through all the entrances when the defense had broken down. Perhaps the most revolting incident was the conduct of one of the Arab policemen. He I was at first regarded by the women as the protector, but he took advantage of the prevailing terror to rob them of their small possessions and to two he made indecent advances, telling them that he was a Jew, with threats of violence if they refused to comply with his demands. The toll of dead and wounded in the gruesome episode of the Immigration House was 13 killed and 24 wounded. Looters, male and female, had been stealing linen from the washhouse and whatever other articles they could find that had not been disturbed.

On May 2 a horrible murder was disclosed during the afternoon. Mr. Brenner, a Jewish author of some repute, was living with five other Jews in an isolated house off the Ramleh Road. On this day 13 Jews were killed and 26 wounded. A group of Jewish houses near the German colony, was entirely looted on Monday. The inhabitants had fled. On May 3, three Jews were killed and four wounded. Early on Wednesday morning, the 4th of May, a party of 150 immigrants had to be removed from the docks to Tel Aviv for safety.

Later on an angry crowd collected in the square. There was a story current of two children who had been murdered by Jews. The crowd surged down Boustrous Street, bound for the German colony of Tel Aviv, but were headed off by Major Pery-Knox-Gore, who was in a motor car and persuaded them to return. The children were afterwards found unhurt.

As this eventful week drew to its close actual disturbances of the peace ceased, but public uneasiness was by no means at an end. The hostility of the Arabs showed itself in a refusal to sell their provisions to Jews.

During June there were occasional ebullitions of feeling, showing that passions had not yet subsided. On the 13th of June an Arab ran amuk in a Jewish shop in Menshieh, killing two Jews and wounding others. The Arab was arrested and found by a medical board to be insane.

Certain elements of the Arab population, particularly the boatmen, displayed a truculent attitude toward the landing of Jews, not of the immigrant class, at Jaffa, and several Jewish passengers were compelled to disembark at other ports. This attitude culminated on the 30th of June in a serious incident, thus described in a communique issued by the Government:

"A ship arrived on the 30th of June, carrying 10 Palestinian Jews from Beirut. The officer commanding at Jaffa, which is still under martial law, had been instructed by the high commissioner to insure the landing of the passengers, but in doing so not to use more force than was necessary. The approaches to the quay were accordingly picketed. The colonel commandant reports that the passengers were landed without incident, but as the pickets were about to return to their billets the Arabs suddenly attacked one of the pickets near the town square, and simultaneously shots were fired at the picket, one of which, directed from the roof of a house, killed an Arab standing behind the picket, and another Arab, who had seized a soldier's rifle, was seriously wounded. The troops fired in retaliation, wounding an Arab, while another Arab was wounded as the result of attacking a sentry in the Menshieh quarter. So far no other casualties have been reported, and this afternoon the town was quiet."

About 9 a. m. on the 7th of July a Jew was shot dead in the Ajami main street, one of the principal thoroughfares of the town, approximately half way between the main square and the immigration house.

In their most dangerous manifestations, and as bringing about a temporary breakdown of civil government, the Jaffa riots may be regarded as confined to those waves of popular violence which flooded certain parts of the town of Jaffa on the 1st of May. Many acts of violence were perpetrated during the following day and in lessening degree on Tuesday; and in a wider sense one may say that the Jaffa riots were not at an end until the afternoon of the 3d of May.

But the disturbances set up in Jaffa during those three days reacted in other directions. Its effect in Samaria as far as Nablus and the anti-Jewish raid on the colony of Khedera, which lies within the district of Phoenicia, have been described in our interim report on the Khedora episode. In the Jaffa district four more Jewish colonies were attacked.

* * *

When, on the 6th of May, Kefr Saba was visited, it was found that two houses had been burned and the remainder robbed of their roofs, windows, and floors. One house was entirely destroyed, together with a pump and engine, and much damage had been done to cultivation. A visit to Ain Hai on the same date disclosed the destruction of that colony.

KHEDERA RAID, MAY 6, 1921.

