Inquisition, Catholic, i. 6; ii. 287;
Spanish, 23, 37, 293
Institute, French, i. 4

Intendants in France, i. 31, 124.
Interstate Commerce Commission, i.
365, 500; ii. 62, 418; relations, 62, 432
Ireland, i. 98; Lecky upon, ii. 260;
suffrage in, 262

Irish Church, i. 30; members, 98;
soldiers, 98

Italy, i. 7, 33, 350; before French
Revolution, 19; failure of constitu-
tional government, ii. 211; consti-
tution of 1848, 212; executive power
in, 212; conflict of powers, 213;
effect of, 217; city government,

113

JACOBINS, i. 146, 153-155; ii. 521;
small number in all France, 151;
club, 149, 159

Jamaica, slavery in, i. 26

James I., i. 58; ii. 62, 129, 179
Jenckes, Thomas A., i. 440

Jesuit, i. 23; ii. 287, 303

Jew, i. 345, 347

Judiciary, not discussed in this book,
i. 43, 519; ii. 42, 72
June, insurrection of, i. 230, 238

KENT, CHANCELLOR, ii. 372
Kings, France, standing army and
taxes without parliament, i. 351;
grievances accumulate, not re-
dressed, 351; Louis XVI. left
powerless by Assembly, 145
Kulturkampf, German, ii. 229

LABOR, i. 26, 42; ii. 170

Lamartine, i. 192, 221, 231; ii. 250
Lamy, Étienne, "La République on
1883," i. 301

Larousse, Encyclopédie, i. 153; ii.
305, 308

La Salle and Tonty, ii. 301
Law, department in plan of charter,

ii. 461, 478; government of, 15
Lawyers and constitution, ii. 401, 407
Leader, i. 86; ii. 442; House of Com-
mons, i. 88; necessary in national
crisis, 337; opportunity for, ii. 533,
542

Leadership. i. 72, 86, 244, 292, 328;

none in Congress, i. 386; absence
of, 498; of Cabinet in Congress, ii.
330; Bryce and Bagehot, 376; def-
erence not necessary, 377; effect of
absence, 379

Lecky, W. E. H., "History of England,"
i. 25; ii. 242; motive force and not
machinery of government, 242; on
modern France, 248; golden era,
1832-67, 248; check on House of
Commons, 251; middle classes, 253;
American scandals, 257; difference
of public and private life in America,
258; upon Ireland, 261; on differ-
ences of race, 261; on public press,
263; evils are prospective, 263; de-
mocracy and finance, 268; on gov-
ernment by single chamber, 270,
274; protection in United States,
270; parliamentary government,
272; remedy through legislature
and not executive, 276; coming
changes in government, 278
Ledru-Rollin, i. 194, 221, 224, 231, 234,
236

Legal Tender Act, i. 481; unconstitu-
tional because not necessary, 482;
real evil in quantity, 483; Supreme
Court upon, ii. 191, 393

Législatif Corps, dissolution of, i. 261
Legislation, nine-tenths of, in Great
Britain passes through hands of
government, i. 85; methods of, 324;
see also Procedure; any member
can present bill on any subject,
432; no safeguard against revolu-
tionary, 432; reckless, by Congress,
506; revolutionary in State, ii. 17;
illustrated by Massachusetts, Met-
ropolitan District Commission, 63;
excessive, 24, 374; general and
special, 24; example of procedure,
63; character all over United States,
66; should consult administration,
373; executive guidance of, 434;
defects of, how cured, 435; affected
by ministerial responsibility, 436
Legislative Assembly, French, 1791,
i. 147, 151, 163; easy prey to men
of extremes, 152; same, 1849, 219
Legislature, ii. 43, 45, 49; critics with
power of purse, i. 48; cannot
govern, 44; colonial, Bancroft on

absorption of power, 382; Madison
on power of, 383; government by,
310; without leaders a mob, 328;
how made up, 410, 413; absorption
of all power of government by,
421; relation to public opinion, 430;
jealous of executive, 359; analysis
of, in Congress, 385; in State, ii. 15;
committees in Congress, i. 391; in
State, ii. 19; length of sessions,
25; composition of, in Massachu-
setts, 58; restrictions of members
to districts, 59; supreme in govern-
ment, 164; must be reformed from
within and not from without, 172;
domination of, 203

Legitimists, i. 240, 246, 290, 294
Leopold L., King, ii. 204

Lewis, G. C., on opposition, i. 86
Liberty, eternal vigilance price of, ii.

