of the Athenians to his thoughts. The conflagration at Sardis had consumed not only the private dwellings, but the temple of Cybele,

* See p. 169.

who advised them to place the Mæander in their rear before they gave the Persians battle, that necessity might goad them into preternatural valour. They preferred seeing the enemy in a position where his retreat would be cut off; but they lost the day and ten thousand men. After this defeat they deliberated on leaving their country; but succours came from Miletus, which encouraged them to venture another battle, in which they were worsted with still greater slaughter. These disasters appear to have broken their strength, so that, though they still maintained the unequal conflict, and even drew Daurises into an ambush in which he was slain, this advantage could only retard their subjuga tion till another general found leisure to reduce them. The Cyprian revolt did not last more than a year: it had been fomented by a brother of the King of Salamis, who wished to usurp the diadem. All the cities of the island sup ported him except Amathus, which he besieged. Hearing that a Persian general was about

to cross over from Cilicia in a Phoenician fleet, he sent for succours from Ionia. They came, and the hostile forces met both by sea and land. The Ionians gained a victory over the Phonician fleet; but the Cyprians were betrayed by one of their native princes and defeated; and their allies, seeing their affairs totally ruined, sailed away.

entrance by night. The Chians, though they had assisted him in this enterprise, would neither submit to his command, nor furnish him with ships. But he found the people of Lesbos more compliant. There he collected a little squadron of eight triremes, with which he sailed to Byzantium, and, as if he had been legiti mate sovereign of Ionia, seized the merchant vessels of all the cities which would not ac

After this Artaphernes and Otanes began vigorously to press the cities of Ionia and Eo-knowledge his authority. lis. When Clazomenæ and Cuma had fallen, Aristagoras, easily dejected as he was sanguine in his hopes, grew desponding, and turned his thoughts to flight. He assembled his friends, and advised them to fix on some place of refuge, where they might find shelter if the progress of the Persian arms should force them to abandon Miletus. He proposed that for this purpose they should immediately send out a colony, and suggested the island of Sardinia, or his kinsman's town of Myrcinus. Hecatæus was present at this deliberation also, and was adverse to both plans. He advised his fellow-citizens, should they be driven to the last extremity, to fortify themselves in the island of Leros, and there wait for an opportunity of recovering Miletus. But Aristagoras himself was bent on taking possession of Myrcinus, and he induced the majority to adopt his views. He left Miletus, where he had surrendered the name, but not the substance of power, in the hands of a respectable citizen, and himself sailed to the banks of the Strymon. Here he was soon after cut off with his army, as he lay before a Thracian city, by a sally of the besieged.*

While he remained here, doing all the mischief he could to his country, the Ionian insurrection was drawing to a crisis. The Persian generals had resolved to strike it on the head, by capturing Miletus, the fall of which would crush the hopes of all the other revolted cities, which looked up to her as their chief. It was therefore determined to besiege Miletus by sea and land. The scattered divisions of the army were collected to bear up on this point, and a great fleet was equipped in the harbours of Phoenicia, Egypt, Cilicia, and Cyprus, to blockade it from the sea. While these armaments were expected, the Ionians who adhered to the cause* held a congress at the Panionium, to concert their plan of defence. It was agreed not to encounter the Persian army in the field, and to leave the Milesians to sustain the siege on the land side as they could; but that the whole strength of the confederacy should be exerted to drive the enemy from the Egean, and the fleet was appointed to assemble at Ladé. Ladé was then a small island; by the depositions of the Mæander it has now become part of the plain which separates the site of Miletus from the sea. Here the naval force of the confederates met: Chios sent the largest squadron, a hundred galleys: the Lesbians, though their privateers were still at Byzantium with Histi

