ART. 23. The administration of Palestine shall recognize the holy days of the respective communities in Palestine as legal days of rest for the members of such communities. ART. 24. The mandatory shall make to the Council of the League of Nations an annual report as to the measures taken during the year to carry out the provisions of the mandate. Copies of all laws and regulations promulgated or issued during the year shall be communicated with the report. ART. 25. If any dispute whatever should arise between the members of the League of Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of these provisions which can not be settled by negotiation, this dispute shall be submitted to the permanent court of international justice provided for by article 14 of the covenant of the League of Nations. ART. 26. The consent of the Council of the League of Nations is required for any modification of the terms of the present mandate, provided that in the case of any modification proposed by the mandatory such consent may be given by a majority of the council. ART. 27. In the event of the termination of the mandate conferred upon the mandatory by this declaration, the Council of the League of Nations shall make such arrangements as may be deemed necessary for safeguarding in perpetuity, under guaranty of the league, the rights secured by articles 13 and 14, and for securing, under the guaranty of the league, that the Government of Palestine will fully honor the financial obligations legitimately incurred by the administration of Palestine during the period of the mandate. The present copy shall be deposited in the archives of the League of Nations and certified copies shall be forwarded by the secretary general of the League of Nations to all powers signatories of the treaty of peace with Turkey. Mr. FISH. Mr. Chairman, it is now a quarter to 5 o'clock, and Mr. Lipsky says that he would prefer to speak to-morrow morning. The CHAIRMAN. That suits me. Mr. FISH. I think it would be better if we adjourned. Mr. MOORES. Before we adjourn I would like to ask Professor Reed one or two questions. The CHAIRMAN. Very well. Mr. MOORES. Doctor Reed, it has not been brought out in what capacity you went to Palestine or when you went to Palestine. Professor REED. Yes, sir; I will be glad to make that statement. I was serving at Yale in teaching field artillery until after the armistice. Then I was invited to go to Palestine as deputy commissioner for the American Red Cross. I embarked at New York on the George Washington December 30, 1918. I had to go to Paris first and do a good deal of work there securing doctors and Durses, and finally I started for Palestine and landed in Jerusalem on the 3d day of March, 1919. I was a deputy commissioner, and part of my business was to inspect the country and see how soon we could withdraw our work. Mr. MOORES. Without affecting too much the economic status? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. MOORES. Where were your headquarters? Professor REED. My headquarters were at Jerusalem. I had my headquarters at Jerusalem for three months and a half, except for the trips that I had to make around. I went to Damascus and to Es-Salt and elsewhere, but always coming back to Jerusalem. I went there a thorough Zionist and with Zionist literature in my trunk. The first strange thing that struck me was an order from the British governor, which, of course, we had to obey, that no member of the Red Cross must leave during Sunday the Russian compound, where our forces were living, the reason being that there was to be an anti-Zionist parade and there might be a dangerous riot. That was the first intimation I had that the country did not really want the Zionists. I then, of course, could not help seeing it, by the fact that field guns were brought up-and they would tell me that it was to fire a salute or that airplanes were hovering over the city. I once went to see a man on my official business and was told that he was ill, and as he was a soldier I wondered what was the matter, and I was told that it was his anxiety over the fact that there might be violent political disturbances. It was, of course, my business to keep out of politics, and I did. I was asked by the Palestinians, for example, if I would give them any advice as to the coming of the King-Crane commission. I refused. I was asked to attend a political meeting, and I refused. I was asked if I would go to a house and meet one or two of the prominent men of Jerusalem in connection with the King-Crane commission, and I refused. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Were they Jews or nominal Christians? Professor REED. They were anti-Zionists. But I met Mr. Ittimar Ben Avi and discussed Zionism. I knew that rightly I would be very seriously criticized by the Zionists if I took part in any political demonstration there or got into local politics; but I could not help seeing, as I went through the country, opposition to Zionism, so that as soon as I got back I began to study the matter very seriously, and it has interested me so much that I have collected a considerable literature, both American and foreign, which I intend to finally deposit in the historical section of the Yale library. And lest any Zionist may possibly think that I used my official position in any way to prejudice their cause, I have a letter from the president of the American Red Cross stating that my position was absolutely correct in all matters. In fact, I may say I leaned over backward, because the only political speech made at the American Red Cross while I was deputy commissioner was by Mr. Ittimar Ben Avi, the son of the great Jewish encyclopedist; and when he asked me if I had anything to reply, and I could have replied, I refrained. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Who was the president of the Red Cross that wrote that letter? Professor REED. Mr. Livingston Farrand, who is now president of Cornell University. Mr. MOORES. How many Zionist colonies did you visit while you were there? Professor REED. Very few, because my work did not take me there; because I only went where I had to go. I hope you have noticed that my argument has been based not on what I saw in Jerusalem or what I heard in Jerusalem, and everything is based upon Zionist documents. I had to go to a number of places. several times. Of course, I went through Tel Aviv Church, and I had to go through Tiberias. I am ashamed to say that the names of several that I went through there have escaped my memory. But my business, of course, was not to investigate the Jewish colonies in any way, shape, or manner. I have said here that they are very remarkable institutions, and no one who knows Palestine at all can do anything but pay a tribute to them. Mr. MOORES. From your observation of the cities of