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Senator Chandler, for S. 1579, upon which we held rather extensive public hearings and during which hearings you testified.

Judge PATTERSON. I have already read the text of this. It differs from the revised bill tendered some weeks ago by me in that it is somewhat narrower in the conditions precedent to a requisition.

It provides explicitly for the return of property after the necessity for the use is past, provided, of course, the property has not been consumed.

On the other hand, it is broader than the bill in the revised form as tendered, because that bill was limited to munitions and supplies, or machinery and raw materials for production of munitions and supplies, or patents controlling the same, whereas this measure applies to, as I see it, any variety of property.

Senator BRIDGES. Mr. Secretary, wasn't that the fundamental objection to the first bill, as to its general application? It seem to me that that general wording in this particular thing, which you eliminated in your substitute and which is wide open in the Chandler substitute here-perhaps Mr. Coy is going to explain later the reason for it--but it would seem to me that you get right back to the original objection, which was its broadness and loaning almost any kind of property without being definite on it.

Judge PATTERSON. Of course, this measure may be preferable to people who are concerned about our having groups of officers tearing around and taking things and keeping them, because it expressly limits the use of property which is not consumable or expendable to a definite time and provides for its return.

I would have no objection at all to such a provision or restriction or qualification, either in this act or in the revised act tendered by the War Department. I am only interested in the ends to be attained. I think they would be attained under either act.

Senator SCHWARTZ. Mr. Chairman, I would like to have a definition of the word "property." We use the word "property" just flat. There are no qualifications in either bill, in one or two places. Isn't a man's invention his property? Hasn't he got a property right in it?

Judge PATTERSON. Yes, sir; I can say this, Senator Schwartz, the first bill, as originally tendered, provided for all property real or personal, useful for national defense. The only qualification was "useful for national defense."

I found that quite a few on the committee were concerned about that not being restrictive enough, and I think that some people may have felt that that was so elastic that we could, I think the expression was, "seize a man's watch or his bank account."

As I saw it, that would be quite a stretch of the words, "useful for national defense," but still that apprehension was entertained by people for whose judgment we must have respect. Therefore, the revised act limited it to munitions and supplies, or machinery and raw materials for production of munitions and supplies, or patents controlling the

same.

Now, this is still a third expression in this act and this, I think, goes back to, as I see it, practically to the breadth of description in the first act, so far as property is concerned, although it has these qualifications which must be found and determined by the President before the measure can be availed of.

Senator SCHWARTZ. That second paragraph No. 2 there of the President's findings: What kind of procedure would be necessary there and how long could it be extended before the President-

Judge PATTERSON (interposing). Provisions as to return?
Senator SCHWARTZ. No, no, up here.

Judge PATTERSON. You are speaking of the other act?
Senator SCHWARTZ. No, I am speaking of this act.

Senator GURNEY. At this point may we have in the record the amendment proposed by Senator Chandler and following immediately thereafter the modified bill as now printed and labeled "Committee Print No. 2"?

Senator REYNOLDS. I will state for the information of the Senator that I was going to have that embodied at the head, prior to the statement of the Secretary.

Senator GURNEY. Well, either place. I think it ought to be in the record.

Senator REYNOLDS. I believe it is going to be embodied in the record at the beginning of the testimony.

Judge PATTERSON. Had I left a question of yours unanswered, Senator?

Senator SCHWARTZ. Yes; "That whenever the President, during the present national emergency, but not later than June 30, 1943, determines that (1) the use of any property is required for the defense of the United States," and "(2) all other means of obtaining the use of such property for the defense of the United States upon fair and reasonable terms have been exhausted."

Now, what does that contemplate?

Judge PATTERSON. It contemplates that we shall try to buy it from the owner at a fair price, and the owner has refused.

Senator SCHWARTZ. That is all it refers to?

Judge PATTERSON. I take it that is what it is meant to refer to. Show a need of requisition or eminent domain, and an exhausting of the power to bargain for it.

Senator AUSTIN. You mean put such a price on it that you can't agree?

Judge PATTERSON. Yes; we had an instance-I think I gave it in one of the hearings before this committee-where we wanted a certain weapon, and the owners, at that time, were asking an exorbitant price for it.