These events had happened before Histiæus arrived at Sardis. Artaphernes was more clearsighted than Darius, or had better information, and perceived the connexion between the Ionian rebellion and the designs of Histiæus. "Aris-æus, seventy: the Samians could still raise as tagoras," he one day said to him, "drew the sandal on, but it was of your stitching." This speech drove him into the measure on which he had long resolved before it was quite ripe. He made his escape from Sardis by night, and crossed over to Chios. The Chians at first arrested him as an enemy, but he soon removed their suspicions, without, however, gaining their confidence. Many were angry with him, as having wantonly provoked a war which threatened the ruin of Ionia. To appease them, he forged a story that Darius had meditated transplanting the Ionians to Phoenicia, and bestowing their land on the Phoenicians. His first step was to renew an intrigue which had been interrupted by his flight from Sardis. He had there sounded some of the Persians, and had found them not averse to his plans. He now wrote to them on the subject of their past conversations; but the bearer of his letters showed them to Artaphernes, who, having procured evidence of the guilt of the conspirators from their own answers, put them all to death. Histiæus wished to take the lead in the war which he had kindled, but he found himself a homeless adventurer. Miletus, glad to be rid of Aristagoras, would not admit her old tyrant, and he was repulsed and wounded in an attempt which he made, with the aid of the Chians, to force an

* Herodotus, v., 126, and Thucydides, iv., 102, supply one another, and, perhaps, only appear to differ a little about the details.

many as sixty; but Phocæa, though she had not lost her old spirit, could equip no more than three. The united navy amounted to 353 triremes. The hostile fleet which was on its way from the East numbered 600. Notwithstanding this vast superiority in numbers, the Persian generals, when they considered that of the Ionians in nautical skill, felt that they were by no means sure of victory, and would fain have avoided the approaching conflict. They therefore convened the tyrants, who, after being expelled from their cities at the beginning of the insurrection, had betaken themselves to their foreign protectors, and were then serving in the Persian army, and commissioned them to endeavour each to detach his fellow-citizens from the confederacy, by offers of pardon for their past offences on their return to obedience, and by threats of the most rigorous treatment if their obstinacy should at length be subdued by force. The overtures were made secretly and separately, and probably, from this very cause, were in each instance rejected: each state believed that it would incur alone the shame and the hazard of the defection, instead of being led to fear that it might be left to sustain a deserted cause.

During the interval in which the hostile fleets were watching each other, neither willing to begin the decisive conflict, Dionysius, the coin

Ephesus, Colophon, and Lebedus are nat mentioned, and seem to have kept aloof. Her., vi., 8.

Aristagoras (B.C. 494) the capital of Ionia was stormed by the Persians. The conquerors carried into effect the threats with which they accompanied their pacific offers before the battle. Those of the citizens who escaped the sword were carried into captivity with their families. By the order of Darius they were transplanted to the head of the Persian Gulf, and settled in a town called Ampe, in the marshes near the mouth of the Tigris. The shrine of Branchida was plundered of its sacred treasures. Miletus became a Persian colony, a part of its territory was annexed to that of Pedasa. Its destruction was felt at Athens as a national calamity, and the poet Phrynichus, who ventured to wound the feelings of his audience by exhibiting it as a tragedy, was punished by a heavy fine. The next year the other cities on the coast of Ionia experienced a similar fate. They were not, indeed, utterly desolated; but their fairest chil

mander of the Phocæans, observed that the na- | fall of Miletus. Six years after the revolt of val camp at Ladé was far from displaying the order and good discipline which so critical a juncture demanded. In a general assembly he pointed out to his countrymen the danger of insubordination and supineness, and prevailed on them to commit themselves to his guidance. When he was invested with the chief command, he did not suffer a day to pass without devoting several hours to martial exercises. He drew out the fleet in order of battle, practised the rowers in the evolutions of a seafight, and kept the marines at the same time under arms in the places where their services would be required. After seven days of this laborious training, the troops began to murmur at what they easily persuaded themselves was a profitless hardship, and to rail at Dionysius as an ambitious meddler. It seemed intolerable that a man who had only brought three ships to join the fleet should domineer over all the rest: the Persians themselves could not lord it more ty-dren were carried away to fill or to guard the rannically over their slaves; and they resolved to shake off the authority of Dionysius, and to assert the rights of freemen. Instead of going abroad to execute his commands, they henceforth dispersed themselves in parties over the island, and reposed during the heat of the day under tents which they pitched on the most agreeable spots. The Samian commanders were disgusted with this folly, for some of them, who were before inclined to accept the terms offered by the Persians, made use of it as an argument to draw the others over to their views. The end was, that they sent to their banished tyrant, Æaces, the son of Syloson, and declared their readiness to close with his late proposals. It was agreed that they should desert in the battle.