Palestine, in the hands of what class of the population is the banking done-Moslem or Jewish? Professor REED. Will you excuse me if I say that I really did not go into that? Mr. MOORES. You did not observe, then, as to which class of men engaged in trade or in manufacturing or in agriculture? Professor REED. No, sir. Of course, everyone could see that the great bulk of the agriculturists are the natives, and certainly the percentage of Jewish agriculturists was very far the lowest. They had about 19 per cent in agriculture; and they only had 12,000 in the colonies, and those were the agricultural colonies. If you give them the percentage of about 20, that is about onefifth-I think 20 per cent-I think that was not too high; you could not help seeing that the great bulk of the farming is done by the natives. They have been farmers for generations and always will be. It is a perfectly wonderful country, and, I think, sir, that country can be built up, and I think it must be built up into something like Switzerland, with an equal partnership. You have got to have a partnership of everybody there. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I would like to ask you this: You have been a professor of history how long? Professor REED. No, sir; I never have taught history in my life. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I thought you said that you were professor of history. Professor REED. No, sir; I said of English literature. I am not a historian in any sense of the word. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I misunderstood you, then. Professor REED. I am afraid that I talked too rapidly for you to understand me. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I misunderstood you. You have been a reader of history, as I can see from your testimony. Professor REED. I will state that I have read much on Palestine. I have read the Crusades, which were very bad. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Yes; and you have read a good deal of modern Jewish literature. You are very familiar with it. Professor REED. I am fairly familiar; yes, sir. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Did you ever read Mr. Justice Brandeis's great speech on Zionism-that was the first thing that ever attracted my attention to it-along seven or eight years ago or ten years ago? Professor REED. I rather think I have read it. I never had occasion to use it in an argument, but I think that is in my collection. I have two or three shelves of Zionist speeches. I am making a good collection. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I asked you if you had read that speech. Now, you were familiar, and have been apparently most familiar, with this Zionist movement, I can see. Professor REED. No; I have, as everybody has, the Old Testament background Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. No, but I mean the modern Zionist movement. Professor REED. Yes; I have been familiar with it. Before I went out there I read Zionist literature. When I went there I was in favor of Zionism. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you stayed there three months? Professor REED. Three months and a half. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Three months and a half? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You did not visit the Zionist colonies, you say? Professor REED. No, but I saw four or five. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Four or five, and you were busy with your duties of the Red Cross? Professor REED. You speak of them as "colonies." Tel Aviv is a suburb of a city. Mr. LIPSKY. Of Jaffa. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. What farming colony did you visit? Professor REED. I did not visit any farming colonies. I went through some and saw them, because I went through in a motor. You could not help seeing them. But I had no work to do in them and never stopped and examined them. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsion. You saw them as you went about in a motor in the daytime? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Did you stop and consult with the people? Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. What were your duties there in Jerusalem, mostly? Professor REED. My duties in Jerusalem were the duties that would naturally fall to the executive of something like forty people. One of my chief duties was to help demobilize the whole force. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You mean the Red Cross? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Were you still distributing supplies? Professor REED. Yes, chiefly clothing, but the American people could not support it very long after war ended. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. What number did you have there, of your subordinates? Professor REED. I do not call them subordinates. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. In the unit? Professor REED. In the unit there were 30 or 40. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. They were subordinate to you? You assumed control? Professor REED. I never assumed control. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. But you were in control? Professor REED. No, we had an executive committee. I never tried to be in control. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I do not mean to intimate that you were a despot, or anything of that kind. I am simply asking if you were not in charge of those 30 or 40 people. You had a governing body, but you were the head of the governing body? Professor REED. I never assumed that authority. We always came to a vote on everything. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. when you decide on anything, who issued the orders? Professor REED. It was decided by this body. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You issued them, did you not? Professor REED. Yes; I would sign the official letter. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You would sign the official letter. That is what I wanted to get at. You had 30 or 40 people, and you consulted about things? Professor REED. About everything. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you had a little governing committee? Professor REED. Yes, sir. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And the committee instructed you to write and sign orders? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. So that you were really what you would call the head man? Professor REED. Not for the first month, when I had an older colleague, who was also a deputy commissioner. He broke down under the work and left me there, and I continued the work. