Illinois, Mrs. Church; the gentleman from Alabama, Mr. Huddleston, and perhaps others, will open the hearings. Now it is my pleasure to call to the witness stand Dr. Jacobus ten Broek. Dr. ten Broek is the principal founder, I believe, of the organization known as the National Federation of the Blind. He is the president of the National Federation of the Blind, and has been such from its beginning. He is re-elected every 2 years, as are Members of Congress. May I say to you, Dr. ten Broek, that I hope you do not have the same difficulties in getting re-elected that Members of the Congress customarily face. Mr. TENBROEK. I am not sure but what I will, Mr. Chairman, after this. Mr. ELLIOTT. Dr. tenBroek has an A.B. degree from the University of California, 1934; an M.A. degree in political science, University of California, 1935; a bachelor of laws degree, University of California, 1938; a doctor of jurisprudence, University of California, 1940; then doctor of the science of jurisprudence, from Harvard, 1947. For his contributions to scholarly work, Findlay College conferred on Professor ten Broek in 1956 the degree of doctor of letters. He was a Brandeis research fellow, Harvard Law School, 1939 to 1940; a member of the staff of the California Law Review, 1937-38. He received the certificate of highest honors, department of political science; a member of Pi Sigma Alpha, Delta Sigma Rho, Phi Beta Kappa, and Order of the Coif. Teaching experience: Dr. ten Broek has been teaching assistant, department of political science, University of California, 1937-39. He was a tutor, University of Chicago Law School, 1940-41; tutor and lecturer in English constitutional history, University of Chicago Law School, 1941-42; an instructor, University of California, 194246; a visiting assistant professor, University of Colorado Law School, 1946; assistant professor in 1946-47, associate professor, 1947–53, professor, 1953, University of California, and chairman of the speech department, 1955 to date. May I say to you, Dr. tenBroek, we are happy to have one of your scholarly attainments appear before our committee to testify on the bill that you are interested in. The subcommittee will be happy to hear you at this time. STATEMENT OF DR. JACOBUS tenBROEK, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND, BERKELEY, CALIF. Mr. TENBROEK. Mr. Chairman, may I thank you for that lengthy and unduly generous statement of my background. It is a matter of gratification on the part of the blind people of the Nation and the National Federation of the Blind, for whom I speak today, that this committee is according these extensive hearings on the problems of the blind. Since you have referred to some elements in my background, I want to make it clear that my function here today is to speak as a blind man and as the president of the National Federation of the Blind, and not necessarily in any of the other capacities to which you have referred. I am like Congressman Matthews, sir; I am not against anybody. He especially wanted to remove from the record any implication that he had spoken of our bill, the Baring bill and its related bills in Congress, as vicious. I hope that is so; I am sure that is so. There are honest differences of opinion, as Congressman Wainwright has begun to indicate. I am grateful to him for bringing these out into the open. We would not want these hearings to be a farce. There are very serious differences of opinion about programs, about philosophy, about the role of the blind in a democratic society, about the competence of the blind, among various groups having relationship to the blind, administrators, the blind themselves, and others. It is extremely important that we should have this opportunity to clarify these differences, see which of them can be resolved and, if not resolved, then see which of them should be given support in legislation. Congressman Matthews indicated that he thought his bill and the other study commission bills represent one approach to a set of problems, and that the Baring bill, and those bills which are similar to it, represent another approach to that same set of problems. I do not have any such conception of these two batches of bills. There is no necessary conflict between them, in my view, whatsoever. It would be entirely possible and feasible for the Congress to pass the study commission bills in any of the various forms which are before you, and at the same time to pass the Baring bill. The Baring bill is, consequently, not an alternative to study. All of us, I assume, and especially any of us with academic background, would be in a ridiculous position to come before the Congress and say that we were not interested in study. The problems of the blind need to be studied. A lot of things need to be studied. The study of the problems of the blind probably is overdue, and in many ways this would be an excellent idea if carried out in such a way as to see that the various attitudes and forces in the community are reflected in the composition of any study commission and a commission which would have sufficiently extensive powers really to dig into these problems. So I would say that we do not here appear in opposition to the study commission bills at all. We think that some amendments would make them much better bills. Later on in these hearings, if I have an opportunity, I will talk about that. But my primary concern now is to indicate that these bills are not alternatives to the Baring bill. They are not in conflict with the Baring bill. The Baring bill would simply guarantee to blind people a constitutional right, a right that all citizens have in our democracy, and, moreover, would call upon agencies dealing with the blind to draw from among the blind people themselves their insights and knowledge about the problems of blindness when those administrators formulate and execute programs and policies that affect the blind. I just wish to suggest that Congressman Matthews, in his statement that this would set a