55

Lincoln, Abraham, i. 35, 41, 354, 364,
454; great power owing to abdica-
tion of Congress, 370

Liquor, sale of, i. 42; ii. 30, 466, 490
Lobbying, i. 102, 359, 387, 433; ii. 16,
20; only way to escape, 434; Pro-
fessor Commons upon, 165
Log-rolling, i. 387, 433; ii. 16, 20
London, i. 25, 29, 39, 61, 188, 215;
county council, ii. 125; fourth elec-
tion, 1898, 128; socialist scheme of,
130

Long, Hon. John D., as to cabinet in
legislation, ii. 411, 449

Long Parliament, i. 58, 61, 70, 72, 96,
135, 146, 353; ii. 512; publishes pro-
ceedings, i. 70

Louis XI., i. 58, 117, 121, 173; XIV.,
19, 20, 31, 130, 142, 285, 336; ii. 303;
XV., i. 19, 139; ii. 306; XVI., i. 4,
49, 139, 153; XVIII., 177, 178
Louis Napoleon, i. 4, 22, 185, 241-252;
plebiscite of, for President, 243;
Emperor, 250

Louis Philippe, i. 180, 181, 186, 242; ii.
205; political attack on, i. 191, 197;
urged by queen to dismiss ministry,
204; abdicates and goes to England,
208; causes of failure, 212
Louisiana, i. 364

Low, Seth, on power of State over city
government, ii. 3; on confirmation

of appointments, 86; on commis-
sions, 88; on Brooklyn charter, 132;
candidate for mayor of New York,
1897, 145

Lowell, A. Lawrence, ii. 195, 200,
354-362, 388-401, 408

Loyola, Ignatius, i. 41; ii. 303
Luther, Martin, i. 41
Lyndhurst, Lord, i. 104

MACAULAY, T. B., i. 39, 43, 62, 64, 68,
175; ii. 304, 322
Machinery, i. 38; ii. 531
McKinley, William, i. 354, 374; nomi-
nated, 1896, ii. 494; inaugural ad-
dress, March, 1897, 500; message,
December, 1897, 503; interpreted by
Mr. Hitt, 503; given $50,000,000 at
discretion, 508; refuses Spanish offer
of arbitration, 511; what he proves
as to system, 537; compared with
possible presidents, 539

MacMahon, elected President, i. 297;
resigns, 1879, 300
Madison, i. 46, 383

Maine, battleship, ii. 504; destroyed,
505; Board of Inquiry, 505; Spanish
report upon, 506; used as a war-cry,

508

Maine, Sir Henry, i. 18-24
Majority, i. 41; must rule, ii. 48; may
be secured by second election, 47;
example from Prussia, 47; versus
groups, 179; danger from, 254;
tyranny of, 275

Man, what one might do, ii. 542
Manchester, i. 97, 101
Marat, i. 55

Marlborough, Duchess of, i. 68
Maryland, i. 53, 55
Masham, Mrs., i. 08
Massachusetts, i. 53; colonial resist-
ance to governors, ii. 8; effects in
State constitution, 9; constitution
of, i. 9; ii. 9; analysis of legislature,
15; history of commissions in, 27;
Highway Commission, 31; Metro-
politan Park, 32; Rapid Transit, 33;
Metropolitan Water Board, 36; Fire
Marshal, 37; social revolution in,
38; plurality in elections, 47; anti-
biennial campaign, 56; composition
of legislature, 58; Metropolitan Dis-

trict Commission, 63; their report,
66; increase of town and city debts,
93; county government, 79; forma-
tion of city charters, 96; application
of United States Senate report, 1881,
416; impossible with present organi-
zation, 417; commissions submitted
to, 427; must lead in reforms, 448
Massacre, Manchester, i. 99
Maupas, De, i. 241, 245, 249
May, Sir Thomas Erskine, i. 59, 60, 62,
67, 70, 71, 82, 85, 89

Mayor of Boston, 1822, impotence of,
ii. 85; appointments confirmed by
aldermen, 86; supposed elected by
council, 108; in plan of city charter,
451, 467

Mazade, Charles de, on restoration, i.
175, 181, 195; on empire, 169

Monarchy, constitutional, i. 22; ii.
243; French, i. 18, 115
Money, life of individual bound up
with, i. 459; as instrument of ex-
change, 469; paper, 471; bank de-
posits the equivalent, 472; quantity
increased by rapidity of circulation,
473;
increase of quantity, 475; none
in the country in 1861, 481; Mr.
Chase on necessity of greenbacks,
481; immense increase of, 489; ad-
vocates of sound, 491
Monk, General, i. 61, 298
Montesquieu, i. 66

Multitude, character of, ii. 256

NANTES, Edict of, i. 31, 129, 130; ii.
302, 303
Naples, i. 33, 166

men, 446

Melbourne, Lord, i. 104; Dunckley's
Life of, 103

Mexican War, i. 364

Mexico, i. 34, 232

Michelet, i. 192

Middle Ages, i. 104; ii. 167, 170
Middle class, France, i. 187; element
of safety, ii. 283