royal harem. The islands of Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos, were swept of their inhabitants by a process like that which Otanes employed in Samos. The subjugation of Ionia was complete. Histiæus did not survive the ruin he had caused. After the fall of Miletus, thinking himself unsafe in the Bosporus, he sailed with his Lesbian squadron to Chios, and easily made himself master of the island, which had spent all its forces at the battle of Ladé. After this, with a larger force collected from the remnant of the war, he invaded the island of Thasos. But he was interrupted in the siege of the town by news of the approach of the Persian fleet, and sailed to Lesbos. Finding himself in want of provisions for his troops, he crossed over to the continent for the purpose of reaping the harThe Persian fleet now sailed confidently to vest in the vale of the Caicus, which he exthe attack: the Ionians met them without sus-pected to find unprotected. But Harpagus, a picion of treachery. But in the beginning of the action the Samians quitted their post, and bore away to Samos. Only eleven captains refused to obey their superior officers, and kept their places; they were afterward rewarded by a monument in the market-place of Samos. The example of the rest, however, was followed by the Lesbians, and as the alarm spread, by the greater part of the fleet. The Chians almost alone remained firm amid the general consternation; but their skill and valour were at length overpowered by superior numbers, and they were compelled to fly. Those whose galleys were disabled from escaping the pursuit of the enemy, ran them aground at Cape Mycalé, and The Persian fleet continued its victorious caleft them. They bent their way northward; but, reer towards the Hellespont. The cities north passing through the Ephesian territory in the of the Egean were successively overpowered, night, while the women were celebrating a fes- and sank in the flames. The men of Byzantival, they were taken for robbers who had come tium and Chalcedon did not wait for the enewith sacrilegious intentions, and were all cut to my's attack, but left their towns to found a new pieces by the Ephesians. Dionysius of Phocæa one called Mesembria, on the western coast of had fought till the struggle became desperate, the Euxine. Miltiades, too, thought himself no and had taken three of the enemy's ships; when longer safe. The principality which he had forced to fly, he sailed to Phoenicia, sank sev-long governed in the Chersonesus had beer eral merchantmen, and, laden with spoil, steered for Sicily, and thence carried on an unremitting war against the old enemies of his countrymen, the Tyrsenians* and Carthaginians. The defeat off Ladé was soon followed by the

See Niebuhr, Hist., 1., p. 125, ed. 3.

Persian general, happened to be at hand with a considerable force: the marauders were surprised and routed, and Histiæus himself, being overtaken by a Persian horseman, believing that the clemency of Darius might yet spare his life, cried out in the Persian language for quarter, and made himself known. He was led to Artaphernes, who immediately ordered him to be crucified, and sent his head to Susa. The only person in the world, perhaps, who felt pity or regret for his fate was Darius himself, who gave his remains a more honourable interment than they deserved, and blamed the hasty vengeance of the viceroy.

founded by his uncle Miltiades, son of Cypselus, during the reign of Pisistratus at Athens. The Doloncians, a Thracian tribe, wanted a chief to protect them from the inroads of their neighbours, the savage Apsinthians. Under the direction of the Delphic oracle, by an accidental or preconcerted combination of circumstances.

well as from the influx of fresh settlers, we may suppose the new Greek population of Miletus to have arisen. In the next year after the close of the war, the Persian government adopted an tent of its Ionian subjects, and to keep them in willing subjection. The king's son-in-law, Mardonius, was sent down to take the place of Artaphernes, and one of his first proceedings after his arrival in Ionia was to depose the tyrants who had been placed in the cities by his predetion. This change appeared so repugnant to Persian maxims, that Herodotus thought it sufficient to silence the objections of those who doubted that democracy could have found an advocate among the Seven Conspirators. It does, indeed, indicate more knowledge of man