precedent, is quite wrong as a matter of administrative history of this Government. By and by, if I have a chance, I will put some emphasis upon chapter 6 of the statements which you have before you, which details the history of consultative procedures established by this Congress with respect to administra 38450-59 tive agencies of the Government. They go back far. They are extensively practiced and used in the Government. This would not be a new measure, an initiation of a new procedure at all. It would simply be applying to one group of citizens procedures that are hoary with time and venerable with use in our sys tem. May I say one other thing about Congressman Matthews' statements? He referred to a sociologist, Howard Jensen, of Duke University, who apparently has written a letter to Congressman Barden, I gather in opposition to the Baring bill. It was in connection with that that the discussion of the word "vicious" occurred. May I just suggest that tomorrow you will have on your list of witnesses another sociologist, Dr. Jacob Freid, who will indicate what values there are in the Baring bill in terms of the participation of blind people in program determination. Far from thinking them vicious, he thinks that they are extremely valuable. In addition, you have before you now a short letter, addressed to you, sir, Congressman Elliott, signed by 10 well known psychiatrists. In this letter they indicate how important it is to draw the blind into participation in determining programs and carrying out programs for the blind, and what this means in terms of the mental health of the clients of such program. Perhaps I will have occasion later on, if I have sufficient time, to call your attention to certain paragraphs in that letter before you. (Document referred to follows:) TESTIMONY OF THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND VOLUME IV. STATEMENTS OF 10 PSYCHIATRISTS The Honorable CARL ELLIOTT, FEBRUARY 1, 1959. Chairman of the Subcommittee on Special Education, House of Representatives Committee on Education and Labor, Washington, D.C. DEAR SIR: It has been brought to the attention of the undersigned group of practicing psychiatrists, in different parts of the country, that spokesmen for various governmental agencies have challenged the competence, as well as the advisability, of several groups of blind citizens to do and determine for themselves. As a result of a philosophy, which is perhaps benevolent, but surely misguided, such spokesmen contend that it is necessary and desirable that blind citizens require the assistance and guidance of sighted supervisors in most areas of experience. It is our professional opinion as psychiatrists that such attitudes are not conducive to good mental health among our blind citizens. On the contrary, psychological and psychiatric research and experience among the blind, as among persons with other types of handicaps, indicates that their special problems, needs, and interests are often quite different from what persons not thus handicapped believe them to be. Furthermore, the careers of many blind citizens whose accomplishments are known to this committee demonstrate not only that blind persons are capable of planning and controlling their own destinies, but that they have among their own numbers many people with high and clearly demonstrated capacities for leadership. The leading educational and medical centers of our country have long since learned that maximum development is achieved by the adult individual under those circumstances in which he has a maximum say both in the long and short range decisions which affect every aspect of his life. We realize that legitimate differences of opinion may exist in regard to the needs and potentialities of any particular person, but we believe that person, as well as other blind persons, must be heard before plans for education and rehabilitation are formulated. It is a long matter of sound psychology as well as of democratic fair play, that groups run exclusively by the blind be heeded. Therefore, it is our considered judgment as psychiatrists that the KennedyBaring bill will achieve results which are beneficial to the well-being of blind citizens. For these reasons, and others, we urge that this subcommittee report favorably on the Kennedy-Baring bill on the right of the blind to organize. Respectfully, William Barrett, M.D., San Francisco, Calif.; Florence Clothier, M.D., WILLIAM GROUT BARRETT President, American Psychoanalytic Association; B.S., University of California, 1924; M.D., Harvard Medical School, 1929. Intern, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, 1930-31; private practice medicine specializing in psychiatry, New York Psychiatric Institute and Hospital, 1931-32, Boston, 1932-41; member staff Massachusetts General Hospital, consultant to Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, 1934-41; instructor, Boston Psychoanalytic Institute, 1938-41; private practice San Francisco 1941- Member, San Francisco Psychonalytic Institute, 1942-; president 1946-48; trustee 1949; member, Society for Research in Psychosomatic Medicine. Military record: lieutenant colonel, U.S. Army Air Force, Medical Corps, 1942-46. Publications: "Childhood Anxiety," Psychoanalytic Quarterly 37; "Mark Twain's Osteopathic Cure," Psychoanalytic Quarterly 53; "On the Naming of Tom Sawyer," Psychoanalytic Quarterly 55; plus 4 others. Address: 2674 Filbert St., San Francisco 23, Calif. FLORENCE CLOTHIER (MRS. GEORGE B. WISLOCKI) A. B., Vassar, 1926; M.D., Johns Hopkins, 1930; intern, Philadelphia General Hospital, 1930; resident, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin; Great Ormand St. Hospital, London, England; Queen's So. Hospital, London, England, Neurol. Assistant, Child Guidance Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1932-36; assistant, Child Guidance Clinic, Beth Israel Hospital, 1939-45; staff phychiatrist, New England Home for Little Wanderers, 1933–57; psychiatric consultant, Nursery Training School; instructor