On the 6th of May, 1921, a raid was made from neighboring villages upon Khedera. The lives of the colonists were saved by the arrival of an airplane, but two houses were burned and 14 houses were wholly or partially ransacked. Much cattle is said to have been stolen. * * * It has been said that what the Arabs really want is loot; that when there is trouble they take advantage of it to pillage; that this love of pillage is at the bottom of every anti-Jewish movement. * * * In this case it is clear that the colonists had done nothing whatsoever to provoke an attack. The armed crowd that proceeded to raid them intended to kill and loot, and it is a pity that they were not firmly handled before they had the opportunity of doing damage. The raiders can not be excused because they believed a preposterous story without examination. There was nothing to prevent them from discovering the truth about the alleged detention of the laborers.

We express no opinion as to the amount of damage. It has been put to us at about £27,000. There is a prima facie case against the villages of Tulkeram and Kakon because armed mobs proceeded from those places to attack the colony. If the inhabitants consider that by being thus singled out they are unjustly victimized, the remedy lies with them; they have only to show what other persons or communities are involved in the same crime and ought to share the same responsibility. In a different degree responsibility lies upon the camp of the Wadi Hawaret Bedouin. Not only was loot found in that camp, but there is other evidence which associates them with the raid.

ATTACK ON PETACH TIKVAH.

Petach Tikvah is a large Jewish colony about 7 miles northeast of Jaffa. The Arabs made two attacks on the colony, one from the north and the other from the south. The Jewish casualties, as reported by the medical authorities, was 12 wounded and 4 dead.

THE EVENTS OF THE 2D OF NOVEMBER, 1921.

*

So, on Wednesday morning, the Jews went quietly to their business, and relying on the assurance of the Government, opened their shops. But, in spite of the promises given to the governor of Jerusalem, every Arab shop was shut. In the streets a feeling of general excitement and unrest was manifest. Arabs were moving around conspicuously toying with sticks and clubs. * * Between 9 and 9.30 about a hundred hooligans and small boys gathered by the Jaffa Gate, and shouting out all manner of anti-Jewish slogans, started to proceed in the direction of the post office. Between 11.30 and 12 the Arab demonstrators tried to penetrate into the Jewish quarters. Five policemen who were on the spot tried to put up some resistance, but some of the Arabs began using firearms. The result of the day's riots was 4 Jews killed, 8 seriously wounded, and 20 slightly wounded.

At 2 o'clock on the same day, the English artist, Mr. Snowman, on leaving his rooms in the Damascus Gate, was stabbed by an Arab while going peacefully through the gate. Near him another Jew was badly wounded by a knife wound in the back. Mr. Zalman Rubin, head of the Ashkanazi Community, was seriously wounded in different parts of the body.

AMERICAN INTERESTS IN PALESTINE.

The following are some of the more important interests of American Zionists in Palestine:

THE JEWISH NATIONAL FUND.

The Jewish National Fund, whose aim is to acquire land in Palestine, has contributed toward that end in the past five years more than one-half a million dollars; previous to that, in round figures, about $300,000.

THE PALESTINE RESTORATION FUND.

The Palestine Restoration Fund contributed in the past five years $4,900,000.

THE PALESTINE FOUNDATION FUND.

The Palestine Foundation Fund, known as Keren Hayesod, has already contributed $1,500,000. There is now a campaign in progress to raise $6,000,000 for this year.

AMERICAN ZIONIST MEDICAL UNIT.

The American Zionist Medical Unit maintains three hospitals and a dispensary and clinic in the more densely populated districts of Jerusalem, Tiberias, and Safed. The upkeep of the hospital, clinics, and dispensaries approximates $400,000 a year.

The Joint Distribution Committee, which contributes $12,500 a month toward the medical and sanitary work in Palestine, also cares for orphan children, numbering 2,655, at a cost of £5,000, equivalent in American money to $2,300 per month.

AMERICAN ZION COMMONWEALTH.

The American Zion Commonwealth is an American corporation with a membership of 5,000 and a total subscription of over $3,000,000. The purpose of this corporation is to buy and develop land in Palestine for its members-and their friends, whenever such members can not take personal possession of their lands. The company has already purchased 8,000 dunam land (a dunam of land is one-fourth of an acre), upon which they expended for buildings and development of land $275,000.

Within several months they will be in a position to settle 100 families in the Colony Balfouria, which has been developed by American methods and with American machinery.

