earth and stones. Masonry seems to have been employed in the construction of the steps and passage, which probably communicated either with one of Tiberius's villas or that of Julia, the niece of Augustus; but the cavern, although it may have been used as a bathing-place, is evidently the work of nature. wonderful profusion. Statues and busts | end, owing to an impediment formed by in marble and bronze, and of exquisite workmanship, medals and bassi-relievi, and other objects of art, have also been found and carried away in great quantities during the course of centuries. The mosaics and Corinthian capitals of the Tiberian villas are especially considered as models of perfection of their kind. All these twelve magnificent villas were included in a space, the circumference of which does not exceed four miles. The wealth of the emperor was employed for years in erecting and adorning them. The very curious cavern represented in the engraving was recently and accidentally discovered. The water in the cavern and the stalactites on its roof are represented as being tinged with the most exquisite blue. Hence its Italian name of Caverna, or Grotta Azurra," or " Caverna Blu"-the Blue Cavern. 66 A low-pitched and narrow aperture in the rocks west of the usual landing-place at Capri, and about one and a half miles distant from it, leads into an immense circular cavern, recently discovered-well worth notice, and distinguished by the name of "La Grotta Azurra." Persons who visit this sapphire cell are obliged to place themselves horizontally in the little bark destined to convey them through the above low and narrow aperture, which is so small as to excite an alarm of finding darkness within; but, on the contrary, if the day be cloudless, all is light-light that would dazzle, were it not blue. The color of the water which fills the cavern precisely resembles that of the large bottles of vitriol, with lamps behind them, seen at chymists' windows; and this water appears to act like the lens of a telescope, by conducting the rays of the sun and the reflection of the brilliant skies of Magna Græcia into the cavern. After the eye has been for a few moments accustomed to a light so magical, the stupendous vaults of this gigantic bath are discernible, richly studded with stalactites, and assuming, in consequence of a strong reflection from the transparent blue water, exactly the same tint. The cavern contains broken steps leading to a subterranean passage, the length of which is unknown, it being impossible to reach the DISCIPLINE OF THE EYES. ISION is one of the most important and the most comprehensive of the senses, yet it is one that can not be exercised in its full efficiency without considerable practice and self-tuition. This fact, well known in theory, was first elucidated by experiment in the case of the boy who was cured of blindness at the age of fourteen. A case of equal interest occurred lately in London, a report of which by Dr. Franz is given in the Philosophical Transactions. The leading results in both cases exactly coincide. If a person totally blind from birth were, at a mature age, and in possession of all his other faculties, at once to obtain the full use of his eyes, one would be apt to imagine that he would perceive objects around him just as other grown-up persons usually do. This, however, is by no means the case. There is none of the senses so deceptive, taken by itself, as that of vision. No just idea can be formed of any object by the eye alone; and it is only by the aid and experience of the other senses, as well as by repeated practice in vision, that an accurate notion of even the simplest object can be obtained. To the inexperienced eye all objects are flat, or seen only as surfaces. All objects, too, however near or distant, appear as if in one plane; so that form, size, distance, are all indistinguishable. Even color depends upon proximity to the eye, for the brightest objects at a remote distance appear dim and almost colorless. The case operated upon by Dr. Franz | mitted, the following experiments on his was that of a young gentlemen of seven- sense of vision were instituted. They teen years of age, the son of a physician. were performed in succession, and on dif He had been blind from birth. His right ferent days, so as not to fatigue the eye eye was quite insensible to light, and in too much. In the first experiment, silk that state called amaurotic. His left eye ribands of different colors, fastened on a contained an opaque lens, or cataract: with black ground, were employed to show, it he could distinguish a strong light, and first the primitive, and then the compleeven vivid colors, but he had no idea of the mentary colors. The patient recognised forms of objects. It was on this left eye the different colors, with the exception of that the operation was performed, and for- yellow and green, which he frequently tunately it proved successful. As the confounded, but could distinguish when young man possessed an intelligent mind, both were exhibited at the same time. and had been carefully educated as far as Gray pleased him best, because this color, his condition would allow, the opportunity he said, produced an agreeable and gratewas a favorable one to test the accuracy ful sensation. The effect of red, orange, of