in psychology, Harvard Medical School; trustee, Vassar College; vice president, James Jackson Putnam Children's Center; president, Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts; director, New England Grenfell Association; member, Board of Public Welfare, Milton, Mass. Fellow, American Orthopsychiatric Association; psychiatric consultant, EliotPearson School Nursery Education, Tufts University, 1949-57; visiting psychiatrist, Cushing VA Hospital, 1947-50. Served WAC, induction board, 1942-44. Diplomate American Board of Psychiatry. Fellow, Psychoanalytic Associations, Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston Society, Neurology and Psychiatry. Assistant to the president of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1957-. Publications: "Psychological Implications of Unmarried Parenthood," Am. J. Orthopsychiat., July 1943; "Institutional Needs in Child Welfare," Nerv. Child, April 1948; "Education for Mental Health," Ment. Hyg. October 1951; "Unmarried Mother of Such Age," Ment. Hyg. October 1955; plus 18 others. Address: Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. FELIX DEUTSCH Psychiatrist. Began career as physician, 1910. Intern: Wiedener Hospital, Vienna, Austria. Assistant professor of medicine. University of Vienna, Austria, 1919-36; research fellow in psychiatry. Harvard University, 1936-39; concurrently consultant psychiatrist and associate psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Served as associate professor of psychosomatic medicine, Washington University of St. Louis, Mo.; associate psychiatrist, Barnes and Bliss Psychopathic Hospitals of St. Louis, 1939-41. Director of psychiatry, Clinic of Boston, 1942. Member, Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology; Boston Society of Psychoanalysis; New York Academy of Science, Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases; Association for Research in Psychosomatic Medicine Club; Harvard of Boston. Author: Heart and Athletics (Mosby, St. Louis), 1928; Special Life Insurance Medicine (Emil Engel), 1938; Applied Psychoanalysis (Grune & Stratton, Inc., New York), 1949; also numerous papers on medicine, psychosomatic medicine, and psychoanalysis for medical journals. Address: 44 Larchwood Drive, Cambridge 38, Mass. HELENE DEUTSCH Psychiatrist. Educated at Munich University and Vienna University Medical School, M.D. 1913; licensed in Massachusetts, 1939. Connected with Department of Psychology of Vienna University, 1913-20; Director of Psychoanalytic Institute of Boston, 1935-. Associate psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital, since 1937. Member, American Meuical Association; American Psychoanalytic Association. Author: Psychoanalysis of Neuroses (Hogarth Press, London), 1932; Psychology of Women (Grune and Stratton, New York), 1944; Volume II, Motherhood, 1945; also numerous papers in psychology and psychoanalytic journals. Address. 44 Larchwood Drive, Cambridge 38, Mass. Psychiatrist. BEN DLIN University of Alberta, 1949 (M.D.); Temple University, 1954 (MS). Intern, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, 1949. Resident, Temple University Hospital and Medical School, Philadelphia 1951-54; Psychiatrist 1954-55 medicine; 1955–56 Psychiatrist-physiologist. Postgraduate training: Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Society 1951-56. RP Prof. Exp. 1956-57 Vancouver General Hospital, B.C., Psychiatrist Psychoanalyst 1950-51, Private practice 1956 (Psychoanalysis). Teaching: 1954-56 Temple University, Lecturer psychiatrist; 1954-56 Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Society, lecturer, psychoanalysis, 1957 University of British Columbia, lecturer, Faculty Medicine. Member Canadian Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, Canadian Psychoanalytic Society. Publications: articles in American Journal of Medical Science, November 1956; AMA Archives of Internal Medicine, April 1957; Gastroenterology 1957. L. LEE HASENBUSH Johns Hopkins University 1938. Intern. Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, 1938-40. Resident: New York Neurological Institute 1940-42; Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1942-44. Psychiat. PG Tr: Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, 1946-49. Fellow Psychiatrist; Boston PsAn Institute 1946-49. L: Md., N.Y., Mass. P&N. Prof. Exp. 1949-51, VA Hospital, Bedford, Mass., Senior psychiatrist; 1951Beth Israel Hospital, Associate Psychiatrist 1951- . Private professor, teaching; Harvard University 1946-55 instructor, 1955- associate psychiatrist. Member, ARNMD, APsF. Military Record: Lieutenant USNR, 1944-46. Address: 315 Buckminister Rd., Brookline 46, Mass. ROBERT E. NIXON University of Colorado, 1944. Intern, Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1944-45. Resident, New York Hospital, Westchester Division, White Plains, N.Y., 1945; 1948-51 psychiatrist; Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, N.Y., 1948; Neurol. L: Colorado; New York prof. exp.; 1950-52 Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla, N.Y., assistant clinical psychiatrist, OPD; 1951-, Vassar College, college psychiatrist; 1952-, Dutchess County Mental Hygiene Clinic, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., staff psychiatrist; Member, AAAS. Military record: Captain, Medical Corps, 1946-48. Address: Catherine Street, Hyde Park, N.Y. R. NEVITT SANFORD Psychologist. A.B., University of Richmond, 1925-29; M.A., Columbia, 1930; Ph. D., Harvard, 1934; graduate study, Boston Psychoanalytic Institute, 1937-40; psychologist, Massachusetts State Prison System, 1932–35; research psychologist, Harvard, Growth Study of School Children, 1935-40; assistant professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 1940-44, associate professor, 1944-49, professor, 1949-; research associate, Institute Child Welfare, 1940-45, associate director, Institute Personality Assessment and Research, 194953; coordinator, Mary Conover Mellon Foundation for Advancement Education, |