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This list seems to deserve special attention, as it gives the impression of being a faithful and complete

account.

That the campaigns thus described were not the only ones conducted by the king on the blood-stained field of honour during his reign, appears from many inscriptions and tablets of victory. We know that he undertook expeditions on the south of Egypt, and conquered the negroes (Nahasi), the Thiraui, and the Amarai or Amalai. We are also informed from the same sources that, besides the Purosatha, the Tuirsha of the sea' were numbered among his enemies, and that the Khal (Phoenicians) and the Amorites received a severe chastisement from the Egyptian king.

6

Of very special value are the effigies of the conquered foreign kings and leaders, which the Pharaoh Ramses III. caused to be sculptured in a long series, one after the other, in his palace, or Ramesseum, by the side of the temple of Amon at Medinet Abou, and that, as appears to us, in a portraiture quite true to life. So far as this has been preserved, we will give at least the translation of the inscriptions which are appended to the figures of the several persons in

succession:

lengths have a parallel in the swords found by Dr. Schliemann at Mycenae, the long ones being perhaps swords of state.-ED.

1. The king of the miserable land of Kush (Ethiopia).
2-3. Destroyed.

4. The king of the Libu (Libya).

5. The king of Turses (land of the Negroes).

6. The king of the Mashauasha (Maxyes).

7. The king of Taraua (land of the Negroes).

8. The miserable king of Khita (Hethites) as a living prisoner.

9. The miserable king of the Amori (Amorites).

10. The leader of the hostile bands of the Zakkari (Zygritæ). 11. The people of the sea of Shairdana (Chartani).

12. The leader of the hostile bands of the Shasu (Edomites). 13. The people of the sea of Tuirsha (Taurus).

14. The leader of the hostile bands of the Pu[rosatha] (Prosodita).'

The campaign of vengeance which Ramses III. undertook against several of the nations above named, in order to attack them in their own homes, by land and sea, must have been far more instructive than the detailed descriptions of the wars on African soil. That this campaign actually took place, we have all reasonable assurance in the names of the conquered foreign cities and countries, which cover one side of the pylon of the temple of Medinet Abou, and which we will now give in an exact translation. The reader cannot fail to share our astonishment at recognizing among them names well known to classical antiquity, in the form in which they were written 1200 years before the Christian era: 3

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3 A translation of this list is also given, with the rest of the inscription, by Dr. Birch in Records of the Past, vol. vi. pp. 17, foll.-ED.

4. Zizi ..

23. Kabur (Cibyra in Cilicia).

5. Tharshka (Tarsus in Cilicia). 24. Aimal (Myle in Cilicia). 25. U . . . lu (Alein Cilicia).

6. Khareb.

7. Salomaski (Salamis in Cy- 26. Kushpita

prus).

(Casyponis in

Cilicia).

Caria).

8. Kathian (Citium in Cyprus). 27. Kanu (comp. Caunus in

9. Aimar (Marion in Cyprus). 10. Sali (Soli in Cyprus). 11. Ithal (Idalium in Cyprus). 12. (M)aquas (Acamas in Cyprus ?).

13. Tarshebi.

14. Bizar.

15. A. . . si.

16. Aman (Mons Amanus).

17. Alikan.

18. Pikaz.

19. . . . ubai.

28. L . . . aros (Larissa).

29. Arrapikha.

30. Shabi.

31. Zaur (Zor-Tyrus in Cilicia). 32. Kilsenen (Colossæ ?

Phrygia).

in

33. Maulnus (Mallus in Cilicia). 34. Samai (Syme, a Carian island).

35. Thasakha.

36. Me . . . ari.

20. Kerena, Kelena (Cerynia 37. I-bir-, I-bil.

in Cyprus).

38. Athena (Adana in Cilicia).

21. Kir. . . (Curium in Cy- 39. Karkamash (Coracesium in

prus). 22. Aburoth.

Cilicia).

Even if some of the parallel names should receive rectification hereafter, yet still on the whole the fact remains certain, that, in this list of the conquered towns, places on the coast and islands of Asia Minor were intended by the Egyptians. In making the comparison we must at once set aside the idea, that the succession of the names corresponds to the situation of the towns and countries; since even the lists of the better-known towns, as for instance those of Canaan, are thrown together on the monuments in inextricable confusion. Even the assumption, which has lately found favour, of different campaigns having been made in different directions, does not help us to

get completely over the difficulty of the totally irregular succession of the towns. In the case before us, we may assume as certain, that the places enumerated were the seats of Carian peoples in Asia Minor and on the neighbouring islands, and especially in Cilicia and Cyprus. I am happy to have been able first to point out this fact to the learned world.

The rich spoil, which the king carried off in his campaigns from the captured cities and the conquered peoples, enabled him to enrich most lavishly with gifts, not only the sanctuaries in Thebes, but also the temples of Heliopolis, Memphis, and other places in Egypt, to adorn them with buildings in his name,' which are called 'Ramessea,' and to devote the prisoners of war as slaves to the holy service of the gods in Upper and Lower Egypt. The presents and buildings, for which the gods were indebted to their grateful son Ramses III., are all set forth according to their situation, number, and description, in the great Harris papyrus, which from this point of view has all the value of an important temple archive. We would have laid before our readers the catalogue contained in it, if only in a general summary, if this comprehensive document, which has never yet been published, had been brought to our knowledge in its full extent.5

4 In last September's sitting of the Royal Society of the Sciences at Göttingen (1877), I took the opportunity to state more fully the proofs of these discoveries.

5 Compare what is said in the Author's Preface respecting the complete edition of the Harris Papyrus published by the British Museum. The list of donations referred to will be found in the translation in Records of the Past, vol. vi. pp. 36, foll.-Ed.

The translations of it, which several scholars have written with the document before them, are partly unintelligible, unless we have the original at hand, partly evidently incorrect, so that it is difficult to obtain a clear view of the several buildings and donations mentioned in it. The Ramessea are found in various parts of the country. Thebes possesses the lion's share, and next to it Heliopolis and Memphis. With regard to other places, new temples of Ramses III. are named in a summary, in their succession from south to north :

A Ramesseum in Thinis (VIIIth nome) in honour of the Egyptian Mars, Anhur (called Onuris by the Greeks),

A Ramesseum in Abydus (VIIIth nome) for the god Osiris,

A Ramesseum in Coptos (Vth nome),

A Ramesseum in Apu (Panopolis, IXth nome),
Two Ramessea in Lycopolis (XIIIth nome),
Two Ramessea in Hermopolis (XVth nome),

A Ramesseum in the temple-town of Sutekh, in the city of Pi-Ramses Miamun (the Raamses of the Bible).

The reader desirous of further information will find in my Geographical Dictionary' a general list of the buildings and sanctuaries, which Bamses III. erected both in Upper and Lower Egypt. The great Harris papyrus, which has been made known in the meantime, enables us to supply the gaps which were perceptible in that list.

The temple of Amon at Medinet Abou, on Neb

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