PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR) LENOX AND DISTRICT OF SOUTH CAROLINA. BE IT REMEMBERED, That, on the twenty-fifth day of October, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, and in the forty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Eleanor H. L. Ramsay, Martha H. L. Ramsay, Catharine H. L. Ramsay, Sabina E. Ramsay, David Ramsay, James Ramsay, Nathaniel Ramsay, and William Ramsay, deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "Universal History Americanised; or, an Historical View of the World, "from the earliest records to the year 1808. With a particular reference to "the State of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Government, in the "United States of America. By David Ramsay, M. D. To which is annexed, a Supplement, containing a brief View of History, from the year 1808 to the "battle of Waterloo." 66 "Life is so short, and time so valuable, that it were happy for us if all great "works were reduced to their quintessence. Sir William Jones. 'Primaque ab origine mundi "Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen: "In twelve volumes." Ovid. In conformity to the act of Congress of the United States, entitled “An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned."-And also an act, entitled, "An act supplementary to an act, entitled 'An act for the encouragement of learning by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JAMES JERVEY, District Clerk, History of Lacedæmon: Lycurgus, the Spartan Legislator. History of Messenia from the return of the Heraclidæ ; and of La- cedæmon, from the legislation of Lycurgus, to the completion of the conquest of Messenia by the Lacedæmonians. View of the Northern Provinces of Greece after the Trojan War, to the appointment of hereditary Archons. Grecian Islands. Æolic and Ionic migrations, and Grecian colonies. History of Athens from the abolition of royalty to the legislation of Solon. His reformation of the Athenian government. History of Athens from the legislation of Solon till the expulsion of the Pisistratidæ, and the first transaction with Persia. View of the Eastern Nations politically connected with Greece. The History of Greece, during the reign of Darius, King of Persia. From the accession of Xerxes to the throne of Persia, till the con- clusion of the first campaign of that monarch's expedition against From the Battle of Salamis to the conclusion of the Persian Inva- View of the people of the West, who were politically connected with the Greeks, and of the Grecian settlements in Sicily and Affairs of Greece, from the conclusion of the Persian War, till the establishment of security against the Barbarians by the success Affairs of Greece, from the establishment of its security against Persia, to the truce for thirty years between Athens and Lace- Affairs of Greece, from the thirty years truce, to the Peloponnesian RAMSAY'S UNIVERSAL HISTORY. A GENERAL VIEW OF EUROPE. THIS division of the globe, although the least extensive, and the last settled of the old world, claims the pre-eminence over the others in many important particulars. It is the seat of science and commerce, and has, from the industry, ingenuity, and enterprising spirit of its inhabitants, acquired much greater opulence, than either Africa, Asia, or America can display. It is that quarter of the globe, in which the human mind is in the highest state of improvement, and where man is exhibited in all the grandeur of intellectual superiority. Europe extends in length, about three thousand miles, from 9° 30′ west longitude, to 60° 40′ east; and in breadth, about 2359 miles, from 36° 20' to 71° 10' north latitude. On the north, it is bounded by the Arctic Ocean ;* on the west, by the Grecian Archipelago, the Hellespont, the Propontis, the Thracian Bosphorus, the western part of the Euxine, and Asiatic Russia. * The Arctic Ocean is in a great measure unknown to navigators, by whom it is never visited, except in the middle of summer, for the purpose of whale fishing. Tremendous mountains of ice, appearing in every shape, crowned with towers and pinnacles, reflecting the rays of light with glittering brilliancy, and an infinite diversity of colours, render this ocean a world of wonders, showing the littleness of all the works of man, in comparison with the sublime grandeur of Nature. Europe was undoubtedly first peopled from Asia. The original inhabitants are supposed to have been the Celts, in the south and west; and the Fins and Laplanders, in the north; with successive tribes of Scythians, Sarmatians, and Sclavonians, from Asia; to which may be added, colonies of Egyptians and Iberians from Africa, of which, the former passed into Greece, and the latter into Spain, at a very early period. The number and extent of the inland seas of Europe, not only constitute a striking feature, in its geography, but also powerfully influence the moral circumstances of its inhabitants, by the facility which they afford to every kind of communication between the different nations of this quarter of the globe. These seas are the Baltic, which branches out into the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland; the Mediterranean, which, on the north side, opens into the Adriatic, and the Archipelago, or Egean Sea of the ancients; and lastly, the Euxine, or Black Sea. The muddy and shallow Sea of Asoph, by the ancients called Palus, or a marsh, is a large lake communicating with the Euxine; and the White Sea is a large bay opening into the Frozen Ocean. To the philosophical geographer, a view of the inland seas of Europe will point out one of the principal physical causes of those different degrees of civilization, which distinguish the inhabitants of different parts of the globe. Physical and moral influences both contribute to determine the fate of nations, and to fix their places in the general system of human affairs. The Mediterranean was one of the principal means of promoting the civilization of ancient Europe. From its shores, the arts and sciences, commerce and literature, gradually spread into the interior, and have at length been communicated to her most distant regions. The flourishing state of Asia Minor, and Syria, as well as of those countries on the northern shores of Africa, may be traced to the same source. The facility of communication which this extensive tract of water afforded, gave rise to the opulence of Tyre, Alexandria, and Carthage, as well as to the civilization and science of Greece and Rome. The Baltic may be considered as not less conducive to the improvement of northern Europe, than the Mediterranean to that of her southern regions. The advantage of those inland |