Milan, i. 33; ii. 114

Military despotism, i. 21; ii. 522
Militia, ii. 11, 431, 524

Mill, J. S., i. 91; ii. 527

347, 351; ii. 438; 18th Brumaire, i,
167; First Consul for life, 1802, 168;
Emperor, 168; military career, 168;
internal rule, 169-172; character by
Schérer, 173; character of Empire
by Mazade, 169; revival of memory,
313; constructor of government, 336
Napoleon, Louis, i. 4, 241, 242; ii. 308
National Assembly, 1789, France, i.
135, 140; ii. 512; of 1848, i. 4, 218,
236
National Defence, government of 1870,
i. 32, 258-275, 278

ii. 384

Ministers, position, powers and duties,

i. 77-89; enfeebled in France, 309, 325
Ministry, i. 68, 104; not formed, 64;
elected by House of Commons, 72;
act for whole nation, 95; influence
upon legislation, 96; pledged to deal
with question, 107; to guide and
conduct business, 108; voluntary
association, 111

Mirabeau, i. 138, 143, 159; plan for
responsible ministry, 144
Moderator, i. 375; relation in town
government to Speaker, ii. 75
Mogul Empire, ii. 305
Mohammed, i. 41

Molesworth, W. N., "History of Eng-

land," i. 97, 99, 100

Moltke, Von, i. 254, 256, 270, 271, 273

199, 235; history of, 200, 275; after
siege of Paris, 279; comments of
General Le Flô, 277; refuses to be
disarmed, 280

Nations, effect of government upon, i.
430

Necker, i. 134, 135

Negro vote, i. 21; ii. 262
Newcastle, Duke of, i. 69
New England, i. 53, 395; ii. 39; if
under cabinet government, 449
New France, ii. 302, 304
New Hampshire, i. 54; ii. 39
New Jersey, i. 9, 54

New York, constitution of 1777, i. 9;
State, 52-54; government by legis-
lature, ii. 40; city, plurality in elec-
tions, 50; charter of 1884, 140;
Greater, 141; election, 1897, 149

New Zealand, i. 9, 34
Newspapers, i. 28, 29, 190, 199, 342;
ii. 518

Nineteenth century, no popular gov-
ernment before, i. 10

Nobility, France and England, i. 120;
French, poor and servile, 127
North American Review, i. 16
North Carolina, i. 9
North, Lord, i. 66

North, the, i. 35, 36

Northcote, Sir Stafford, i. 94
Notables, Convention of, France, i.

133

Notice of questions, i. 87; ii. 325

O'CONNELL, DANIEL, i. 98, 101
One-man power, French desire legiti-
mate, i. 318; ii. 202, 441; absence in
United States leads to anarchy,
124

Opposition, in England, i. 69, 73, 85,

106, 317; under Peel, 105; function
of, 86; in France, 178, 192, 193, 195,

196

Ordinances, French, of 1830, i. 179
Orleanists, i. 240, 246, 294, 298

PACIFIC OCEAN, i. 9

fices or money, 434; in England and
United States, 494; in United States,
501; ii. 534; attempts to form new, i.
503; in the nation and Congress, 506;
how held together, 508; results in
Congress, 508; direction of, in outside
hands, 510; national, have engulfed
State, ii. 7; in cities, 95; versus
groups, 169; in Belgium, 206
Party, in place of public opinion, i. 69;
necessity in free country, 492; dis-
tinguished from faction, 493; ab-
sence of leadership, 498; obligation
of, 509; allegiance of voters claimed,
511; effect upon voters, 512; names
in State affairs, ii. 49; which offers
best hope, 539

Patriotism, i. 39; should criticise gov-
ernment, ii. 321
Patronage, i. 77

Peel, Arthur, as Speaker, i. 94
Peel, Sir Robert, i. 41, 81, 83, 89, 91,
94; principle of his finance, 105;
change as to corn laws, 107, 112; on
importance of currency, 470; Bank
Act of 1844, 477

Pennsylvania, i. 9, 52, 53; election of
1898, ii. 438

Pension from Crown, i. 67

Paris, besieged, i. 32; before the Revo-
lution, 153; to be destroyed, 154;
easily kept in order, 248; siege, 262-
273; negotiations for peace, 273;
government of, ii. 103; civil service
in, 107; charities, 110
Parkman, Francis, i. 16; ii. 311
Parliament, i. 26, 29, 30, 57, 65, 73, 78,
83-87, 93, 98, 106, 162, 181; of 1654,
97; not yet responsible to country,
67; opposition to reform, 100; last
old, 1831, 103; reformed under guid-
ance of ministry, 105; kept hold
upon taxation, 117; course of bill,
391