AMERICAN PALESTINE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

This corporation has invested over $125,000 in Palestine and has a very large membership. They have erected a fruit packing and canning warehouse in Petach Tikvah and are now considering plans for the erection of another such building in an adjacent colony.

MARBADIA (CARPET COMPANY).

The Marbadia (carpet-weaving company) was organized for the purpose of developing the carpet-weaving industry in Palestine. They have invested about $25,000. A number of carpets have appeared on exhibition in New York and Philadelphia.

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL SUPPLY CO.

This corporation was organized for the purpose of manufacturing building materials and to construct houses in Palestine. They have invested over $50,000.

ACHOOZA ALEPH.

Achooza Aleph is composed of a group of American Zionists, organized for the purpose of forming a Palestine cooperative colony. They have invested several thousand dollars and own a considerable amount of land.

POREAH.

The Poreah was organized for the purpose of creating a cooperative unit for the colonization of land in Palestine. This is one of the earliest cooperative groups and is composed mostly of American Jews who live in the West. Its center is St. Louis, Mo.

There is an indication that during the coming 12 months the amount to be invested will reach several millions. The following new concerns will probably be opened during this year: (1) American Hotel Corporation, (2) Central Mortgage Bank, (3) Urban Mortgage Bank, (4) Industrial Bank of Zionist Organization, (5) Industrial Bank (private).

AMERICAN-DANISH FURNITURE FACTORY, JERUSALEM.

The factory has been started about a year ago.

The concern is run on up-to-date lines and worked exclusively by machinery. Over $50,000 were invested in plant, materials, etc.

There are a number of other American corporations in Palestine, and Palestine corporations in which American Jews are interested. There are several thousand American Jews residing in Palestine. The interest of American Jews in the development of Palestine is manifested in their participation in industrial enterprises and in the numbers who reside there.

Mr. FISH. Congressman Larson of Minnesota wants to submit a few telegrams.

Mr. LARSON. I will do it at the session to-morrow morning.

The CHAIRMAN. We will meet again this afternoon and try to finish with everybody.

Mr. CONNALLY. Did the committee intend to resume with the gentleman from Yale again to-day, or on Monday?

Mr. REED. I am here, but there are a few half civilized Arabs here who would like to speak.

The CHAIRMAN. Very well; we will hear them.

STATEMENT OF REV. ISAAC LANDMAN. LAWRENCE, LONG ISLAND.

The CHAIRMAN. The Rev. Isaac Landman is here with a letter of introduction from our colleague from California. You may proceed.

Doctor LANDMAN. I live in Lawrence, Long Island. I am a Rabbi. I am editor of the American Hebrew. I am an American citizen. I was born in Russia. I am here the best explanation for my being here is the remark that this gentleman made before I had uttered a word. There is an organization, the Zionist Organization, that has been going around the country for some years giving a wrong impression concerning the attitude of the Jews toward Palestine concerning the attitude of the Jews toward the countries in which they live. This is the second time this morning that you were told about certain Jews who were traitors, because they differed in opinion with the Zionists. The first time is in the record. You were also told that there are a number of reform Jews in this country who do not count. Well, I am one that belongs to that class. Let me say at the outset that no Jew in America or elsewhere is opposed to the restoration of Palestine. When President Wilson left for Paris, there was a document handed to him by Mr. Kahn. This document called forth the ire of a little group of serious politicians who head the Zionist organization of America. This document was signed by about 275 leading Americans. In this document, at the time when the opposition to Zionism among Jews in America was very great and active, though not organized-this opposition is not organized to-day because no Jews want to harm in any way the rebuilding of Palestine is set forth the thought that the idea which had been conveyed by the Zionist organizations, that the Jews living all over the world form a nation in a political sense, was not in accordance with the thought of the signers of the statement, who, indeed, represent the thought of the majority of Jews in America. We resent the idea that the Jews constitute a nation. Mr. FISH. Do you maintain that the majority of the Jews are opposed to this proposition?

Doctor LANDMAN. Are opposed to political Zionism, to the idea that the Jews all over the world constitute a nation.

Mr. FISH. Then I would like you to account for the fact that there are in Congress representing Jewish districts from New York City five Congressmen, all of whom are ready to testify, I believe, or have testified, that their constituencies are practically unanimous in favor of this particular legislation, or, rather, to a resolution favoring the establishment of a national home in Palestine for the Jewish people.