tney found one in the son of Cypselus, who was glad to withdraw from the jealous eye of Pisistratus. He secured their peninsula by carrying a wall across the Isthmus, waged a war with Lampsacus, in which he was made pris-expedient still better fitted to allay the discononer, and released through the intercession of Croesus, and dying childless, left his dominions to his nephew Stesagoras, son of Cimon, who was soon after assassinated. At this time his brother, the younger Miltiades, was at Athens, and Stesagoras having left no child, Pisistratus, who, according to Herodotus, had before processor, and to set up a democratical constitucured the assassination of his father, sent him to take possession of the vacant inheritance. On his aval he found it necessary to establish authority by violence. He entrapped the incipal men of the Chersonesus, and threw them into chains; took five hundred foreigners into his pay, and strengthened himself by mar-kind, larger views, and sounder principles of rying a Thracian princess.* He was, in the full Greek sense of the word, a tyrant. We have seen that he attended Darius on the Scythian expedition, and that the part he is said to have acted on that occasion was apparently either unknown or forgotten. After the Scythian inroad, of which we know nothing but that it drove him out of his territories, had passed by, he returned and remained in peace, till he saw himself threatened with invasion by the triumphant arms of Persia. While the Persian fleet was lying off Tenedos, he filled five galleys with his treasure, and set sail for Athens. He narrow-gotten. ly escaped the enemy with four of his ships; the fifth was taken, and in it his son Metiochus, whom the captors sent, it is said, as a peculiarly welcome prize, to Darius. If the father had, indeed, incurred the king's anger, the son was generously treated; for instead of death or a prison, he received a fair estate and a Persian wife. The expelled tyrant became again an Athenian citizen.

policy, than could have been expected from a barbarous and despotic court, and reflects honour on the understanding of Mardonius or of Darius. Yet the last insurrection had shown that, while the dominion of the tyrants irritated the people, and afforded a constant motive to rebellion, their own fidelity was by no means secure. A popular form of government gave a vent to the restless spirits which might otherwise have endangered the public quiet; and in the enjoyment of civil liberty and equality, the sovereignty of the foreign king was almost for

Mardonius had come with a mighty armament, which was designed to wreak the vengeance of Darius upon Athens and Eretria, and at the same time to spread the terror of his name, and to strengthen his power in Eu rope. A large fleet was to sweep the Egean, and to exact obedience from the islands, while Mardonius himself led the land force into Greece, and on his way subdued the Thracian After the first transports of hostile fury had and Macedonian tribes which had not yet subsubsided, and the insult offered by the rebellion mitted. The fleet first directed its course to to the majesty of the empire had been suffi- the island of Thasus, which still drew a large ciently avenged, Artaphernes set about the regu- revenue from the gold-mines first opened there lation of the subdued country, and, in Roman by the Phoenicians, as well as from others on language, reduced it to the form of a province. the opposite continent. The wealth of the He extinguished all remains of independence in Thasians had tempted Histiæus, and his attack the Ionian cities, forbade them any longer to had induced them to increase their navy and decide their quarrels by the sword, and com- to strengthen their fortifications. They now pelled their deputies, whom he had summoned to yielded to the Persians without a struggle; and Sardis for this purpose,† to bind themselves by the next year, when Darius, suspecting that treaties, which ought to have been the work of their preparations were aimed against himself, their own free will, to submit all their differen- commanded them to throw down their walls, ces to arbitration. He then caused a survey and to surrender their ships, they acquiesced to be taken of their territories, and apportion- with equal readiness. But the Persian armaed their tribute according to the extent of ment was soon after checked in its progress by the districts. Its whole amount was not in- a violent storm which overtook it off Mount creased. Thus tranquillity was restored, and Athos, and was thought to have destroyed not order established, though at the expense of lib- less than three hundred vessels and twenty erty; the cities revived, and no doubt recover-thousand lives. Mardonius himself was not ed many of their former inhabitants, who had fled from them to avoid the first violence of the victorious enemy: from such a remnant, as

much more fortunate: in his march through Macedonia his camp was surprised in the night by the Brygians, an independent tribe of Thracian blood; he lost many of his troops, and was himself wounded. He punished this aggression indeed, and did not leave the country till he had tamed the Brygians; but his forces were so weakened by these disasters, that he thought it prudent to end the campaign with this conquest, and returned to Asia.

The resolution of Darius was not shaken by