A Treatise on human physiology ...

Importance of inorganic substances as ingredients of food-Of saccharine and
starchy substances-Of fatty matters-Insufficiency of these substances
when used alone-Effects of an exclusive non-nitrogenous diet-Organic
substances also insufficient by themselves-Experiments of Magendie on
exclusive diet of gelatine or fibrin-Food requires to contain all classes of
proximate principles-Composition of various kinds of food-Daily quantity
of food required by man-Digestibility of food-Effect of cooking

CHAPTER VI.

DIGESTION.

73-82

Nature of digestion-Digestive apparatus of fowl-Of ox-Of man-MASTICA-
TION-Varieties of teeth-Effect of mastication-SALIVA-Its composition-
Daily quantity produced-Its action on starch-Effect of its suppression-
Function of the saliva-GASTRIC JUICE, AND STOMACH DIGESTION-Structure of
gastric mucous membrane-Dr. Beaumont's experiments on St. Martin-
Artificial gastric fistula-Composition and properties of gastric juice-Its
action on albuminoid substances-Peristaltic action of stomach-Time re-
quired for digestion-Daily quantity of gastric juice-Influences modifying
its secretion-INTESTINAL JUICES, AND THE DIGESTION OF SUGAR AND STARCH—
Follicles of intestine-Properties of intestinal juice-PANCREATIC Juice, and
THE DIGESTION OF FAT-Composition and properties of pancreatic juice-Its
action on oily matters-Successive changes in intestinal digestion

CHAPTER VII.

ABSORPTION.

83-127

Closed follicles and villi of small intestine-Peristaltic motion-Absorption
by blood vessels and lymphatics-Chyle-Lymph-Absorbent system-Lac-
teals and lymphatics-Absorption of fat-Its accumulation in the blood
during digestion-Its final decomposition and disappearance

128-140

CHAPTER VIII.

THE BILE.

Physical properties of the bile-Its composition-Biliverdine-Cholesterin-
Biliary salts-Their mode of extraction-Crystallization-Glyko-cholate of
soda-Tauro-cholate of soda-Biliary salts in different species of animals
and in man-Tests for bile-Variations and functions of bile-Daily quan-
tity-Time of its discharge into intestine-Its disappearance from the ali-
mentary canal-Its reabsorption-Its ultimate decomposition.

CHAPTER IX.

FORMATION OF SUGAR IN THE LIVER.

PAGE

141-164

Existence of sugar in liver of all animals-Its percentage-Internal origin of
liver-sugar-Its production after death-Glycogenic matter of the liver-Its
properties and composition-Absorption of liver-sugar by hepatic veins—
Its accumulation in the blood during digestion-Its final decomposition and
disappearance

165-172

CHAPTER X.

THE SPLEEN.

Capsule of Spleen-Variations in size of the organ-Its internal structure-
Malpighian bodies of the spleen-Action of spleen on the blood-Effect of
its extirpation

173-177

CHAPTER XI.

THE BLOOD.

RED GLOBULES of the blood-Their microscopic characters-Structure and com-
position-Variations in size in different animals-WHITE GLOBULES of the
blood-Independence of the two kinds of blood-globules-PLASMA-Its com-
position-Fibrin-Albumen-Fatty matters-Saline ingredients-Extractive
matters-COAGULATION OF THE BLOOD-Separation of clot and serum-Influ-
ences hastening or retarding coagulation-Coagulation not a commencement
of organization-Formation of buffy coat—Entire quantity of blood in body
178-196

CHAPTER XII.

RESPIRATION.

Respiratory apparatus of aquatic and air-breathing animals-Structure of
lungs in human subject-Respiratory movements of chest-Of glottis-
Changes in the air during respiration-Changes in the blood-Proportions
of oxygen and carbonic acid, in venous and arterial blood-Solution of gases
by the blood-globules-Origin of carbonic acid in the blood-Its mode of
production-Quantity of carbonic acid exhaled from the body-Variations
according to age, sex, temperature, &c.-Respiration by the skin

197-217

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMAL HEAT.

Standard temperature of animals-How maintained-Production of heat by

Vegetables-Mode of generation of animal heat-Theory of combustion-

Objections to this theory-No oxidation in vegetables during production of

heat-Quantities of oxygen and carbonic acid in animals do not correspond

with each other-Production of animal heat a local process-Depends on

the chemical phenomena of nutrition .

Circulatory apparatus of fish-Of reptiles-Of mammalians-Course of blood

through the heart—Action of valves-Sounds of heart-Movements—Im-

pulse-Successive pulsations-Arterial system-Movement of blood through

the arteries-Arterial pulse-Rapidity of arterial circulation-The veins-

Causes of movement of blood in the veins-Rapidity of venous current-

Capillary circulation-Phenomena and causes of capillary circulation-

Rapidity of entire circulation-Local variations in different parts

CHAPTER XV.

SECRETION.

229-264

Nature of secretion-Variations in activity-Mucus-Sebaceous matter-Per-

spiration-Tears-Milk-Secretion of bile-Anatomical peculiarities. 265-281

CHAPTER XVI.

EXCRETION.

Nature of excretion-Excrementitious substances-Effect of their retention

-Urea-Its source-Conversion into carbonate of ammonia-Daily quan-

tity of urea-Creatine-Creatinine-Urate of soda-Urates of potass and

ammonia-General characters of the urine-Its composition-Variations-

Accidental ingredients of the urine-Acid and alkaline fermentations-

Final decomposition of the urine

GENERAL CHARACTER AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

PAGE

Nature of the function performed by nervous system-Two kinds of nervous

tissue-Fibres of white substance-Their minute structure-Division and

inosculation of nerves-Gray substance-Nervous system of radiata-Of

mollusca-Of articulata-Of mammalia and human subject-Structure of

encephalon-Connections of its different parts.

305-327

CHAPTER II.

OF NERVOUS IRRITABILITY, AND ITS MODE OF ACTION.

Irritability of muscles-How exhibited-Influences which exhaust and destroy
it-Nervous irritability-How exhibited-Continues after death-Exhausted
by repeated excitement-Influence of direct and inverse electrical currents
-Nervous irritability distinct from muscular irritability-Nature of the
nervous force-Its resemblance to electricity-Differences between the two
328-339

CHAPTER III.

THE SPINAL CORD.

Distinct seat of sensation and motion in nervous system-Sensibility and

excitability-Distinct seat of sensibility and excitability in spinal cord—

Crossed action of spinal cord-Independent and associated action of motor

and sensitive filaments- Reflex action of spinal cord -How manifested dur-

ing disease-Influence in health on sphincters, voluntary muscles, urinary

bladder, &c.