Doctor LANDMAN. If you will not feel that I am casting slurs, I want to say that behind these resolutions is a very serious political mistake, a mistake of politicians. Certain Zionist leaders have given the impression to certain politicians that they represent the Jewish vote. Now, there is no such thing

as a Jewish vote. There are men within the organization who are opposed to the nationalist element in Zionism, but do not want to withdraw from the organization for the reason that they do not want to do anything to harm the rebuilding of Palestine any more than any other Jews. Included in

the Zionist organization are men, women, and children who will not vote for 10 or 20 years. There are only 30,000 members in the Zionist organization on the authority of the organization itself. In a circular recently issued by the Zionist Organization of America, they pleaded for additional members. Part of it reads as follows:

"If you will secure a minimum of two members before April 25, the date on which the League of Nations meets to consider the Palestine mandate, our membership will reach the 100,000 mark."

That is the answer.

Mr. FISH. Not at all.

Doctor LANDMAN. It is.

Mr. FISH. Do you not believe in this resolution? I am sure the Zionist organization sincerely believes in it. And so do the overwhelming majority of Jews in this country.

Doctor LANDMAN. No Jew is opposed to the rebuilding of Palestine. Mr. FISH. How would they go about rebuilding, if not by this method? Doctor LANDMAN. They would go about rebuilding Palestine in the way the Jews who represent the signers of this statement have urged again and again. Mr. FISH. What way?

Doctor LANDMAN. Without politics. Palestine should be rebuilt economically until it becomes an independent State. The politicians are creating dissension. We have politicians-I am talking about professional politicians, who are Jewish politicians. If they had not created all the difficulties in Palestine by their constant exaggeration, just such exaggerations as were made on the floor here this morning-if they had not done so, there never would have been riots in Palestine. We know that England can govern colonies; we know if the Jews were left alone in Palestine, and with the tremendous amount of assistance which the Jews of the world would give them, and if there were no politics, Palestine would be rebuilt rapidly, safely, soundly.

Mr. COOPER. What do you mean by politics?

Mr. COCKRAN. I think the idea is that the English shall continue to protect. Mr. COOPER. Some Jews get in bad there.

Doctor LANDMAN. The same as here or anywhere else.

Mr. COCKRAN. It would appear that under those conditions that you would not get sanction enough; that would leave an opening to oppression or assault by natives, especially to exclude them or shut them out?

Doctor LANDMAN. No; nobody in the world would do that.

Mr. COCKRAN. Then your position is an objection to the methods of this Jewish organization called Zionists?

Doctor LANDMAN. In that their methods are harmful to rebuilding Palestine. Mr. COCKRAN. There would not be anything, according to your view-any objection to this resolution which simply expresses hope.

Doctor LANDMAN. This resolution does not really mean a single thing.
Mr. COCKRAN. You would not object to it.

Doctor LANDMAN. In Congress a lot of resolutions are passed for one reason or another that have really no definite meaning. Of course, in the political light I can see the object of this resolution, but I need not discuss that here.

Mr. FISH. If you would ask the gentleman if he believes in the Balfour resolution, we might all agree without any further discussion.

Mr. COCKRAN. I will just put it that way. You do not object to the Balfour declaration, do you?

Doctor LANDMAN. I object to the Balfour declaration because it presumes to establish Palestine as the national home of the Jewish people. The Balfour declaration is written into the mandate as it is at present drawn. In the mandate the Zionist organization is declared to be the sole agency which shall be consulted by the mandatory with reference to the conditions in Palestine; and those Jews who are opposed to Jewish nationalism, to the doctrine that the Jews constitute a political entity, can not cooperate in the upbuilding of Palestine. As long as the point of view is held that the Jews are a nation, as long as there is a political side to Zionism, then the economic progress of Palestine is retarded.

Mr. COCKRAN. Your criticism of Zionism is that it obstructs the purposes which it seeks?

Doctor LANDMAN. Absolutely.

Mr. COCKRAN. There is another thing that simplifies the situation. This situation as it stands over there now, as I understand it, involves some method or other by which the freedom of the Jews to come in there and acquire prop