That might be a case where the President might find that our means of getting that weapon on fair and reasonable terms were exhausted. Senator SCHWARTZ. A party other than the Government, how long could he carry the thing along in determining whether or not the provisions there have been complied with, all other means, and so forth?

Judge PATTERSON. I don't know. I suppose that would depend on the urgency. You might say if they needed it forthwith, just tendered him a fair price and wanted immediate delivery, and they couldn't get it, this could be availed of, I presume.

I did leave out one thing when I was analyzing the scope of the bills. In the revised form of the bill tendered by the War Department, which we might call the second bill here, there is also the qualifying language that the measure may be availed of only to relieve against shortages. That is rather comparable to this.

Senator HILL. The same idea, isn't it, practically?

Judge PATTERSON. I think so. We could operate satisfactorily under any one of these measures.

Senator HILL. Your third subsection provides, "the use of other property having equivalent utility for the defense of the United States cannot be obtained," so that is practically a shortage, isn't it?

Judge PATTERSON. Well, that means, I suppose-yes. Or substitutes that might have been suggested are unavailable.

Senator HILL. Are unavailable?

Judge PATTERSON. Yes.

Senator DOWNEY. Mr. Secretary, I hope the Government won't use this power to take the property that we are most going to be in need of over the next few years for the national defense-that is, money. Well, money is the most important kind of property we have.

Senator LEE. That would be one of the strongest arguments for it. We are going to have to use some way to get it. Mr. Morgenthau's stamp program is falling short of expectations.

Senator DOWNEY. You certainly have a right under this bill to seize any man's fortune or money you wanted.

Judge PATTERSON. It would be a rather futile business, Mr. Downey, because you would have to give him the equivalent of the money immediately. There couldn't be any quarrel as to the fair value of it. Senator CHANDLER. May I ask the Secretary a question?

Senator REYNOLDS. Certainly.

Senator CHANDLER. Before the Secretary came I had already undertaken and did explain the provisions of the substitute.

During the last war I am sure the Secretary knows that the Government handled the requisition proposition by piecemeal, made 17 or 18 different attempts by law to try to regulate getting the necessary articles for the defense of the United States.

Judge PATTERSON. Of course, they also went out and commandeered all kinds of property in the last war without any statutory warrant whatsoever, machines and everything else, and they had countercommandeering. The Navy commandeered something and then the Army commandeered from the Navy.

Senator CHANDLER. Saltpeter, that is one of the earliest cases in the country, and if they needed it they could get it now, but he is trying to get a broad enough proposition.

In his letter to the chairman of this committee on the 21st, the President set forth the difficulties and emergencies that were not foreseeable.

It seems to me to be broad enough, and at the same time places limitations that some of our friends insist be placed on it, that the power not continue beyond the emergency, and, of course, the first bills made no provision for the return of the property. This makes provision for the return of the property to a fellow if he wants it. Judge PATTERSON. Provided it is still in existence?

Senator CHANDLER. Of course, and if it isn't you can't get it, but it seems to me that is broad enough and I want the Secretary to say so, if he felt so, to the committee, that this substitute would be at least reasonably satisfactory, as satisfactory as you could get it.

Senator BRIDGES. Before the Secretary answers that question, if I may, I would just like to say one thing.

Senator CHANDLER. Yes, sir.

Senator BRIDGES. Now, I have been very interested in the legislation that has gone through this committee and, without exception, on all national-defense measures or matters of policy in supporting the progress of this war, I have supported them without any exception, regardless, and laid aside politics, and I intend to continue to do that, and I want to see that the Government has the power to do what the stated objectives are, and I think that your amendment in some ways is better than the previous one as to limitations, but I do believe that the general statement of property here is too wide and it is just as wide as the original bill, and I think that apparently, the War Department, through Judge Patterson, in the second substitute they have proposed, agreed to a limitation, or proposed a limitation, where it was more definitely stated the type of property that could be taken, and we could change that.

That is the nub of this thing.

Senator HILL. Have you got that statement before you?
Senator BRIDGES. Yes.

