on earthquakes, which, in my sentiment, are entirely an electrical stroke. I have put into my friend's hands, to be transmitted to you, the second Edition of that Tractate, having my further observations on the subject, which I desire you to accept of.

"Since then I have been attentive to all the accounts of earthquakes at home and abroad; and find, in my own sentiment, they fully confirm my hypothesis; and I am convinced that all earthquakes whatever are but a superficial electric vibration and stroke, generally caused by hot and dry weather. The splitting of rocks, mountains, towers, and stone buildings, is agreeable to the nature of electricity, which exerts its force on every thing that resists most. The noise fancied to be heard in the bowels of mountains, is only the horrible concussion accompanying it every where. The firing of volcanos, commonly fancied to be the cause, is but the consequence of an electric shock, which lights the combustible of the mountains.

"I have since met with several observations of the crackling of wainscot, and the like, for some days before the earthquake, showing that the earth is then in a state of electricity, ready for the shock; and many more instances I have met with, of people being sick before and after the shock.

"I had an account sent me from the Literary Society at Peterborough, of a woman who had been quite deaf for two years, which account I laid before the Royal Society:

On Sunday, Sept. 30, 1750, happened an earthquake with us, which in one instant went through the extent of an hundred miles. This was at half an hour after 12 o'clock at noon, when people generally were at church, in divine service. This woman lived at Wansford near Peterborough, and was so religious that she always went to church, though she could hot hear one word; but when she came to church that day, she was much surprized that she could hear the minister perfectly well, and so continued.

"We are to remark that she was well of her deafness before they felt the earthquake, from whence I gather that the earth was in an electric state for some time before, and that was the occasion of her cure.

"2. I gather that our experiments, which have succceded pretty well in curing deafness, blindness, and all kinds of resolution of the nerves, would do better if the patient was kept every day in a state of electricity, for an hour or two, without giving the shock, that being unnecessary, unless in the most obstinate and desperate case.

"3. The making experiments to confirm or confute our hypothesis seems impracticable, because we cannot foresee earthquakes, so we can only reason from the past appearances.

"I shall be well pleased, learned Sir, to have your observations on this subject when your health will permit; and I pray God to restore it to you, for the common good of mankind. I am, with due respect,

"Your most devoted humble servant,

WM. STUKELEY."
Description

Description of a Drawing of Arms proposed by Dr. Stukeley for the Society of Antiquaries *.

"March 28, 1754. The Lion intimates that generous nature and noble ardour which preserves and restores from the injury of time. Regardant, he looks back to time past. He holds a sun in glory in his right paw; the rising Sun dissipates the mists and obscurity of night and oblivion. The field is Partè per pale, Azure and Sable, meaning day and night. The Lion is Argent; Sun Or.

The

"The crest is an eagle, whose sharpest sight reaches to the greatest distance. He holds in talon a wolf's head erased. wolf is the emblem of devouring Time†.

"Supporters: A golden, as a compliment to the Sovereign, who gave the Charter, and an eagle Sable. This is in a method strictly heraldic. Otherways, for a scutcheon, take the picture of Britannia as on reverse of halfpennies; for crest, an antique Lamp; a Druid for supporters."

Mr. DA COSTA to Dr. STUKELEY.

"DEAR SIR, Bearbinder Lane, April 19, 1757. "I take the liberty, with the greatest respect and submission, to inform you of a mistake in your paper of the Druids, read to the Antiquarian Society the 31st of last month; viz. you therein signified that cassiteros is the Hebrew word for tin, and quoted Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22, to that purpose. Now there is no such word in the Hebrew language as cassiteros, and the word in that passage translated by tin is an abdil. I shall further observe, that though the generality of the translations translate in that verse abdil for tin, and ofaret for lead, yet it is very uncertain, and much doubted, whether the strict meaning of those two words be as they are thus translated.

"The famous Calepin makes the word anach to signify tin, I suppose from the Phoenician word anach, which is said to mean tin, from whence, according to some, the name of Britain to our Island is derived, from barat a field, and anach tin.

"I earnestly intreat your pardon, dear Sir, for this freedom, and beseech you to continue me your friendship, which I so greatly esteem. I remain, with great respect, dear Sir,

"Your very obliged and obedient servant, E. M. Da Costa."

"To my learned Friend, EMANUEL MENDES DA COSTA, Greeting. "DEAR SIR, April 20, 1757.