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. What cities did you visit besides Jerusalem? Professor REED. I had a pretty good chance to see many. For example, I went to Gaza twice, and I saw that city very thoroughly, because we ran a fine workshop there; and we brought up the superintendent of the workshop and helped to start him in a cooperative industry that is still running in Jerusalem. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. What industry is that? Professor REED. Weaving; and it is called now, I think, the Jerusalem Looms. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. About how many employees did you have? Professor REED. I can not tell you-how many they have now, but I can tell you that we had about six large wooden looms, and they wove that cloth which the natives wear. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Did you establish any other industry? Professor REED. No, sir; we established no other industry, because our work was purely relief work. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. In that one town you established one industry. Did you establish any industry in any other town? Professor REED. I see your point. At Gaza it was not an industry. We brought the man up from Gaza and left him at Jerusalem. At Jerusalem this weaving work is going on; it was taken on by the men themselves. But if you mean did the Red Cross when they were there start other industries that kept on going Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Yes; that is it. Professor REED (continuing). No; we did not, because it was relief work. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. It was relief work that occupied your time? Professor REED. Yes; very much of my time. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you say you came back here? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And read literature, etc., and your mind was changed? Professor REED. My mind was changed over there when I had to see the military precautions taken. You could not avoid it. It was right there before your eyes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. There were Mohammedans and Christians and Jews and a great variety of creeds and inherited animosities and hatreds and differences of sentiment? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. So that it was inevitable, in a situation like that, that somebody would have to maintain order and have power to enforce it? Professor REED. Yes; you have got to maintain order; but the force of troops was utterly out of proportion for any ordinary necessity. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Did the fact of the presence of those troops and the fact that the populace wanted them to come there lead you to change your opinion on this question of Zionism? Professor REED. The fact that they had to have a large military force showed me that the people did not want it. Then I thought I would study the question and see why they did not want it. I believe they did when I went there. I believed, as the Zionists said, that they were not opposed by any section of the people. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You did not have much time to read there? Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You did your reading here? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. It was your reading that converted you, finally? Professor REED. It was the sight of the large force that was necessary for the work to restore order in Palestine. Then, I wanted to see why that happened. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Let me see if I understand you. You went over an ardent Zionist? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you were familiar with the history of Zion? Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you were busy with those duties all the time? Professor REED. Yes; very busy. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. And you visited only those few places? Professor REED. No; I went all over. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You did not visit any of the agricultural colonies? Professor REED. I went through them, but I had no work there. I was not a tourist, and I could only go where we had work. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I have not heard anything in your statement to explain the conversion from an ardent Zionist, as you were when you went there, and spent three and a half months' time, busy with the duties that you have enumerated-your conversion to an ardent anti-Zionist. Mr. KENNEDY. Did you change your mind while you were still there or after you came back? Professor REED. No; I could not help it. I changed when I was there. For example Mr. KENNEDY. Then your mind was changed by your observations? Professor REED. Yes; but I did not know what those people had until I began to study the case, and I saw really what the Zionists were trying to do. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. You said that you changed your mind there, but the only reason you have given as to why you changed your mind over there was this, the great number of troops necessary to preserve order. Professor REED. Yes. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I do not see why that should in any way tend to change your opinion on Zionism. Professor REED. You could not help being influenced. As I said, I refused to attend any meetings, but you could not help running into the Zionist question. I do not know how I can explain it to you, but in that country you cannot help but hear what the people say. The whole point was that I made no study of Zionism. It was not my duty. I went all over Palestine, to many places. Mr. KENNEDY. Is there any great number of Americans who hold property interests over there? Professor REED. There are several Mission stations. For example, there is a boys' high school and a girls' high school at Ram Allah, the home of one of these gentlemen. Mr. KENNEDY. I mean, property interests in an industrial way? Mr. KENNEDY. Did you inquire into the facts where these Americans happened to be, concerning their circumstances? Professor REED. I heard something of them, but I could not make an inquiry. Mr. KENNEDY. What was the view they expressed, if you care to state it? Professor REED. I dislike to do it, because it will seem as though I were trying to bring before this committee what I saw over there. I have not alluded to that. I want to base my arguments on Zionist documents. (Thereupon, at 4.45 o'clock p. m., the committee adjourned until to-morrow, Friday, April 21, 1922, at 10.30 o'clock a. m.) COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, The committee met at 10.30 o'clock, Hon. Stephen G. Porter (chairman) presiding. Mr. LINTHICUM. Mr. Chairman, when the hearings began, the question was asked of one of the witnesses when he was last in Palestine, and, as he had not been there for two years, I suggested that Doctor Lazaron and Doctor Birck |