former experiments. and yellow, was painful, but not disagreeable; that of violet and brown not painful, but very disagreeable; the latter he called ugly. Black produced subjectioned colors, and white occasioned the recurrence of muscæ volitantes in a vehement degree. "On opening the eye," says Dr. Franz, "for the first time on the third day after the operation, I asked the patient what he could see. He answered that he saw an extensive field of light, in which everything appeared dull, confused, and in motion. He could not distinguish objects, and the pain produced by the light forced him to close the eye immediately." Two days afterward the eye was again exposed. "He now described what he saw as a number of opaque watery spheres, which moved with the movements of the eye; but when the eye was at rest, remained stationary, and then partially covered each other. Two days after this the eye was again opened the same phenomena were again observed, but the spheres were less opaque, and somewhat transparent-their movements more steady, and they appeared to cover each other more than before. He was now for the first time capable, as he said, to look through the spheres, and to perceive a difference, but merely a difference, in the surrounding objects. When he directed his eye steadily toward an object, the visual impression was painful and imperfect, and the intolerance of light obliged him to desist. The appearance of spheres diminished daily; they became smaller, clearer, and more pellucid, and after two weeks disappeared. Dark brown spots (musce volitantes) floated before the eye every time it was opened; and when shut, especially toward evening, dark blue, violet, and red colors, appeared in an upward and outward direction." In the second experiment, the patient sat with his back to the light, and kept his eye closed. A sheet of paper, on which two strong black lines had been drawn-the one horizontal, the other vertical-was placed before him at the distance of about three feet. He was now allowed to open the eye, and, after attentive examination, he called the lines by their right denominations. When he was asked to point out with his finger the horizontal line, he moved his hand slowly, as if feeling, and pointed to the vertical line: but after a short time, observing his error, he corrected himself; the outline in black, of a square six inches in diameter, within which a circle had been drawn, and within the latter a triangle, was, after careful examination, recognised and correctly described by him. When he was asked to point out either of the figures, he never moved his hand directly and decidedly, but always as if feeling, and with the greatest caution: he pointed them out, however, correctly. A line consisting of angles, or a zigzag and a spiral line, both drawn on a sheet of paper, he observed to be different, but could not describe them otherwise than by imitating their forms with his finger in the air. He said he had no idea of these figures. In a third experiment, light being adAs soon as the state of the patient per-mitted into the room at one window only, to which the patient's back was turned, a [jects from each other, without moving from solid cube and a sphere, each four inches his place, he examined the objects from in diameter, were placed before and on a different points of view, by turning his level with the eye at the distance of three head to the right and to the left. Of perfeet. Allowing him to move the head in spective in pictures, he had, of course, no a lateral direction no more than was ne- idea. He could distinguish the individucessary to compensate the point of view al objects in a painting, but could not unof the right eye, which was visionless, he derstand the meaning of the whole picture. was now desired to open his eye, and say It appeared to him unnatural, for instance, what the objects were. After attentively that the figure of a man represented in the examining them, he said he saw a quad- front of the picture should be larger than rangular and a circular figure, and after a house or a mountain in the background. some consideration he pronounced the Every surface appeared to him perfectly one a square and the other a disk. His flat. Thus, though he knew very well by eye being again closed, the cube was ta- his touch that the nose was prominent, ken away, and a flat disk of equal size and the eyes sunk deeper in the head, he placed next to the sphere. On opening saw the human face only as a plane. his eye, he observed no difference in these Though he possessed an excellent memoobjects, but regarded them both as disks.ry, this faculty was at first quite deficient The solid cube was now placed in a somewhat oblique position before his eye, and close beside it a figure cut out of pasteboard, representing a plain outline prospect of the cube when in this position: both objects he took to be something like flat quadrates. A pyramid placed before him with one of its sides toward his eye, he saw as a plain triangle. This object was now turned a little, so as to present two of its sides to view, but rather more of one side than of another. After considering it for a long time, he said that this was a very extraordinary figure it was neither a triangle, nor a quadrangle, nor a circle. He had no idea of it, and