Judge PATTERSON. When I submitted the revised draft, gentlemen, I was told that there was a fear around that newspapers might be taken, or radio stations.

I think I pointed out to someone that it is already in the law that radio stations could be taken. That was passed in 1935. But, say newspapers. So we have devised an expression, munitions or supplies and so forth, which no one could possibly conceive would include a newspaper.

They said, "Property useful for national defense," that some fellow might try to stretch that and say that a newspaper that was criticizing the War Department, they might I don't know how he could do it, but some fellow might say it is useful for national defense to suppress that. So the revised form was drafted to keep that out.

I don't think any fellow could be so far-fetched as to say that munitions or supplies could include the plants of a newspaper.

Senator CHANDLER. I hope you won't insist on any limitation that will fix it so you can't accomplish the results of the bill?

Senator BRIDGES. I think, Senator Chandler, that on page 4 of this bill-let me read it:

That, during any period of war or national emergency proclaimed by the President, the President is authorized, when he deems it essential to promote the national defense and to overcome shortages, (a) to requisition and take over for the use of the United States or in its interest any military or naval equipment or munitions or component parts thereof, or machinery, tools, or materials necessary for manufacture of such equipment or munitions, or any inventions, whether patented or unpatented, processes, plans, designs, or rights controlling the production of such materials or supplies and (b) to use on such terms as he shall deem satisfactory, or to sell or otherwise dispose of any property so requisitioned or taken over, or any right or interest therein, pursuant to the provisions of this act.

That is a definite limitation but it accomplishes all you want, doesn't it?

Senator LEE. Would that include food?

Senator CHANDLER. Let me give you this. You haven't got a definite limitation in there that we have here.

During the present national emergency-and we contend all the time that we ought to have some definite deadline on it-that the use

of any property-you have got to determine first if the use of any property is required for the defense of the United States. I don't want to defend

Senator BRIDGES (interposing). Under that you might take a man's cow?

Senator CHANDLER. If it is necessary for the defense of the United States I want him to take it.

Senator BRIDGES. No; you don't want him to take a fellow's cow. Senator CHANDLER. If it is in defense of the United States I want him to take it. In Chicago somebody should have taken that cow before it kicked the lantern over.

All over means of obtaining the use of such property for the defense of the United States upon fair and reasonable terms have been exhausted.

I think that means, and we intend it to mean, that he is prostrated in the efforts to obtain that property at a fair and reasonable value, that he just can't do it, and that he just can't find a property or utility that will take its place, and then, if he can't obtain it upon fair and reasonable terms, he can take it, and then he has got to give it back, and he has got to give a reasonable price for it.

I wouldn't limit him. You don't want to do that. You gave me a big example of a cow. A cow kicked a lantern over and burned Chicago. They ought to have taken that cow. Everything that is necessary for the United States ought to be taken.

Senator DOWNEY. May I ask Senator Chandler a question?
Senator REYNOLDS. Certainly, Senator.

Senator DOWNEY. As I recall, and I may be mistaken, but one of the Senators present here on the floor of the Senate very eloquently and very earnestly urged that the United States Government should have the power to take over newspapers and radios in this emergency, and his contention was that from a standpoint of national defense it was most important that our Government have the power to mold and control public opinion.

Senaor LEE. You have misquoted a little bit.

Senator DOWNEY. Perhaps I have.

Senator CHANDLER. "Propagandize the people of the United States."

Senator DOWNEY. What I am asking you, is it your opinion under the national-defense law, that if the Government thought it should have the right to mold public opinion, that it should have the right to seize any newspapers and radio? I can't agree with that.

Senator LEE. I want to correct the inference which the Senator from California threw at me.

In the first place, I have done this about three times on the record. Twice on the floor of the Senate. A rereading of my statement will show that I said, "It might be necessary to take a radio or a newspaper," as the Senator from California has just said, not all the radios, as he has said, and furthermore that a rereading of the record will show I did not say "in order to propagandize the people," but I did say, "in order to answer the propaganda of other nations or as a counterpropaganda it might be necessary for the Government, in case we were in war, to take a radio or a newspaper in order to offset that propaganda."

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