Parliamentary government, English,
in 18th century, ii. 244, 246; from
1832-67, 248
Parliamentary reform, 1832, i. 96, 101;
feared by conservatives, ii. 252
Parties, only basis of majority, i. 434;
in United States, controlled by of-

i. 465

Périer, Casimir, i. 180, 316, 328; fate
of ministry of, 327
Personality, power of, i. 41, 292, 313;
ii. 43, 523; chief basis of party, i.
495; illustrated in Great Britain,
496; destroyed by plurality election,
ii. 49; through cabinet in Congress,
331; absence of, 525
Pessimism, French, i. 341
Petitions for reform, i. 97
Philadelphia, i, 52, 55, 56, 135; charter
of 1885, ii. 154

Philip II. of Spain, i. 6, 19, 20, 23
Philippine Islands, ii. 536, 538
Picquart, Colonel, i. 346

Pierre, Eugène, "Traité de Droit Pra-

tique Electoral et Parlementaire," i.
320, 322, 323, 326, 331
Pilgrims at Plymouth, ii. 312

Pitt, William, on parliamentary re-
form, i. 97

Pius IX., i. 245

Platforms, futility of, i. 386

Platt, Thomas C., ii. 43, 141, 144, 438
Plebiscite, i. 5, 168, 243, 248, 292, 293,
344

Plurality system, established in Mas-

sachusetts, ii. 48; illustration from
Prussia, 48; illustrated in New York
City, 50

Poland, i. 237; constitution of 1791,
146; veto in, 366

Police, Boston, ii. 3, 29, 98; depart-
ment in plan of city charter, 465,
483

Polignac, Prince de, i. 179

Political, use of offices, i. 40, 244, 434,

443; power, result of, ii. 203; ma-
chinery must change, 322
Political Science, i. 15; ii. 262
Politics, West European, i. 22; why
not honorable profession, 418; Mr.
Bryce's reasons discussed, 422-425;
effect of methods on voters, 426
Polk, President, i. 359
Poor Laws, i. 26; ii. 470
Pope, i. 3, 23, 33, 142, 350
Popular body, what fit and what not
fit for, i. 91

Popular government, i. 6, 23, 24, 38;
subject of enthusiasm, 21, 43; must
control legislature, 45
Popular power, i. 6, 33
Portugal, domestic history, ii. 283;
dates of colonial establishments, 2,
86; internal and external decline,
287

Postal system, i. 26

Washington, 53; supposed elected
by Congress, 353; election by
States, 353; electoral vote differs
from popular, 354; elected for party
success, 442; suppose a champion
billiard player, ii. 333; made re-
sponsible through Cabinet, 335; of
United States since Civil War, i.
356; why not great men, 356; lim-
ited power, 357; real power that of
intrigue, 359; can buy support with
offices, 359; lose this with civil ser-
vice reform, 359; temptation to
irregular power, 360; hidden from
popular view, 362; Congress holds
real power, 363; declining quality
of, 371; nominating conventions,
372; terms of, not too short, 386;
election, 1896, ii. 499

Press, i. 28, 29, 69; creating public
opinion, 70; laws of September,
1835, France, 182; first time free
in France, 341; of United States in
1898, ii. 518

Prime Minister, i. 80, 86; proves
necessity of one-man power, 75;
drafts royal speech, 80; against
leader of opposition, 86
Princeton, i. 52

Private bills differ from public in Par-
liament, i. 83

Privilege stronger than prerogative,
i. 59; against publicity, 70
Privy Council, i. 64, 74, 352
Procedure, English, French, i. 324;
example of, in legislation, ii. 63
Property, natural right or expedi-
ency, ii. 245

Proportional representation, i. 505;
ii. 163; unjust, 180
Protection, i. 29; ii. 260, 441

Protestant, i. 63, 129; ii. 311; in Ire-
land, i. 98, 99

diffusion of, ii. 529
Presbyterians, i. 60

Presidents, France, i. 343, 360; power
of, in France and United States,
314; election of, by people or leg-
islature, 233, 312, 315; whether
reëligible, 234; supposed case of
popular election, 344; figure-head,
319, 347; President of United States,

i. 221, 227

Prussia, constitution of 1850, i. 6;
based on Belgium, ii. 219; histori-
cal sketch, i. 252; wars upon Den-
mark, Austria, and France, 254;
conflict of powers, ii. 218, 222; Land-
tag, 221; parliamentary initiative
restricted, 224; in German Empire,
226; chancellor, 226