could not describe it. When subsequently the three solid bodies, the sphere, the cube, and the triangle, were placed in his hands, he was much surprised that he had not recognised them as such by sight, as he was well acquainted with these solid mathematical figures by touch. : There was another peculiarity in his impressions when he first began to look at objects, they all appeared to him so near, that he was sometimes afraid of coming in contact with them, though many were in reality at a great distance. He saw everything much larger than he had supposed, from the idea obtained by his sense of touch. All moving, and especially living objects, such as men and horses, appeared to him very large. If he wished to form an estimate of the distance of objects from his own person, or of two ob as regarded vision: he was not able, for example, to recognise visiters unless he heard them speak, till he had seen them very frequently. Even when he had seen an object repeatedly, he could form no idea of its visible qualities in his imagination, without having the real objects before him. Formerly, when he had dreamt of persons-of his parents, for instance-he felt them, and heard their voices, but never saw them; but now, after having seen them frequently, he saw them also in his dreams. The human face pleased him more than any other object presented to his view. The eyes he thought most beautiful, especially when in motion; the nose disagreeable, on account of its form and great prominence; the movement of the lower jaw in eating he considered very ugly. Although the newly-acquired sense afforded him many pleasures, the great number of strange and extraordinary sights was often disagreeable and wearisome to him. He said that he saw too much novelty, which he could not comprehend; and even though he could see both near and remote objects very well, he would nevertheless continually have recourse to the use of the sense of touch. Such are the nature of our impressions in early infancy, before vision becomes to us a true exposition of the forms and relative positions of objects. And such is the effect of habit and association, that the actual deceptions which the sense of HOW TO GET RICH.-INSANITY. sight, when taken alone, is continually presenting to us, can only be appreciated or detected by the philosophic inquirer. HOW TO GET RICH. LMOST every he might almost certainly have avoided the disasters which overthrew his hopes. He will probably see that his misfortunes arose from neglecting some of the following rules : Be industrious. Everybody knows that industry is a fundamental virtue in the man of business. But it is not every sort of industry which tends to wealth. Many men work hard to do a great deal of business, and after all make less money than they would if they did less. Industry should be expended in seeing to all the details of business: in carefully finishing up each separate undertaking, and in the maintenance of such a system as will keep everything under control. Be economical. This rule also is familiar to every one. Economy is a virtue to be practised every hour in a great city. It is to be practised in pence as much as in dollars. A shilling a day saved, amounts to an estate in the course of a life. Economy is especially important in the outset of life, until the foundations of an estate are laid. Many men are poor all their days, because when their necessary expenses were light, they did not seize the opportunity to save a small capital, which would have changed their fortunes for the whole of their lives. Stick to your own business. Let speculators make their thousands in a year or a day-mind your own regular trade, never turning from it to the right hand or to the left. If you are a merchant, a professional man, or a mechanic, never buy lots 5 or stocks unless you have surplus money Never take great hazards. Such hazards are seldom well balanced by the prospects of profit; and if they were, the habit of mind which is induced is unfavorable, and generally the result is bad. To keep what you have, should be the first rule; to get what you can fairly, the second. Don't be in a hurry to get rich. Gradual gains are the only natural gains, and they who are in haste to be rich, break over sound rules, fall into temptation and distress of various sorts, and generally fail of their objects. There is no use in getting rich suddenly. The man who keeps his business under control, and saves something from year to year, is always rich. At any rate, he possesses the highest enjoyment which riches are able to afford. Never do business for the sake of doing it and being accounted a great merchant. There is often more money to be made by a small business than a large one; and that business will in the end be most respectable which is most successful. Do not get deeply in debt; but so manage as always, if possible, to have your financial position easy, so that you can turn any way you please. Do not love money extravagantly. We speak here merely with reference to being rich. In morals, the inordinate love of money is one of the most degrading vices. But the extravagant desire of accumulation induces an eagerness, many times, which is imprudent, and so misses its object from too much haste to grasp it. INSANITY. In Italy there is one insane |