"As my endeavour in all I write is to come at truth, and my enquiries are generally in very distant times, I can excuse myself if I chance to fall into an error. At the same time, there can be no greater pleasure to me than to have my errors corrected, with the same view of truth, and not for the sake of finding fault only.

*In the "Literary Anecdotes," vol. IX. p. 415, Mr. Tullartin suggests Arms for the Society's Seal; and in vol. VIII. p. 461, Mr. Tyson sends Mr. Gough a design for an Honorary Certificate; and in the next letter he sends a playful banter on his own drawing.

+ These Arms are engraved in Gent. Mag. vol. LXXXII. i 529.

"I think

"I think myself extremely obliged to you for your candid letter, which has so seasonably put me upon enquiring wherein I had mistaken the point I was pursuing, which was to corroborate my notions concerning the early planting of Britain, from the first eastern navigators, commonly called Phoenicians, which is but another name for Canaanites. My reasoning was deduced from that passage of Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22. Moses was ordered to smite the Midianites. In reckoning up the metallic spoils, tin and lead is mentioned; and the tin they could have no where but from Britain, which in early ages, when the Phoenicians traded hither, went by the name of the Cassiterridd Islands; so denominated from that metal.

"Now, though Moses does not use the word kastirah for tin, from whence the name of Cassiterrid is unquestionably derived, yet kastirah is certainly a synonymous word, and of high antiquity; of Phoenician original, as the most learned Bochart argues, because the Arabians and Chaldeans call tin by the like name.

"The Targum of Jonathan uses kastirah in that place, the Jerusalem Targum kistarah, the Arabic interpreter kisdir, and in the Talmudic tract Sanhedrim, kasterion is used for stannum, tin. So Rabbi Solomon, and very learned Buxtorf, expound the word gasterion, by that of the Greek xaσolegov.

"It is not reasonable to think that the Hebrew or Oriental word is derived from the Greeks, for the learned are sufficiently acquainted that the Phoenicians traded to Britain long before the Greeks; many ages before the Greeks knew any thing of it;— consequently they must call the metal by a name they had from the Phoenicians. Now Strabo in book III. writes, the Phoenicians alone traded to Britain, concealing it from the Greeks. Before him, Herodotus professes, he does not know the Cassiterrid Islands, whence tin come to us.' Pliny's testimony is the strongest proof imaginable in our favour, VII. 36, for he positively declares, our Melcartus or Hercules was the first that brought tin from the Cassiterides.' Apher the Midianite was his companion, according to Josephus.

"So that the proof is easy, natural, and strong; and indisputably the word kestirah, for tin, was an Hebrew and Arabic word, though Moses uses it not; and we must conclude the Midianites had the tin from Britain, and that with these Midianites came our Druids hither, and of the patriarchal religion, for Apher was but grandson of Abraham. This was the purport of my argument. WM. STUKELEY." "Queen Square, Jan. 21, 1763. My Friend Da Costa must get a paper for his friends to sign recommending him to be clerk and house-keeper to the Royal Society, in place of Francis Hawksbee, deceased, to be exhibited next Thursday to the Council. The choice is in the Society, Thursday se'nnight. I know he has very many friends. All my corner of the room unanimous: Sir William Browne, Collinson, Parsons, Baker, Clark, Van Rixtel, &c. &c. WM. STUKELEY."

List of Original Drawings of Religious Antiquities most of them before the Conquest, by Dr. STUKELEY.

["Dec. 12, 1768. These Three Volumes now belong to Richard Fleming, Esq. of the Six Clerks' Office, who married Elizabeth the eldest daughter of the late Dr. Stukeley. A. C. DUCAREL."] Page. VOLUME I.

1. Queen Bertha's Church, Canterbury (i. e. St. Martin's).

2. View of the old Saxon church, on the North side of Westminster Abbey, 28 Sept. 1750.

3. Ruins of St. Gregory's Chapel, Canterbury.

7. Paulinus' Church at Lincoln, i. e. St. Paul's Church there, 16 July, 1735.

S. Ground-plot of Wulfingcester, Torksey, 1735.

9. View of Torkesey, 17 July, 1735.

10. Whitby Church, Streanshall.

11. Ramsey Church-[The old part 14 June, 1724]-Saxon. 12. Radu's de Stow, Dorchester Cathedral, in a window in the Chapel, North of the High Altar.

