CHAPTER V. DEMOCRACY-THE DEMAGOGUE. Belief in the Orator-His Danger in Democracies-Picture of a Political Debating Room-Exaggerated conception of the qualities of a Statesman -General influence of the Statesman-The Demagogue and Foreign Affairs-Danger from him in the Future CHAPTER VI. DEMOCRACY-THE MARCH OF CONCENTRATION. 325-339 Fear of an Industrial Aristocracy-Fallacy and Safeguards-Effects of Monopoly 340-343 CHAPTER VII. De Tocqueville and the Tyranny of the Majority--Aristocracies and Democracies compared in this Respect-Low Tone of Morality in Democracies-Reasons for this-Individualism and Egotism-Envy a Vice of Democracies-Its Form in Aristocracies-Its Uses CHAPTER VIII. DEMOCRACY-SOCIETY. 344-352 Charge of Monotony-Society Picturesque in Aristocracies, Individuals in Democracies-Charge of Want of Culture-Education more general, but Culture less than in Aristocracies-Reasons and IllustrationsImportance of Manners-Manners bad in Democracies-ReasonsDifferences in points of View 353-365 PART VI. THEORY OF PROGRESS. CHAPTER I. Existing Theories of Progress unsatisfactory-Comte's failure to grasp the Controlling Factor-Guizot deals with Special Causes, not General Laws of Civilization-Buckle's Theory-Its Incompleteness pointed outCarlyle's Theory-How it differs from Buckle's-Herbert Spencer's Theory two wide and general for Practical Purposes-Hegel's Theory-Scope of my own attempt 366-377 CHAPTER II. THE CONTROLLING FACTOR. All Thinkers divided into two great Schools on this question-Those who hold by the preaching of Morality, and those who hold by ameliorating the Material and Social Conditions-Comte and Carlyle represent the first -Chain of Thought by which they respectively arrive at their conclusion -My own View-Illustrations and proofs of the dependence of Morality on the Conditions of Life-Parents-Press-American Slavery-Crusades --The Reformation-French Revolution-Proofs from Laws of the Mind and of the World-From Practical Life-From Society in GeneralFrom Intellectual Advancement-From Failure of Attempts to Realize Higher Ideals-From the Genesis of Ideals-From the Practical Methods of the Statesman-From the Fears of Men-Material and Social Conditions not sole Cause but Controlling Factor in Civilization. 378-395 CHAPTER III. THE EQUALIZATION OF CONDITIONS. In what does Civilization consist ?-Two Movements, Lateral and VerticalThucydides-The Equalization of Conditions indispensable to a further Advance in Civilization-Illustrated by small States, huge Armaments, and old Balance of Power-Practical Statesmanship works by Equalizing Conditions-The Revolution-The Reform Bill-Trades' Unionism Land League-Early days of California-Superior and Inferior-Slavery-Illustrations from the Past-Chiefs-Kings-Written Law-Scientific Judicature-How they extend Justice by more and more Equalizing the Conditions-Illustrations from Historical Cataclysms— The Downfall of the Roman Empire-Feudalism-Border-RaidersSociety not Homogeneous-Complications-The rise in Men's Ideals made possible only by successive Equalizations of their Material and Social Conditions--Proofs and Illustrations from History and the Present Time. 396-411 CHAPTER IV. The four great factors in Civilization-First, Religion-Second Material and Social Conditions-Third, Religion in its character as PhilosophyFourth, Science, physical and mental-Summary of part played by Religion in Civilization-Of part played by Material and Social Conditions On Religion in its character as Philosophy-What is its normal function ? -Historical and other illustrations-Summary of part played by Science -Influence of Science in equalizing conditions of life illustrated Negative effects of Science on Religion and on Society - Proofs from History of Eastern Civilizations-Why Science did not arise in the East -Why the Priests attained to supremacy in the East-Origin of Caste — Stagnation - Influence of Mental Science on Civilization-Progress shown in successive Religions-Art, Science, Poetry, Industrial Arts Practical Morality, all results of combination among the above primary factors. 412-428 CHAPTER V. The parts played by the factors in combination-The Ideal in Man-Each Religion satisfies the longings of the Individual-Religious philosophies have affected the race in proportion to the amount of insight embodied in them-Hindooism - Mahommedanism - Stoicism Judaism - Christianity-Catholicism-Protestantism-No Religion can jump the element of Time for the race, but must wait for the dilatory Material and Social Conditions-The illusory hopes created by the neglect of the element of Time-Evidences of real moral advances in Civilization-Their immediate dependence on the Material and Social Conditions-Things make their own Morality-Belief and Sight-The dynamical or initiative force in Civilization is the Ideal in Man-Its different sides-Panoramic view of Christianity-Spiritual Thinkers-Modern Science The Future. 429-440 INTRODUCTORY. IN N the present work I propose to trace the great laws of Civilization and Progress, and to exhibit, in as systematic a form as possible, the parts played respectively in civilization by Religion, Government, Science, and the general Material and Social Conditions of the world. But just as in a watch the connexion of each wheel and movement with every other must be known and adjusted before the watch can be of any practical service; or as in an electrical apparatus the connexion between all the links of the circuit must be established before the machine can be made available for working purposes; so until the laws which unite each of the great factors of civilization with every other are known and understood, we cannot have a theory of civilization which will be of practical value, either as enabling us the better to understand the Past, or as affording us guidance for the Future; the failure to apprehend the part played by any one of the factors completely vitiating the practical value of the theory as a whole. Now although the illustrious thinkers, who up to the present time have been engaged on the problem of civilization, have succeeded, in the face of enormous difficulties, in establishing the true relations existing between certain of the factors, none of them, in my opinion, have clearly established the true relations existing between them all, and none of them therefore have given us a theory of civilization that can lay any claim to completeness. Comte, for example, although he succeeded in working out, with great brilliancy and with an abundance of historical detail the relations existing between Religion and Science, failed to discover the link that united Religion with Material and Social B |