13. Antient Door in Dorchester Cathedral, in the North-west Corner, 2 Sept. 1736.

14. Piece of St. Chad's Shrine in Lichfield Cathedral.

15. Leaden Font in Dorchester Cathedral, 2 Sept. 1736.

16. St. Chad's Well by Lichfield.

17. St. Chad's Cell, on the North-west of the Church.

18. Ground Plot of Ditto.

19. Prospect of St. Chad's Hermitage, by Lichfield, 6 Oct. 1736. 20. St. Chad's image, in front of Lichfield Cathedral, 7 Oct. 1736. 21. St. Kyniburga's Shrine in Castor Church, 10 Sept. 1737. 22. View of St. Wilfrid's Monastery, Oundle, 26 Aug. 1735. 23. Another.

24. The Room where he died.

25. West View of St. Wilfrid's Monastery, 25 Aug. 1735.

26. Section of St. Sepulchre's Church, Northampton (on the inside), 8 May, 1733.

27. Stukeley Church, Bucks (Saxon).

28. Guy's Image*, in Guy's Cliff Chapel. Godiva and Leofric, in Trinity Church, Coventry.

29. View of Guy Cliff Chapel, by Warwick, 7 July, 1725.

30. Alwyn's Head, Founder of Ramsey Abbey.

Ib. S. William, Archbishop of York.

31. Church of St. Sepulchre, at Northampton, 8 May, 1733. 32. The antient Church at the Devizes (Saxon).

33. Lord Turketyl's manor at Cotenham, 28 Aug. 1731.

34. St. Wilfrid's Cathedral at Leicester.

35. St. Owin's Cross at Hadenham :

+LVCEM. TVA' · OVIO'

DA DEVS ET · REQVIE'
AMEN.

Engraved, from a more recent drawing by Carter, in "Bibliotheca

Topographica Britannica," No. XVII.

Page.

36, 37. Two Views of St. Audry's Church at Ely.

38. St. Audry's Closet.

39. The East end of her Church. (St. Tibba's Shrine at Rye Loose drawings at the North-west

Hall, 22 June, 1736.

corner of the Church, without).

40. An outward view of the East end, and of her Closet. 41. The Historical carving on the North-west plilar.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

North-east pillar.
East by North.

East by South.
South-east.

South-west.

West by South.

Saxon.

South-west by West.

49. St. Audry's bust from a sculpture there, 14 Sept. 1737 (Saxon). Ib. King Egfrid of Northumberland, her 2d husband, from sculptures on the lanthorn.

50. St. Wilfrid's bust from a sculpture in Ely Minster.

Ib. St. Hunas.

51. Swenna's S. Audry's Maid.

Ib. S. Owins, her husband's steward.

52. The outside of St. Audry's Shrine.

53. The inside.

54. Ground Plot of Pythagoras' School, Cambridge.

55. View of that building, 26 May, 1736.

56. Priory of Dover, 7 Oct. 1722.

Ib. Appearance of Dover in Cæsar's time.

57. Dunstable Church, Sept. 11, 1722 (partly Saxon).

58. Holbech Church, Aug. 26, 1722.

Saxon.

59. Prospect on the Roman Road by Grantham, 2 July, 1729. 60. Abury Church, Wilts.

61. Inside of Duke Humphrey's tomb, St. Alban's.

Ib. King Offa's picture.

62. St. Alban's Gate House. Font. 1717.

63. Abbot Frederick's and Abbot Ramrygg's brass monuments.

64. Prospect of Vaudy Abbey, 12 July, 1736.

65. Brass Monuments in St. Alban's Church.

66. The Abbot's Lodging, Glastonbury. 67. Kitchin, Torr. 16 Aug. 1723.

68. Episcopal Palace at Ely, 23 July, 1741.

69. Prince Toudbert's Head, St. Owin's Head, St. Owin's Church by Ely, i. e. Wingford Church.

70. Sculpture on the South-west pillar in Ely Minster, 22 July, 1741 (Saxon).

71. Roman Camp at Audrey Causey.

72. View of Little Dryffeild, Yorkshire, where King Alkfryd is

buried.

73. King Alkfryd's Head, and Queen Kyniburga's there, on the North Door of the Church, under the Arch, 2 July, 1740. 74. Great Dryffeild Church. Paulinus's Effigies.

75. St.